Real options for OGE in literature. Oge in literature

19.04.2019

The 2018 Main State Examination (OGE) in Literature will bring with it some changes to the final certification from the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI) with the support of Rosobrnadzor and the Ministry of Education. Ninth-graders graduating from school who want to connect their lives with the world of artistic works must be prepared for new assessment criteria, improved instructions, and high-quality improvements to existing assignments.

In 2018, 9th grade students will most likely need to take a total of 5 subjects instead of 4: 2 compulsory ones (mathematics and Russian language) and 3 optional ones, which include the OGE in literature. In 2020, there may be 6 exams, because today representatives of the Ministry of Education, interested in motivating schoolchildren and encouraging them to conscientiously study secondary school courses, are seriously thinking about this.

From now on, the results of elective papers will be taken into account when forming a certificate - the educational system became familiar with this innovation already this year. Children will need to successfully pass all examination tests (grade “satisfactory” or “3” or higher). For those who fail to pass the OGE the first time, the Ministry of Education will provide an additional attempt, but this provision will only be relevant for 2 certifications. Students who are unable to take advantage of this opportunity and fail to cope with at least one of the repeated tasks will not be awarded the coveted document on completion of the high school course. They will be left within the walls educational institution for one more year.

Preparation for the OGE in literature 2018 can begin in different times depending on whether the student wants to write the test in an early or general format, the main difference of which is the dates of the exams. Thus, “early-term” students usually undergo certification starting in the second ten days of April. The start of testing for the main stream of schoolchildren occurs in May/June, and the retake period begins in September. In 2018, early submission of literature is scheduled for April 27 (Friday). The majority of graduates will start writing their work only on June 7 (Thursday).

General information about the examination certification for the subject is as follows:

duration – 235 minutes (3 hours 55 minutes);
the minimum primary score corresponding to a “three” is 7;
number of tasks – 4.

More about retaking

According to the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia No. 1394 dated December 25, 2013 “On approval of the Procedure for conducting state final certification in educational programs basic general education", for re-admission to take the OGE in the current academic year Only certain categories of students will be able to hope. We are talking about teenagers who:

Received unsatisfactory grades in no more than 2 subjects.
They filed an appeal due to a violation of the rules of the event and were found to be right.
Did not come to the exam or did not complete the test for a valid and documented reason (illness, etc.).
Subsequently canceled work was submitted if third parties were at fault for violating the certification procedure. These may be the heads of examination points (EP), representatives of state commissions, technical specialists, law enforcement officers, medical workers, assistants helping children with disabilities, and other persons.

The educational organization is notified of the results of writing the work no more than 10 days after the control check. A change in the result or complete cancellation of the test is carried out within 12 days. A teenager admitted to retaking the OGE will need to appear again at the PES (possibly a new one) with an identity document.

Structure of CMMs

Control and measurement materials are tickets that require a written or oral answer to the question posed. At the moment, such a knowledge testing system is considered established and proven, so FIPI employees are not going to make significant adjustments to the forms. And yet, teachers, students and their parents should know and remember about some new provisions:

Starting next year, the instructions given to examinees along with the tasks will be more detailed, thorough, consistent and clear. This way, graduates will be able to more clearly understand what is required of them, and therefore unnecessary organizational questions will be avoided during the exam.
The criteria for assessing detailed answers will henceforth be based on the Unified State Exam standards.
The highest score you can get for writing a paper will increase from 23 to 29.

Important! Children will be able to get an idea of the OGE in literature 2018 thanks to an open bank of tasks, as well as demo versions, specifications and codifiers presented on the official FIPI website. You can find them in the appropriate sections on the page fipi.ru/oge-i-gve-9 (menu on the left).

The CMM consists of 2 parts. The first includes fragments of works (prose and poetry), from which the student must choose one for subsequent analysis. The essence of the work is to write detailed, reasoned answers to 3 questions posed. In the first tasks you will need to correctly, harmoniously and completely express your thoughts in 3-5 sentences, and in the last one you will also need to cite comparative analysis two different passages in 5-8 sentences.

The second part will require the student to write an essay of at least 200 words on one of 4 assigned topics. At the same time, here the organizers of the OGE-2018 allow teenagers to use the full texts of works (including lyric works) from the list of references available in official sources to argue their position and quote. The books will be located on a separate examiner’s desk and will be freely available.

The evaluation criteria take into account:

meaningful correspondence of the answer to the task (understanding of the given fragments without distorting the author’s point of view);
the degree of analysis of images, details, micro-themes, motifs, etc.;
factual, logical and verbal accuracy;
ability to compare works and work with texts;
correspondence of the essay to the topic and its disclosure;
mastery of theoretical and literary terms;
compositional integrity and consistency;
compliance with speech norms (the maximum possible number of errors that does not entail the loss of points on this item is no more than 2).

For each of the tasks you can get:

No. 1 and No. 2 – 5 points each;
No. 3 – 6 points;
No. 4 (essay) – 13 points.

The final results are correlated with a grade, which is then entered into the certificate:

0-9 points correspond to a “two” grade;
10-17 – “three”;
18-24 – “four”;
25-29 – “five”.

How to prepare

In order to prepare for the OGE in literature 2018, you need to hone your own literacy and engage in tireless analysis and interpretation of works included in the official list of FIPI, required reading for 9th grade graduates.

Video tips from “experienced” ": which books to read first:

Reference materials for preparing for the OGE in literature

9th grade

(Literary terms and concepts)

Literary types and genres.

There are three types of fiction: epic(from Greek Epos, narrative), lyrical(a lyre was a musical instrument, accompanied by chanting poems) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).

When presenting this or that subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:

First approach: in detail tell about the object, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this object, etc.; in this case, the author’s position will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be the story, the narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be precisely narration, this kind of literature is called epic;

The second approach: you can tell not so much about the events, but about the impression, which they produced on the author, about those feelings, which they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will relate to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly the experience was becoming the main event of the lyrics;

Third approach: you can portray item in action, show him on stage; introduce to the reader and viewer of it surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; In a drama, the author's voice will be heard least often - in stage directions, that is, the author's explanations of the actions and remarks of the characters.

Look at the table and try to remember its contents:

Types of fiction.

EPOS

DRAMA

LYRICS

(Greek - narrative) a story about events, the fate of heroes, their actions and adventures; image of the external side of what is happening

(even feelings are shown from their external manifestation). Author

can directly express his attitude to what is happening.

(Greek - action) depiction of events and relationships between characters on stage (a special way of writing text). The direct expression of the author's point of view in the text is contained in the stage directions.

(from the name of a musical instrument) experiencing events; depiction of feelings, inner world, emotional state; feeling becomes the main thing

event.

Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

GENRE- this is a historically established group of works united by common features of content and form; such groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary criticism the concept is often introduced literary type, this is a broader concept than genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres will be various types of novels, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Examples of genus-species relationships in the literature:

Genus: dramatic; view: comedy; genre: sitcom.

Genus: epic; V id: story; genre: fantastic story etc.

historical era: ancient lyrics didn’t know the sonnet; in our time, the ode, born in antiquity and popular in the 17th-18th centuries, has become an archaic genre; romanticism XIX century brought to life detective literature, etc.

Main literary genres

Lyrics
	An enthusiastic poem in honor of some significant person or event.
Poem	A small work created according to the laws of poetic speech.
	The poem is a philosophical reflection on life, love, nature, and the passage of time.
	A poem meant to be sung.

Message	A lyrical work written in the form of an appeal to any person or persons.
Epigram	Short poem ridiculing a person.
Epic
	A short work dedicated to a specific event in a person’s life. In such a brief episode from a person’s life, the author reveals the essential typical features of life.
	Events that actually happened in life are depicted, the participants of which existed in reality.
	It is distinguished by the clarity of the depiction of events, the unexpectedness of their development and outcome.
	The story depicts a series of events that illuminate an entire period of a person’s life. In ancient Russian literature, a story was called any narrative about events in historical or private life.
	Reflects a complex life process, big circle life phenomena shown in development. Many people usually take part in the events depicted in the novel. characters, whose destinies and interests are intertwined.
Epic novel	A novel that covers particularly complex and rich life material, spanning an entire era.
Drama
Tragedy	In this work, the character of the hero is revealed in a hopeless situation, in an unequal, intense struggle that dooms him to death.
	Any work written in the form of a conversation between the characters, without the author’s speech. A work that depicts a complex and serious conflict, an intense struggle between the characters.
	A work that reflects the funny and incongruous in life, ridicules some unhealthy social or everyday phenomenon, or funny traits of human character.
Mystery	A medieval drama performed in Latin, initially in Catholic churches, and later as a folk spectacle. Its content consisted of dramatizations of some church legend with interludes.
Melodrama	A drama whose characters are sharply divided into virtuous heroes and notorious villains. They have an unusual destiny, are endowed with exceptional feelings, find themselves in implausible acute situations that end happily. According to the laws of the genre, virtuous heroes, after many vicissitudes of fate, always win.
	A funny comedy with everyday content.
Vaudeville	A small humorous theatrical play with verses and dances, a one-act funny comedy.
Tragicomedy	Combines the features of tragedy and comedy.

Correspondence of literary genres and muses-patrons of the arts

Muses-patrons of the arts	Literary genres
Polygamy	Solemn chants - hymns.
	Love poetry - elegy
	Lyric poetry - messages
Calliope	Lyric-epic works - fable, story, story.
Melpomene	Tragedy.

Genres epic works

Genres of lyrical works

(song of praise)

(glorification of a person or event)

Epitaph

(gravestone inscription, sometimes comic)

(poems about a serene shepherd's life)

Epigram

(satire on a person)

Dithyramb

(liking one person)

Message

(address to a person in the form of a letter)

Lyric poem

Madrigal

(a poem of praise dedicated to a lady)

(poem of 14 lines)

Literary directions

Literary direction (method) – the basic principles that guide the writer when selecting, summarizing, evaluating and depicting life facts in artistic images.

Signs of a literary movement:

unites writers of a certain historical era;

a general understanding of life values and aesthetic ideals;

general type of hero;

style artistic speech;

characteristic plots;

favorite genres;

choice artistic techniques images of life;

writers' way of thinking;

the personality of the writer;

worldview and worldview of writers.

Classification literary trends

classicism sentimentalism romanticism realism

Classicism:

Classicism (from the Latin classicus first-class) is a movement that arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia in the 17th-18th centuries as an expression of ideology absolute monarchy. It reflected the idea of rationalistic harmony, strict orderliness of the world, and faith in the human mind. It developed at the beginning of the 20th century as neoclassicism.

Representatives	Western European literature	Russian literature
	Corneille, Boileau, Moliere, Racine	A.P. Sumarokov, M.M. Kheraskov, M.V. Lomonosov, G.D. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin, Ya.B. Knyazhnin
Distinctive Features	Inherits the traditions of the art of antiquity
	The actions and deeds of the heroes are determined from the point of view of reason
	A work of art is a logically constructed whole
	Strict division of heroes into positive and negative (character schematization). Heroes are idealized.
	The plot and composition obey accepted rules (the rule of three unities)
	The narrative must be objective
	The importance of civil issues content

Division of genres

High	Low
Tragedy, poem, ode	Comedy, fable, satire
They feature heroes, tell stories about public life, stories	They operate ordinary people, tells about everyday life

Sentimentalism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Sentimentalism (from French sentimental – sensitive) – literary movement, which arose in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia at the end of the 17th - early XIX century. Opposes the abstraction and rationality of classicism. It reflects the desire to depict human psychology.

Representatives	Russian literature
Representatives	N.M. Karamzin, A.N. Radishchev, V.V. Kapnist, N.A. Lviv
Distinctive Features	Portrayal of human psychology
	The actions and deeds of the heroes are determined from the point of view of feelings, the sensitivity of the heroes is exaggerated
	Idealization of reality, subjective image of the world
	In the center of the image are feelings, nature
	Representatives of the lower classes are endowed with a rich spiritual world
	The ideal is moral purity, innocence.

Literary forms

Epic	Lyrics	Drama
Sentimental story, message, travel notes	Elegy, folk songs	Philistine drama

Romanticism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Romanticism is a movement in the art and literature of Western Europe and Russia of the 18th - 19th centuries, consisting in the desire of authors to contrast the unsatisfactory reality with unusual images and plots, suggested to them by life phenomena. A romantic artist strives to express in his images what he wants to see in life, what, in his opinion, should be the main, determining one. Arose as a reaction to rationalism.

Representatives	Foreign literature	Russian literature
	J.G. Byron, I. Goethe, I. Schiller, E. Hoffmann, P. Shelley, C. Nodier	V.A. Zhukovsky, K.N. Batyushkov, K.F. Ryleev, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol
Distinctive Features	Unusual characters, exceptional circumstances
	A tragic duel between personality and fate
	Freedom, power, indomitability, eternal disagreement with others - these are the main characteristics romantic hero
	Interest in everything exotic (landscape, events, people), strong, bright, sublime
	A mixture of high and low, tragic and comic, ordinary and unusual
	The cult of freedom: the individual’s desire for absolute freedom, for the ideal, for perfection

Literary forms

Epic	Lyrics	Drama
Novel, story, ballads and thoughts, poems	Elegiac lyrics, landscape lyrics, philosophical lyrics	Problem-historical drama

Realism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms.

Realism (from Latin realis) is a movement in art and literature, the main principle of which is the most complete and accurate reflection of reality through typification. Appeared in Russia in the 19th century.

Representatives	Russian literature
Representatives	A.S. Griboedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky and others
Distinctive Features	Portrayal of characters interacting with the outside world
	For a writer, details of the interior, portrait, landscape are important
	Character typing
	Portrayal of characters and events in development
	Historically specific society, events, era
	Focus on conflict: hero - society

Literary forms

Epic	Lyrics	Drama
Novel, story, poem, story	Song, elegy, satire	Tragedy, comedy, historical chronicles

artwork - literary work, the distinctive feature of which is the depiction of life, the creation of an artistic image using words.

The course of events in the work is determined by:
composition	conflict	plot	plot
The structure of the work, the arrangement of its components, the order of presentation of events.	A disagreement, a clash that underlies the struggle of the characters in a work of art.	A series of interconnected and consistently developing life events, constituting the direct content of the epic work.	A sequential account of events or incidents (in chronological order) depicted in a work of fiction.
One of the main means by which a writer characterizes characters.	The conflict can be both external (the hero and circumstances) and internal (the hero struggles with his shortcomings).	The plot reflects the clashes and contradictions characteristic of life, the relationships between people and the writer’s assessment and attitude towards them.	The plot may coincide with the plot, or it may diverge from it.

Basic Plot Elements

Prologue	A unique introduction to the work emotionally and eventfully prepares the reader to perceive the content of the work.
Exposition	Introductory, initial part of the plot, depiction of external conditions, living conditions, historical events. Does not affect the course of subsequent events in the work.
The beginning	An event from which an action begins, entailing all subsequent significant events in it.
Action Development	Description of everything that is happening, the course of events.
Climax	The moment of greatest tension in the development of the action of a work of art.
Denouement	The position of the characters that has developed in the work as a result of the development of the events depicted in it is the final scenes.
Epilogue	The final part of the work, in which it can be determined further fate heroes and development of events. It can also be a short story about what happened after the completion of the main storyline.

Extra-plot elements

Introductory episodes	“Inserted” episodes that are not directly related to the plot of the work, but are given as memories in connection with the events described.
Lyrical digressions	They can be actually lyrical, philosophical and journalistic. With their help, the author conveys his feelings and thoughts about what is depicted. These can be the author’s assessments of heroes and events or general reasoning on any subject, an explanation of one’s goal and position.
Artistic framing	Scenes that begin and end an event or work, adding a special meaning to it.

TOPIC - Subject, main content of reasoning, presentation, creativity. (S. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language, 1990.)

TOPIC (Greek Thema) - 1). Subject of presentation, image, research, discussion; 2). Statement of the problem, which predetermines the selection of life material and the nature of the artistic narrative; 3). The subject of a linguistic utterance (...). (Dictionary foreign words, 1984.)

Already these two definitions can confuse the reader: in the first, the word “theme” is equated in meaning to the term “content,” while the content of a work of art is immeasurably broader than the topic, the topic is one of the aspects of the content; the second makes no distinction between the concepts of topic and problem, and although topic and problem are philosophically related, they are not the same thing, and you will soon understand the difference.

The following definition of the topic, accepted in literary criticism, is preferable:

TOPIC - this is a life phenomenon that has become the subject of artistic consideration in a work. The range of such life phenomena is SUBJECT literary work. All the phenomena of the world and human life constitute the artist's sphere of interests: love, friendship, hatred, betrayal, beauty, ugliness, justice, lawlessness, home, family, happiness, deprivation, despair, loneliness, struggle with the world and oneself, solitude, talent and mediocrity, joys of life, money , relationships in society, death and birth, secrets and mysteries of the world, etc. etc. - these are the words that name life phenomena that become themes in art.

The artist’s task is to creatively study a life phenomenon from sides that are interesting to the author, that is express the topic artistically. Naturally, this can only be done posing a question(or several questions) to the phenomenon under consideration. This question that the artist asks, using the figurative means available to him, is problem literary work.

So, PROBLEM is a question that does not have a clear solution or involves many equivalent solutions. The problem differs from the ambiguity of possible solutions tasks. The set of such questions is called PROBLEMATICS.

The more complex the phenomenon of interest to the author (that is, the more complex the chosen topic), the more questions (problems) it will raise, and the more difficult these questions will be to resolve, that is, the deeper and more serious it will be problems literary work.

The topic and problem are historically dependent phenomena. Different eras dictate to artists different topics and problems. For example, the author of the ancient Russian poem of the 12th century “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was worried about the topic of princely strife, and he asked the questions: how to force the Russian princes to stop caring only about personal gain and to be at enmity with each other, how to unite the disparate forces of the weakening Kyiv state? The 18th century invited Trediakovsky, Lomonosov and Derzhavin to think about scientific and cultural transformations in the state, about what an ideal state should be like.
ruler, raised in literature the problems of civic duty and equality of all
citizens without exception before the law. Romantic writers were interested in the mysteries of life and death, penetrated into the dark recesses of the human soul, solved the problems of human dependence on fate and the unsolved demonic forces of interaction between a talented and extraordinary person and a soulless and mundane society of ordinary people.

19th century with its focus on literature critical realism turned artists to new topics and forced them to think about new problems:

Through the efforts of Pushkin and Gogol, the “little” man entered literature, and the question arose about his place in society and relationships with “big” people;

became the most important feminine theme, and with it the so-called social “women’s question”; A. Ostrovsky and L. Tolstoy paid a lot of attention to this topic;

the theme of home and family acquired a new meaning, and L. Tolstoy studied the nature of the connection between upbringing and a person’s ability to be happy;

the unsuccessful peasant reform and further social upheavals aroused keen interest in the peasantry, and the theme of peasant life and fate, discovered by Nekrasov, became leading in literature, and with it the question: what will be the fate of the Russian peasantry and all of great Russia?

The tragic events of history and public sentiment brought to life the theme of nihilism and opened up new facets in the theme of individualism, which were further developed by Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy in attempts to resolve the questions: how to warn the younger generation from the tragic mistakes of radicalism and aggressive hatred? How to reconcile generations of “fathers” and “sons” in a turbulent and bloody world? How do we understand the relationship between good and evil today and what is meant by both? How can you avoid losing yourself in your quest to be different from others? Chernyshevsky turns to the topic of public good and asks: “What to do?” so that a person Russian society could he honestly earn a comfortable living and thereby increase public wealth? How to “equip” Russia for a prosperous life? Etc. .

Please note! A problem is a question, and it should be formulated primarily in interrogative form, especially if formulating problems is the task of your essay or other work on literature.

Sometimes in art, a real breakthrough is precisely the question posed by the author - a new one, previously unknown to society, but now burning and vitally important. Many works are created to pose a problem.

So, IDEA (Greek: Idea, concept, representation) - in literature: the main idea of a work of art, the method proposed by the author for solving the problems he poses. A set of ideas, a system of author’s thoughts about the world and man, embodied in artistic images is called IDEAL CONTENT a work of art.

Thus, the scheme of semantic relationships between the topic, problem and idea can be represented as follows:

Life phenomenon →	A question that allows you to explore a life phenomenon using figurative language →
Subject →	Problem →

Visual and expressive means in a work of art
Concept	Definition	Examples
Trope is a figure of speech built on the use of words or expressions in a figurative meaning, meaning (from the Greek tropos-turn).
Allegory	Allegorical depiction of an abstract concept or phenomenon of reality with the help of a concrete one lifestyle. Allegory is often used in fables.	Cunning allegorically depicted in the form of a fox, greed- in the guise of a wolf, deceit in the form of a snake.
Hyperbola	A figurative expression consisting of an exorbitant exaggeration of the strength, significance, size of the depicted phenomenon.	...a rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. (N.V. Gogol, “Terrible Revenge”).
Irony	Subtle hidden mockery, one of the types of humor. Irony can be good-natured, sad, angry, caustic, angry, etc.	Did you sing everything? This is the case... (I.A. Krylov, “Dragonfly and Ant”).
Litotes	This is an understatement of the size, strength, and significance of the depicted object.	For example, in works of oral folk art – a little boy, a hut on chicken legs. Steel knife - steel nerve. Bee from cells wax Flies for field tribute.
Metonymy	Transfer of meaning (name) based on the contiguity of phenomena.	So eat some more plate, my dear! (I.A. Krylov, “Demyanov’s ear”) – in in this example This does not mean the plate itself as a piece of utensils, but its contents, i.e. ear. All flags will be visiting us.
Personification (prosopoeia)	One of the techniques of artistic depiction consists in the fact that animals, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties: the gift of speech, feelings and thoughts.	Will be comforted silent sadness And frisky will think about it joy… (A.S. Pushkin, “To the Portrait of Zhukovsky”).
Sarcasm	Evil and caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, one of the most powerful means of satire.	Helps to detect the unseemly essence of a person’s behavior or motives, shows the contrast between subtext and external meaning.
Synecdoche	Replacing the name of a life phenomenon with the name of its part instead of the whole.	As a girl, she didn't stand out in any way in the crowd of browns. dresses (I.A. Bunin, “Easy Breathing”).
Comparison	Definition of a phenomenon or concept in artistic speech by comparing it with another phenomenon that has common characteristics with the first. A simile either simply indicates similarity (he was like...) or is expressed using similar words like, exactly, as if etc.	He was looks like evening clear... (M.Yu. Lermontov, “Demon”).
Periphrase	Replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features and characteristics that define it, creating a vivid picture of life in our minds.	It's a sad time! Ouch charm! (about autumn). (A.S. Pushkin, “Autumn”).
Epithet	A figurative definition that characterizes the property or quality of a person, phenomenon, or object.	Cloud spent the night golden On the chest giant cliff. (M.Yu. Lermontov, “The Cliff”).
Antithesis	A stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, consisting in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common design or internal meaning.	They got along. Wave and stone Poetry and prose, ice and fire Not so different from each other. (A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”).
Oxymoron	A stylistic figure or a stylistic error, a combination of words with the opposite meaning (that is, a combination of incompatible things). An oxymoron is characterized by the deliberate use of contradiction to create a stylistic effect. From a psychological point of view, an oxymoron is a way of resolving an inexplicable situation. Oxymoron is often found in poetry.	And the day has come. Gets up from his bed Mazepa, this frail sufferer, This corpse alive, just yesterday Moaning weakly over the grave. (A.S. Pushkin, “Poltava”).
Stylistic figures are syntactic structures built in a special way; they are necessary to create a certain artistic expressiveness.
Anaphora (unity of principle)	A turn of poetic speech consisting of the repetition of consonances of individual words. Sound unity of command consists in the repetition of individual consonances.	The black-eyed girl Black-eyed horse!.. (M.Yu. Lermontov, “Desire”).
Antithesis	A turn of poetic speech in which, to enhance expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, and character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted.	They got along. Water and stone. Poetry and prose, ice and fire Not so different from each other... (A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”).
Gradation	Gradual strengthening or worsening - one of the stylistic figures consists of grouping definitions with increasing or decreasing meaning.	Don't think about running! It's me Called. I'll find it. I'll drive it. I'll finish it. I'll torture you! (V.V. Mayakovsky, “About This”).
Inversion	Violation of the direct order of words, rearrangement of parts of a phrase, giving it special expressiveness, unusual sequence of words in a sentence.	And the maiden's song is barely audible Valleys in deep silence. (A.S. Pushkin, “Ruslan and Lyudmila”).
Oxymoron	A phrase consisting of a combination of sharply contrasting, internally contradictory features in the definition of phenomena.	Sounding silence, sweet pain etc.
Rhetorical appeal	(from the Greek rhetor - speaker) rhetorical appeals are very characteristic of poetic speech and are quite often used in texts of journalistic style. Their use makes the reader or listener an interlocutor, a participant in a conversation.	Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories?
Default	It consists in the fact that the thought remains not fully expressed, but the reader guesses what was left unsaid. Such a statement is also called interrupted.
Ellipsis	Omission in speech of some easily implied word, part of a sentence, most often a predicate.

Phonetic means of expression
Euphony	It consists of beauty and naturalness of sound.
Alliteration	Repetition of identical, consonant consonant sounds to enhance the expressiveness of artistic speech.	The Neva swelled and roared, A cauldron bubbling and swirling... (A.S. Pushkin, “The Bronze Horseman”).
Assonance	Repetition of homogeneous vowel sounds in a line, phrase, stanza.	It's time! It's time! The horns are blowing... (A.S. Pushkin, “Count Nulin”).
Sound recording	Using the sound composition of a word, its sound to enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech.	For example, onomatopoeia, which can be used to convey the singing of birds, the clatter of hooves, the noise of the forest and river, etc.
Visual means of syntax
Syntactic parallelism(from Greek parallelos - walking next to)	One of the techniques of poetic speech. It consists of comparing two phenomena by depicting them in parallel in order to emphasize the similarities or differences between the phenomena. For syntactic parallelism characteristic feature is the uniformity of phrase construction.	curly birch, There is no wind, but you make noise: My heart is zealous There is no grief, but you are in pain. (1) For ten years he selected option after option. (2) It’s not a matter of school hard work and patience - he knew how to invent new combinations, come up with new questions. (3) This is how Johann Bach constructed his fugues, extracting inexhaustible variations from one theme. In this example, to connect sentences 2 and 3, we use syntactic parallelism and lexical repetition.
Rhetorical question	A turn of poetic speech consisting of expressing a statement in interrogative form. Their use makes the reader or listener an interlocutor, a participant in the conversation.	Or is it new for us to argue with Europe? Or is the Russian unaccustomed to victories? (A.S. Pushkin, “To the Slanders of Russia”).
Exclamation, exclamatory sentence.	This is a type of sentence that contains emotional relationships expressed in a syntactic way (particles what, for, how, which, like this, well etc.). By these means, the statement is given the meaning of a positive or negative evaluation, feelings of joy, sadness, fear, surprise, etc. are conveyed.	Oh, how bitter you are, desperately, later, you need youth! (A. Tvardovsky, “Beyond the Distance”). Do you love me? Yes? Yes? Oh, what a night! Wonderful night! (A.P. Chekhov, “The Jumper”).
Appeal	A turn of poetic speech, consisting in an emphasized, sometimes repeated address of the writer to the hero of his work, to natural phenomena, to the reader, in the hero’s address to other characters.	Don't sing in front of me, beauty. (A.S. Pushkin, “Don’t Sing...”). And you, Arrogant descendants! (M.Yu. Lermontov, “The Death of a Poet”).
Non-union (asyndeton)	A turn of poetic speech that consists of the omission of connecting conjunctions between words and sentences. Their absence gives speech speed, expressiveness, and conveys rapid intonation.	Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts. Drumming, clicks, grinding. The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning... (A.S. Pushkin, “Poltava”).
Polyunion (repeating alliances)	A turn of poetic speech consisting of the repetition of the same conjunctions.	And the spruce turns green through the frost, And the river glitters under the ice... (A.S. Pushkin, “Winter Morning”).

Basics of versification.

Rhythm.

Word rhythm in the Greek language, from which it came to us, it means “harmony, proportionality.” How does this proportionality arise? What condition is necessary for rhythm to occur? What does the beating of our heart and the moving pendulum of a clock have in common? the measured noise of the surf and the sound of the wheels of a moving train?

Rhythm - is the repetition of something at regular intervals. It is this repetition that creates randomness and proportionality.

Rhyme.

The harmony of the verse is created by the coincidence of line endings and rhymes. The lines seem to echo like an echo, repeating each other, sometimes changing their sound slightly. Re-read A.A.’s poem out loud again. Feta “The summer evening is quiet and clear...”. Find lines that rhyme.

Rhyme- This is a repetition of sounds that connect the endings of two or more lines.

idle - varied

harsh - pine

Stanza.

Stanza- a group of poetic lines, combined lines, united by rhyme. A stanza can be three lines - tercet, out of four – quatrain.

Rhyme

The following types of rhyme are distinguished:
Name	Definition
Depending on the place of emphasis
	The stress falls on the last syllable
	The last syllable is unstressed
Dactylic	The stress falls on the third syllable from the end of the line
Hyperdactylic	The stress falls on the fourth syllable from the end of the line
Depending on the order of rhyming lines
Adjacent, steam room	Lines that follow each other rhyme (AA)
	Three consecutive lines rhyme (AAA)
Cross	Rhyming lines go one after another (ABAB)
Encircling, ring	Of the four lines, the 1st and 4th, 2nd and 3rd rhyme with each other (ABBA)
Ternary	Complex alternation in six lines (AABAAB)
Depending on the repetition of the ending sounds of rhyming lines
	Frost roses
Assonance	Broom tables

Underline the rhyming words in Fet's poem “Butterfly” and connect them. You see that the first line rhymes with the third, the second with the fourth. Arises cross rhyme.

You're right with one air outline

I'm so sweet

All the velvet is mine with its living blinking

Only two wings.

If adjacent lines rhyme, it is born steam room rhyme, as in Pushkin’s poem “The Prisoner”:

I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon.

A young eagle raised in captivity,

My sad comrade, flapping his wing,

It's pecking at bloody food under the window...

Finally, the rhyme can be annular when the first line of the quatrain rhymes with the fourth, and the second with the third, as in Bunin’s poems:

The hops are already drying up on the mew.

Behind the farmsteads, on the melon fields,

In the cool rays of the sun

Bronze melons are turning red...

The rhyme in a stanza can be more complex.

Poetic dimensions

Poetic meters in Russian versification are disyllabic And trisyllabic.

Two-syllable sizes called a poetic meter with a line of two syllables.

In Russian versification there are two two-syllable meters: iambic And trochee.

Iambic– a two-syllable poetic meter with stress on the second syllable (_ _́).

Let's see how A.S. uses iambic. Pushkin.

Iambic trimeter :

Friend of the idle thought, _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

My inkwell... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Iambic tetrameter:

There is a green oak near Lukomorye; _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The golden chain on the oak tree... _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Iambic pentameter:

One more last legend - _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

And my chronicle is finished _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

Trochee– two-syllable meter with stress on the first syllable (_́ _).

The word “trochee” translated from Greek means “dancer” from the word “choir”, “dance”, “round dance”.

Trochee trimeter :

In the haze of invisibility _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The month of spring has come... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Trochee tetrameter:

Through the wavy fogs _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

The moon is making its way... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(A.S. Pushkin)

Trochee pentameter:

I go out alone on the road _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _

Through the fog the flinty path shines... _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́ _ _́

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Iambic and trochee are the most popular meters in Russian poetry; for example, 80-85% of poems are written in iambic tetrameter.

Trisyllabic verse meters

Consider the lines of the poem “Railroad”:

Glorious Autumn! Healthy, vigorous

The air invigorates tired forces...

Let’s place the emphasis and build a verse outline:

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

You noticed that groups of three syllables are repeated: the first is stressed, the second and third are unstressed. It is a three-syllable meter with the accent on the first syllable. It's called dactyl: _́ _ _ .

Let’s take other lines - from Nekrasov’s poem “Peasant Children”, place the emphasis and build a diagram of the verse.

Once upon a time in the cold winter

I came out of the forest; it was bitterly cold.

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated here: the first is unstressed, the second is stressed, the third is unstressed. It is a three-syllable meter with stress on the second syllable. It's called amphibrachium: _ _́ _

Algorithm for determining poetic meter.

Place the emphasis.

Identify unstressed vowels.

Write down the resulting diagram.

Determine the size.

I those be nothing GO Not ska andat .

I those bI Not meet VO zhu neither hat t.

AND O TO m,What I mO lcha you LOLat ,

Not re wat sneither on ThuO name bookat t.

A. Fet.

- trimeter anapest

Now let’s place emphasis in the lines from Nekrasov’s poem “Troika” and build a diagram of the verse.

Why are you looking greedily at the road?

Away from your cheerful friends?

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́ _

_ _ _́ _ _ _́ _ _ _́

Groups of three syllables are repeated: the first and second are unstressed, the third is stressed. It is a three-syllable meter with the accent on the third syllable. It's called anapaest: _ _ _́.

So, there are three three-syllable meters of verse: dactyl ( _́ _ _ ), amphibrachium

(_ _́ _ ), and anapest (_ _ _́ )

Verse sizes
Disyllabic
		The storm covers the sky with darkness...
		My first friend, my priceless friend!
Trisyllabic
		Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers!
Amphibrachium		In the sandy steppes of Arabian land Three proud palm trees grew high.
		Don't be sad, dear neighbor...

Clue: To remember the rhythm of three-syllable meters, Nikolai Gumilyov offered young poets the following hint:

Ann A A Khmatova – dactyl; M A rin A Color e that e V A– amphibrachium; N And To O Lai G at m And lion - anapest.

Themes and motives in the lyrics

Subject

From Greek theme (the basis of the plot of the work).

Intimate lyrics

M.Yu. Lermontov “She is not proud of her beauty...”

B.L. Pasternak " Winter evening».

Landscape lyrics

A.A. Fet “Wonderful picture...”

S.A. Yesenin “behind the dark strand of woods...”.

Lyrics of friendship

B.Sh. Okudzhava "Ancient student song".

Theme of the poet and poetry

M.I. Tsvetaeva “Rolandov Horn”.

Patriotic and civil lyrics

N.A. Nekrasov "Motherland"

A.A. Akhmatova “I am not with those who abandoned the earth...”

Philosophical lyrics

F.I. Tyutchev "The Last Cataclysm"

I.A. Bunin "Evening".

The most important character in the lyrics is lyrical hero: it is his inner world that is shown in lyrical work, on his behalf the lyricist speaks to the reader, and the external world is depicted in terms of the impressions it makes on the lyrical hero. Pay attention! Do not confuse the lyrical hero with the epic one. Pushkin reproduced the inner world of Eugene Onegin in great detail, but this is an epic hero, a participant in the main events of the novel. The lyrical hero of Pushkin's novel is the Narrator, the one who is familiar with Onegin and tells his story, deeply experiencing it. Onegin becomes a lyrical hero only once in the novel - when he writes a letter to Tatyana, just as she becomes a lyrical heroine when she writes a letter to Onegin.

By creating the image of a lyrical hero, a poet can make him personally very close to himself (poems by Lermontov, Fet, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, etc.). But sometimes the poet seems to be “hiding” behind the mask of a lyrical hero, completely far from the personality of the poet himself; for example, A Blok makes Ophelia the lyrical heroine (two poems called “Ophelia’s Song”) or the street actor Harlequin (“I was covered in colorful rags...”), M. Tsvetaev - Hamlet (“At the bottom is she, where il..."), V. Bryusov - Cleopatra ("Cleopatra"), S. Yesenin - a peasant boy from folk song or fairy tales (“Mother walked through the forest in her bathing suit...”). So, when discussing a lyrical work, it is more competent to talk about the expression in it of the feelings not of the author, but of the lyrical hero.

Like other types of literature, lyrics include a number of genres. Some of them arose in ancient times, others - in the Middle Ages, some - quite recently, one and a half to two centuries ago, or even in the last century.

Motive

From French motif - lit. movement.

A stable formal and content component of a work. Unlike the topic, it has a direct verbal fixation in the text. Identifying the motive helps to understand the subtext of the work.

The motifs of struggle, flight, retribution, suffering, disappointment, melancholy, and loneliness are traditional in the lyrics.

Leitmotif

A leading motif in one or many works.

The motive of exile in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Clouds".

The motive of loneliness in the early lyrics of V.V. Mayakovsky.

Literature in tables and diagrams. Theory. Story. Dictionary. M.I.Meshcheryakova. M.: Iris-press, 2005.

A brief dictionary of literary terms. Timofeev L.I. and Turaev S.V. M.: Education, 1978.

Internet resources:

http://russlovesnost.

http://shkola. lv

http://4ege. ru

http:// thff (Creative Freedom forum).

http://www. liceum 1.net

In 2018, the Ministry of Education does not plan fundamental changes in the structure of literature testing for ninth graders.

The management of a school institution may leave a student for a second year if he refuses to pass the final state certification. Without passing the test, a certificate for grade 9 will not be issued. Ninth-graders will also have three attempts to pass the exams.

State Academy of Literature 2018 one of those school curriculum subjects that is not particularly popular among schoolchildren. Literature is not a compulsory subject for the exam, but students may well choose the discipline as an additional exam.

Examination results are not included in the nine-year education certificate.

The testing procedure will change quite seriously. Now all schoolchildren will be required to take exams after the ninth grade. Also, it will be allowed to choose for examination any disciplines from the list approved by the Ministry of Education. It is noteworthy that this list will include life safety and physical education.

Next year it is planned to leave the Russian language and mathematics as compulsory exams, and the students themselves must decide on the subjects of the remaining tests. Those students who became winners in Olympiads or took prize place, are exempt from State Examination in this discipline.

In addition, amendments will be made regarding obtaining a certificate. If previously the document was issued to schoolchildren only upon successful passing of all state exams, now it will be enough to pass the required subjects with a “satisfactory” mark.

The system for evaluating completed work will also change significantly. For this purpose, a new federal point scale will be developed, which will be unified.

Structure of the 2018 GIA assignments in literature

The State Examination in Literature occupies a special place among examinations in other disciplines. The peculiarity is that KIMs on the subject contain only four questions, which are divided into two parts.

The main group of tasks consists of 3 questions, and the answers to them include an analysis of a poem or passage of your choice.

The second group is represented by one question, in which you need to write an essay of at least two hundred words on one of the four topics provided. Topics are selected based on the school curriculum.

GIA essay 2018

The last KIM assignment in literature requires you to write an essay. It is extremely important to cope with the task, since it is for this that the maximum quantity points.

To write an essay as it should, you should get acquainted with typical mistakes that students allow.

First of all, you should avoid paraphrasing and presenting unnecessary information. The text must be clearly constructed and the arguments presented to support the point of view must be well-reasoned. The student should adhere to the following essay plan:

introduction – statement of the problem;
the main part is the argumentation of your point of view regarding the problem of the essay;
conclusion – a brief conclusion about the text.

Categories of those taking the State Exam in Literature

Next year, all schoolchildren will be required to take a state exam after the ninth grade. As for literature, this discipline will remain solely the choice of students.

The order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation defines categories of teenagers who can register to take the state exam. These may be students who did not achieve a passing grade in previous years. Also eligible to apply are those schoolchildren who have grades of at least “satisfactory” in all disciplines.

According to the order, those students who have an “unsatisfactory” mark in one subject of the school curriculum are allowed to take the exam, but this subject is included in the list of state exams taken.

At the moment, the examination schedule has not yet been approved. We follow the latest news.

How to become a participant in the State Examination 2018

In order to become a participant in the final test, a student must register. To do this, the teenager must fill out and personally submit an application in a unified form to the commission at the place of his education.

The application is submitted in writing and it indicates all the student’s data and the list of subjects that will be taken. The document must be filed and registered until February 1.

If there are reasons why a student is unable to take any subject, he has the right to submit an additional document indicating these reasons, as well as attach to the application the relevant medical certificates or other official documents justifying the re-application.

Such an application must be submitted no later than per month before the state examination.

Early completion of the State Examination in Literature in 2018

Several years ago, only those students who had valid reasons were allowed to take the final state certification early. These schoolchildren included: teenagers who participated in sports competitions at the federal level; children who had serious illnesses and were undergoing treatment; students who went to study abroad.

This option for passing the test made it possible to pass the entire exam on time and get free time in the future in order to pay more attention to entering further education (if such is included in the plans).

The disadvantage is also quite significant. Early examination may have a bad effect on the results of the State Examination in Literature. This is due to the fact that schoolchildren will be forced to combine studying at school with preparing for the exam, which will become an additional burden on the child’s body.

Demo version of the State Academic Examination in Literature 2018

It is considered quite good material for preparing for the exam. demo version of the State Academic Examination in Literature 2018 FIPI. This manual represents tasks that were presented at the state examination of past time periods. It is worth noting that the tasks do not fully coincide with the exam ones. As a rule, the demo version includes variants of questions that contain data similar to those that will be used for state certification.

In order for this manual to allow for high-quality preparation, the KIM codifiers of official state exam tasks were taken as the basis for the demonstration options.

On our website you can download the latest demo versions to prepare for the literature exam.

Additional information about the State Examination 2018

As with all disciplines, you must take your passport, pen, registration form and answer form with you for literature. If necessary, you are allowed to bring medications and food with you. All other personal items, for example, cell phones, are left in a place specially designated for these purposes.

It is also not allowed to use different reference books, except as permitted.

In literature, a student has the right to use the full texts of works of art and collections of poetry. List of works approved in accordance with the course of the school curriculum.

In order for the results of the examination in literature to be counted, the student must score at least 7 points, which is equivalent to three. To score “5” you must get at least 23 points.

The student has the right to protest the GIA results. This is possible in two cases. First of all, a student has such a right when he does not agree with the exam results. For this, in four-day period, the student must write an appeal and contact the conflict commission with a request to re-check his work.

In the second case, the student has the right to appeal if the organizers violated the examination procedure itself and the student did not have the opportunity to fully pass the exam. In this case, the complaint is filed after the fact, namely, without leaving the audience.

The conflict commission may refuse an appeal for the reason that the student himself was a participant in violations during the exam or the complaint contains claims regarding the form and content of the tasks.

How to prepare for the 2018 State Examination in Literature

Preparation for the State Examination in Literature 2018 requires not only putting in some effort, but also drawing up a plan. It is these factors that determine how successfully the state exam will be passed. It is extremely important to decide what materials will be used in preparation. Specially designed manuals such as the GIA demo version or online tests State Academy of Literature. You can also take into account the following list of references:

Preparation for the OGE in 2016. Literature. Diagnostic work. Federal State Educational Standard, 2016 Novikova L.V. – the manual is compiled to help the student develop practical skills when working with exam questions.
OGE 2016. Literature. Typical test tasks, 2016 Kuzanova O.A. – the brochure includes 12 tasks with answers necessary to prepare for the State Examination in Literature.
OGE 2015. Literature, 2016. Erokhina E.L. – a set of standard assignments on literature.
OGE-2016. Literature. 20 options for examination papers to prepare for the main state exam in grade 9, 2015 – Zinina E.A., Fedorov A.V. – a guide for preparing for the State Examination, contains 20 tasks on literature.

All of these manuals and brochures can be purchased at any specialty store or download the book on the official website.

Also, a demo version of the GIA in literature can be downloaded from the official website of the FIPI in Open jar tasks. This bank contains all the GIA assignments for previous years, and any student can download all the necessary materials there.

It is extremely important to prepare mentally for the exam. Undoubtedly, for any teenager, passing exams is a serious stress. To avoid difficulties during the exam, the student is required to tune his brain to a positive outcome of the test and believe in himself.

Parents will be required to provide maximum support, create the conditions necessary for preparation, and monitor their child’s sleep and nutritional patterns.

Statistics for passing the State Examination in Literature in past years

Statistics for previous years show that about a quarter of students were able to write papers with the maximum mark, and about a quarter of the students were able to write papers with the “satisfactory” mark. 36% . Near 8% students were unable to achieve a passing grade.

Exam Schedule

Codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of training of students for the main state exam in LITERATURE.
The codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of training of students for the main state exam in literature (hereinafter referred to as the codifier) is one of the documents that determines the structure and content of the OGE KIM. (hereinafter referred to as KIM). The codifier is a systematic list of requirements for the level of training of graduates and tested content elements, in which each object corresponds to a specific code. The codifier is compiled on the basis of the standard of basic general education in literature (order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated 03/05/2004 No. 1089 “On approval of the Federal component of state standards of primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education”).

Demonstration version of control measuring materials for conducting the main state exam in LITERATURE in 2019.
When reviewing the 2019 demo, please be aware that the activities included in the demo do not represent all of the content that will be tested in the 2019 CMM versions. Full list controlled content elements are given in the codifier of content elements and requirements for the level of training of students for the main state exam, posted on the website: www.fipi.ru.
The demo version is intended to give any exam participant and the general public an opportunity to get an idea of the structure of the future exam paper, the number and form of tasks, as well as their level of difficulty. The demo version also contains criteria for checking and assessing the completion of tasks with a detailed answer.
This information gives graduates the opportunity to develop a strategy for preparing for the literature exam in 2019.

Download and read OGE 2019, Literature, grade 9, Demo version

Specification of control measuring materials for the main state exam in LITERATURE in 2019.
The purpose of the examination work is to assess the level of general education training in literature of graduates of IX grades of general education organizations for the purpose of state final certification of graduates. The exam results can be used when admitting students to specialized classes in secondary schools.
OGE is carried out in accordance with Federal law dated December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On education in the Russian Federation.”
The examination paper is compiled in accordance with the Federal component of the state standard of basic general education in literature (Order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated March 5, 2004 No. 1089).

Download and read OGE 2019, Literature, 9th grade, Specification, Codifier, Project

The codifier is a systematic list of requirements for the level of training of graduates and tested content elements, in which each object corresponds to a specific code. The codifier is compiled on the basis of the standard of basic general education in literature (order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated 03/05/2004 No. 1089 “On approval of the Federal component of state standards of primary general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education”).

The examination paper in literature consists of two parts.

The first part of the work involves analyzing the text of a work of art located in the examination paper itself; the second part proposes essay topics.

When assessing the performance of all types of tasks, the verbal format of the answers is taken into account.

First part consists of two alternative options (we need to choose one of them). The first option offers an analysis of a fragment of an epic, dramatic or lyric epic work, and the second - an analysis of a lyric poem or fable.

Each of first two tasks involves a written response in an approximate amount 3–5 sentences and is assessed with a maximum of 3 points.

Third task The first part involves not only thinking about the proposed text, but also comparing it with another work or fragment, the text of which is also given in the examination paper. Approximate volume 5–8 sentences.

It is recommended that the examinee take 120 minutes to complete the tasks of Part 1 of the work.

Second part The examination paper contains four essay topics that require extensive written argumentation.

The first theme refers to the work from which the fragment for the first version of the first part is taken, and the second - to the work of the poet, whose lyric poem or fable is included in the second version of the first part.

Tasks 2.3 and 2.4 are formulated based on the works of other writers whose works were not included in the options for part 1 ( Old Russian literature; literature XVIII, XIX and XX centuries). Tasks 2.3, 2.4 are not related to the problems of the works given in the first part of the examination paper. The examinee chooses one of four topics offered to him.

In the lyric essay, the examinee must analyze at least two poems.

The student is asked to take 115 minutes to write the essay.