The first parts of the work contain instructions to young people: it is important to strive to achieve the right, non-material and purely personal goals in life, to be intelligent regardless of lifestyle and environment, to cultivate a sense of beauty and respect for your family, country, its past and culture. Much is said about the inextricable connection between the past and the present: this is the culture of communication between young people and old people, and the continuity of generations, and the influence ancient culture to modern perception.
Book by Likhachev D.S. serves important task nurturing culture, spirituality, patriotism and intelligence in people.
Read the summary Likhachev Native land
A word to the young. Your profession and your patriotism
All achievements depend on your actions, it's not a matter of luck. In addition to minor tasks in life, there should be one most important, global one. A patriot loves his country, but a nationalist hates other peoples, and these concepts cannot be identified. Patriotism begins with attachment and interest in one's parents and one's family past. All real cultures are connected with the cultural heritage of past centuries.
About intelligence
Intelligence is a must, regardless of your environment, type of activity, level of education and other factors. It is not always connected with the literary classics we have read, it is more about the level of understanding and awareness of life.
Don't be funny
Just as you shouldn’t pour out your sorrows on others, you shouldn’t seem funny in their eyes. This should even be evident in clothing, especially for men.
Big in small
Life should be about achieving small goals, but ultimately, all your actions should lead to one big goal.
Purpose and self-esteem
Depending on what a person wants, one can unmistakably determine who he sees himself as. A noble goal is the only one that allows you to live your life with dignity.
Art reveals to us big world!
Russian culture and Russian art multifaceted and worthy of attention close attention and recognition, but at the same time it is worth joining the world heritage.
Learn to speak and write
Acquiring writing and reading skills is not just a task for young children. Every person must learn to understand his native language throughout his life.
You need to be able to approach reading without self-interest, not for the sake of completing a school assignment or because of the popularity of the author. You need to approach literature sincerely and consciously.
Lift each other up
It’s not easy for young people to have conversations with older people: they don’t hear well, they get offended, and they constantly mutter displeasure about something. But only they can pass on the experience of past years to new generations.
Memory
Memory is the only mechanism that can hold back the destruction of time. Only thanks to memory is the existence of morality possible.
Open spaces and space
The entire Russian culture, even the Russian language, has absorbed the fundamental concepts of “will” and “space”, the absence of borders and restrictions.
Russian nature and Russian character
The nature of the Russian region could not but influence the development of the Russian character. It is impossible to separate man and nature - they are interconnected, and this connection is very strong.
Nature of Russia and Pushkin
In the works of A.S. Pushkin clearly traces his own path, his own geography. There should be a reverent and thrifty attitude towards Pushkin’s places.
Ecology of culture
When talking about ecology, one cannot mean only its biological aspect. Biological unecologicality can destroy the human body, and cultural unecologicality kills morality and the soul.
Cultural monuments are national property
Cultural heritage- this is not the property of one generation, it belongs to our descendants, and our direct responsibility is to preserve it intact for many centuries.
Russian culture of modern times and Ancient Rus'
Peter's reforms affected the cultural heritage of Ancient Rus', changing it beyond recognition. Only peasant life and the culture of the lower classes was ignored. This led to the erroneous conclusion that ancient Russian culture existed at the level of peasant life.
Contemporary with Russian history
We are talking about Nizhny Novgorod - commercial, political and cultural center Rus'. It was this ancient city that managed to become a shield for ancient Russian culture during the Tatar-Mongol invasion.
The first 700 years of Russian literature
Our literature is much older than ancient European literature. It owes its appearance to the emergence of writing, which in turn emerged from folklore.
The past must serve the present!
Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian peoples are fraternal in their origin, culture and language. The cultural heritage of past generations does not exist separately from modernity, but is its base, basis and has a huge influence.
Picture or drawing Likhachev - Native Land
Other retellings and reviews for the reader's diary
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1951 Nikolai Nosov writes a story about younger teenagers, “Vitya Maleev at school and at home.” The essence of the plot of the text for children is that the main character, Vitya, experiences adventures in each chapter
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- Summary Shmelev Yablochny saved
On the eve of the Transfiguration of the Savior, the boy Vanya is diligently preparing to take exams at the gymnasium, reading God's law. Carpenter Gorkin tells the child what the essence of Apple Savior is
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This story happened in ancient times. Once upon a time there lived a husband and wife, they were quite smart, but their son was born - a fool. The parents argued about who he was born like and named the baby Ivanushka.
Do you know such a writer as Likhachev? “Native Land” (a summary later in the article) is his outstanding creation, which should be read by every teenager and all those who are on the threshold of adulthood. A wonderful book that should be on the shelf of anyone who wants to raise a real person within themselves. The work is quite voluminous, so we will look at the summary of the story “Native Land”. Likhachev, by the way, was not only a writer, but also an art historian and cultural critic, a doctor of philological sciences and a professor. Frankly speaking, he did not call himself a real writer, but his enormous knowledge and gift for writing allowed him to create wonderful works. Let's get to know the author better.
Author
In 1914, the boy studied at the gymnasium of the Humane Society, and later at the St. Petersburg school of K. I. May. From 1920 to 1923 he was at the Soviet Unified Labor School. After this, until 1928, Likhachev was a student at the Romance-Germanic and Slavic-Russian department of linguistics and literature at Leningrad State University. In 1928, Dmitry was arrested for being a member of the Space Academy of Sciences. The reason for the arrest was specifically that Likhachev made a report on the Old Russian spelling, which had been tainted by the enemy. He was sentenced to 5 years, which he served in the Solovetsky camp. In 1932 he was released early. He returned to his hometown. Soon he had two daughters. After his stay in the camp, he wrote his very first work for the science of card games in the criminal world. Interesting fact, that immediately after his release he began work in the forensic office, which brought him a lot of pleasure, as it gave him the opportunity to learn something completely new.
It is impossible to overestimate Likhachev’s contribution to the development and study of the literature of Ancient Rus'. It was he who wrote best works on this topic, which are still teaching aids for students. He also took an active part in the reconstruction of the Mon Repos steam room near St. Petersburg. Thanks to his assistance, a book series called “Literary Monuments” was also published. He has held a huge number of positions, his experience is simply limitless. His awards are countless, since in every area with which he came into contact, Likhachev left a significant and significant mark.
Profession and patriotism
We begin to look at the first chapter of the book that “Native Land” wrote, a brief summary of which we will consider - this is a voluminous work consisting of 10 chapters. We will try to talk briefly about each of them.
In the first chapter, the author talks about how every person should have one global goal in life. In addition to short-term and small actions, a person must strive for something truly great. It is very important to be passionate about your profession. This applies most of all to teachers and doctors - they must serve society to the maximum. Likhachev says that such a goal is love and protection of the Motherland, one’s people. This is a feeling that awakens hidden early forces in a person, protects him from troubles and dissatisfaction. At the same time, Dmitry Sergeevich emphasizes that a person should try to learn about the past of all peoples and nationalities. Love for one's people should be inherent in everyone.
Does Likhachev express a personal opinion on any matter? “Native Land”, a brief summary of which we began to consider, already in the first chapter appears before us with the following lines: “I love Ancient Rus'...”. The author is not afraid to speak openly about what he feels and thinks, and this deserves respect. Such courage in those days was characteristic only of those who were ready to lay down their lives for their Motherland. Very briefly in this chapter the author praises (note, deservedly) Russian literature and art XIX century. The main idea that Likhachev is trying to convey in this chapter is that studying the past can greatly enrich modern society, giving it something new, bright and interesting. You can understand today only if you see it against the backdrop of the entire historical past.
About intelligence
What will please D.S. Likhachev in the second chapter? “Native Land”, a brief summary of which we are considering, is a kind of guide to life for all young people and the younger generation. In this chapter, Dmitry Sergeevich focuses the reader’s attention on the fact that well-mannered people should be intelligent in any situation. This quality is necessary not only for the individual himself, but also for his environment. He provides evidence folk proverb that a person will live long by honoring his parents. The concept of intelligence includes a wide range of concepts, such as respectful argument, discreetly helping another, modest behavior, caring for nature.
As personal experience Likhachev gives the example of peasants from the North, who, in his opinion, were truly genuine. Their houses were very clean, they were friendly to others, they knew how to listen and tell stories. interesting stories, their life was orderly. In addition, he notes that they could empathize with both happiness and misfortune. What did Academician Likhachev mean in his work (“Native Land”). A summary of the book will help us answer this question. Specifically, in this chapter we are talking not only about manners (with which the term “intelligence” is often confused), but also about other important qualities that a person himself can cultivate in himself.
Don't be funny
What will Likhachev tell us in this chapter? “Native Land”, a summary of the chapters that we are considering, will tell us in this part about how people behave in unusual situations. Previously, it was believed that if a person had grief, he should not show it openly, or transfer his negative mood to others. You need to behave evenly, not get bogged down in a problem, maintain your dignity, and even try to be cheerful. But in the 19th century, this rule gradually faded away in the circles of the aristocracy. Young people behaved ironically; it was considered beautiful, witty, and modern. At the same time, a person who is always cheerful is a burden to those around him. Constant laughter and fun tires anyone. A person who goes too far in this matter simply becomes a buffoon for those around him, he loses his dignity, he is not taken seriously.
It is important for a person to learn how to joke, but not look too funny. After all, such a skill not only raises your weight in society, but is also a sign of intelligence. At the same time, you should not be funny in everything. This is not just about humor. It is necessary to apply this rule to different areas of life: for example, choosing the right clothes for different cases so as not to look ridiculous. But at the same time, you should not push yourself into limits. You shouldn’t worry about your shortcomings - you need to learn how to use them correctly. Sometimes stutterers become better speakers. “... try to be modest, quiet.” - this is what D.S. Likhachev teaches (“Native Land”). The summary of the book does not fully reflect the wealth of language and wisdom that the reader will find when studying the book.
Big in small
In this chapter of the book D. S. Likhachev touches on the question of purpose in human life. Let's say there is a goal. In our case, it may be love and protection of the Motherland, as mentioned earlier. But how to go towards your goal? What are the ways to achieve it? What can you do and what can’t you do? The chapter “Big in Small” talks in detail about Dmitry Sergeevich’s personal view on this issue. A wise goal should cover a person’s entire life, all his areas. Moreover, some connection is necessary between the goal and the means that are used. What does Likhachev think about this? “Native Land” (a very brief summary in the article) reflects Dmitry Sergeevich’s view as accurately as possible. He says that the end never justifies the means - it is only an excuse for cruel and immoral actions. And as visual evidence, he gives an example from the classics. To be more specific, the example given is the work of Fyodor Mikhailovich “Crime and Punishment,” which brilliantly shows that achieving what you want by infringing on others never brings good results.
What can the book “Native Land” (Likhachev) provide useful? The summary makes it clear that there are a lot of useful grains in it - just sit and sort it out. The main thing is desire. There are many good teachers in Russia - these are our wonderful authors who have created inexpressible wealth, a treasure trove of wisdom for future generations. This chapter is a must read for anyone who wants to achieve something in life!
Youth is all life
The title of this chapter of the book has become an aphorism. And even if the author is not always known, the meaning of the phrase is conveyed - and this is the main thing for the author. What else did D.S. want to say? Likhachev? “Native Land” (a summary of the book in chapters) will help us figure this out. Here the author pays attention to the fact that youth is the most wonderful time in a person’s life. Don’t think that Dmitry Sergeevich is having lengthy conversations about how great it is to live in young body: Not at all. He focuses on some aspects that are more accessible to a person at a young age. For example, the author shares such observations that it is much easier to make real friends in youth. At this time, the multifaceted character of a person and his social circle are formed, which, most often, remains for life.
Learn to speak and write
What will Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev tell us in this chapter? “Native Land,” the summary of which we are considering, will open before us important secrets rhetoric. In this chapter we will learn about how important it is to speak correctly, monitor your speech, and write correctly and beautifully. However, Likhachev considers this issue towards the end of the chapter, and first we talk about the importance of language as a phenomenon in the life of society. The Russian language has developed over more than a thousand years; it is one of the most perfect languages in the world. In the 19th century, a galaxy of talented writers created an incredible number of beautiful and delightful poems, precisely thanks to language! The author cites a real quote from Turgenev: “It is impossible to believe that such a language was not given to a great people!” This is true, because only the Russian language can boast of such diversity and brightness.
So what is Likhachev getting at? The conversation is leading to the fact that, being able to express his thoughts beautifully and correctly, a person receives a powerful weapon in his hand. A correctly constructed speech can save a person from many problems, as well as give him many new privileges.
Likhachev emphasizes that language is not only an indicator of the people, but also the personal qualities of each individual person. But if speaking can provide so many benefits, then why is it necessary to write well? In fact, the ability to beautifully express one’s thoughts on paper is needed not only by a poet or writer. This skill is necessary for every person who wants to write letters, keep diaries and decorate paper with a pen. And in case someone says that this requires a special gift, the author gives a little hint: in order to learn, you need to do it.
Literature
Do you want to better understand what Likhachev means? “Native Land,” a brief summary (briefly), which can be read on any convenient website, will help you with this. This section of the book is dedicated to one of the most beautiful phenomena - literature. It gives a person the opportunity to try on someone else’s role, to live the life of another person. This way you can gain global experience that can help you throughout your life. Every educated person must have favorites in literature, which he can know almost by heart. Returning to an old book in which every detail and plot twist is known is like returning to home, where you are always loved and expected.
Will Likhachev (“Native Land”) give us examples? Anyone can read it in order to find all the examples that the author gives from his life. The article contains only selected excerpts. Dmitry Sergeevich says that Leonid Georg, a literature teacher at school, taught him to disinterested reading. For reference, Dmitry Likhachev studied at a time when teachers could be absent from class for a long time or not come to it at all. What did his teacher do in such cases? He would come to class and offer to read something. The children happily agreed, because they knew how their teacher could read: everyone was delighted and listened in fascination. Likhachev shares his memories that thanks to such unique reading lessons, he knew many passages from “War and Peace,” stories by Guy de Maupassant, and some of Krylov’s fables. In addition, a love of literature was instilled in him at home: his father or mother often read to him at night. At the same time, children were read not banal tales about Ivan Tsarevich, but historical novels, books by Leskov, Mamin-Sibiryak and other “not for children” authors.
Throughout the book, the author conveys the idea that you should read classical works, since those have been tested over time. Such works help to better understand the world and people around us. But Dmitry Sergeevich is not a prude; he insists that young people read modern literature. The main thing the author calls for is not to fuss, because in doing so you waste the most precious thing in a person’s life - his time.
Elevate a friend
What does Likhachev mean? “Native Land,” a summary of which we are studying, in this chapter will tell us about relationships. Here we will talk about people who can awaken the most in others. best features. It will also be said about those who, by their behavior, form a circle of irritated and sad people around themselves. Likhachev talks about the fact that one should be able to find something good and common in every person: in the old, uninteresting, dreary. It is important to be able to find sociability, lightness and a smile even in a crooked granny.
Specifically for older people great attention Likhachev pays attention. “Native Land” (a summary of a chapter from the book) tells us that old people are often talkative. Still, this is not ordinary talkativeness - very often they turn out to be excellent storytellers. Also, such people remember many different events, songs and funny situations: they are just rarely asked. It is very important not to notice people's shortcomings, because everyone has them. This is especially true for some physical or age-related defects. And yet, you should establish friendly connections with the elderly, because they don’t have much time left to live - that’s what Likhachev teaches. “Native Land” full and brief contents are completely different things. If you are interested in the topic of at least one chapter, it is better to read the entire work and gain the vast experience and wisdom of Dmitry Sergeevich.
Memory
Memory is an important and creative process in the human brain. Fun fact that a person remembers absolutely everything that happens to him during his life: even the most early years. This information is not so easy to extract from the depths of memory, but it is there. This brain function is always active, because it is what makes a person develop, think, act, change. Why did D. S. Likhachev write this chapter (“Native Land”)? The summary of the book makes it clear that the point is to convey the idea that if there were no memory, there would be nothing!
It is and only memory that can resist time. Even if some memories are erased, they can be recorded. Thanks to her, the past becomes part of the present and future, and vice versa. Would you like to know more about what Likhachev thought about this? “Native Land,” the summary of which is almost complete, will not allow you to fully immerse yourself in the author’s thoughts. It is very important to read such a work entirely and without interruption - as Likhachev himself advises (“Native Land”). Reading the summary of the brief is very convenient, because all the main points are presented there, but this is not enough to fully cover the information.
The author also emphasizes that without memory there is no conscience. In fact, if it weren’t for this process in our heads, society would remain at the primitive level of development! It is memory that is the driving force that makes us compare, draw conclusions, and become better.
Summing up the article, I would like to say: “Thank you Dmitry Likhachev!” “Native Land” (briefly summary) is a great contribution to the development of the entire society, which cannot be assessed, since it is so comprehensive and rich. Still, the talent of a writer is really inherent in Dmitry Likhachev...or does he just know how to correctly express his thoughts? Well, if in order to write like this you don’t need talent, but only need to be able to express yourself correctly, then perhaps it’s worth learning. This book is a real discovery for those who were not familiar with such a figure as Likhachev, as well as for all those who are in search of a real teacher.
D. S. Likhachev. "Native Land"
The next topic of literature lessons will be short chapters from the book “Native Land” by a specialist in literature, academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev.
With this theme, a new literary genre comes to schoolchildren - the genre of journalism. What is this? Why are you interested? Why has it become so popular in recent decades?
Section on Literary Theory and Reference literary terms will help schoolchildren consolidate the information received in class from the teacher, prepare their own message about this genre, and select their own example from any journalistic materials.
The name of D. S. Likhachev is undoubtedly known to seventh graders. They will glean new information from the autobiographical story given in the book “Native Land.” Scientist talks about how his fate unfolded. Students will pay attention to how the word “earth” is explained in the book and how it is played out in the text: “The earth creates man. Without her he is nothing. But man also creates the earth. Its preservation, peace on earth, and the increase in its wealth depend on man.”
Schoolchildren will read the opinions of D. S. Likhachev on various topics in the chapters: “Youth is all life”, “Art opens up a big world for us!”, “Learning to speak and write”, which are included in the textbook, as well as in those that will be read by students in book“Native Land” independently.
These chapters are like parting words to teenagers starting to live, entering adulthood with all its complexities and difficulties. We involuntarily remember the parting words of Vladimir Monomakh, which sounded at the beginning of the school year.
Peace and joy are revealed to those who want them and strive to see them, who carry goodness and compassion within themselves, who are capable of noble deeds. Great Russian literature and oral literature have always given preference to kind characters who love work and have compassion for the people around them.
Let's look at each of the chapters of the book “Native Land” included in the textbook. For example, in the chapter “Youth is all life,” the scientist talks about what it seemed to him as a schoolboy: “. When I grow up, everything will be different. I will live among some other people, in a different environment, and everything will be completely different. But in reality it turned out differently.” How did it turn out? “My reputation as a comrade, a person, a worker remained with me, passed on to that other world that I had dreamed of since childhood, and if it changed, it did not start anew at all.” What examples does the author give of this? What advice does the scientist give to young people? It is advisable to retell this short chapter close to the text or read it expressively from text.
No less important is the chapter “Art opens up a big world for us!” What thoughts in it are important to us today? Why is Russian culture called by the author open, kind to courageous, accepting of everything and creatively comprehending? What is the value wonderful artists? What does it take to understand literature? music, painting?
A completely unusual chapter: “Don’t be funny.” Let students read it themselves. It says “about the form of our behavior, about what should become our habit and what should also become our internal content.” What is important to know and do in order not to be funny?
Everyone needs to “learn to speak and write.” Children learn this from the first grade, but this is not the skill the scientist is talking about. What is human language? What does it take to speak publicly and still be interesting to listeners? The chapter ends with the words; “To learn to ride a bike, you have to ride a bike.” How do you understand this ending?
Read other chapters of this book and think about them. How does what you read characterize the author himself? Which of D. S. Likhachev’s advice seemed especially necessary to you?
Students read retell text, answer questions, prepare independent arguments and reflections on what they read, reviews of journalistic works read independently.
Essays and reflections in the journalistic genre on various topics close to students can be, for example: “Why is it difficult to be a teenager?”, “About camaraderie in our class.” You can offer to write an essay on the topic: “What ideas of classical writers could serve as a lesson for me?”, “Parting words of writers and scientists that cannot be ignored,” and also prepare a speech at an evening or conference: “Relationships between adults and children in the works of writers XIX and XX centuries", "What is brought up in a person thanks to humorous and satirical works."
We do not consider texts and questions for them in detail that would connect the teacher, but we offer only directions along which work can be built in literature lessons and related lessons in speech development and extracurricular reading.
V. Ya. Korovina, Literature 7th grade. Methodological advice - M.: Education, 2003. - 162 p.: ill.
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LIKHACHEV DMITRY SERGEEVICH
Native land.
M.: Education, 1983.-P. 14-18.
I love Ancient Rus'.
There were many aspects of Ancient Rus' that should not be admired at all. But nevertheless, I love this era very much, because I see in it struggle, people’s suffering, an extremely intense attempt to different groups society to correct the shortcomings: among the peasantry, and among the military, and among writers. It is not for nothing that journalism was so developed in Ancient Rus', despite the severe persecution of any manifestation of hidden or overt protest against exploitation and tyranny.
This is the side of ancient Russian life: the struggle for a better life, the struggle for correction, the struggle even just for military organization, more perfect and better, which could defend the people from constant invasions - it attracts me. Knowledge of the distant past of the Fatherland, long-suffering and heroic, allows us to better understand and see the true roots of ascetic, courageous service to the interests of native land, the interests of its people.
Patriotism is a creative principle, a principle that can inspire a person’s whole life: his choice of his profession, his circle of interests - determine everything in a person and illuminate everything. Patriotism is the theme, so to speak, of a person’s life” in his work.
Patriotism must certainly be the spirit of all humanities, the spirit of all teaching. From this point of view, it seems to me that the work of local historians in rural schools is very indicative. Indeed, patriotism first of all begins with love for one’s city, for one’s locality, and this does not exclude love for our entire vast country. Just as love for one’s school does not exclude, say, love, first of all, for one’s teacher.
I think that teaching local history in school could serve as the basis for instilling true Soviet patriotism. In the last grades of school, two or three years of a course in local history, associated with excursions to historical places, with the romance of travel, would be extremely useful.
I adhere to the view that love for the Motherland begins with love for your family, for your home, for your school. She is gradually growing. With age, she also becomes love for her city, for her village, for her native nature, for her fellow countrymen, and having matured, she becomes conscious and strong, until her death, with love for her socialist country and its people. It is impossible to skip over any link in this process, and it is very difficult to fasten the whole chain again when something in it has fallen out or, moreover, was missing from the very beginning.
Why do I consider interest in the culture and literature of our past not only natural, but also necessary?
In my opinion, every developed person should have a broad outlook. And for this it is not enough to be familiar with the main phenomena and values of only one’s modern national culture. Understanding of other cultures, other nationalities is necessary - without this it is ultimately impossible to communicate with people, and each of us knows in our own way how important this is life experience.
Russian literature XIX V. - one of the pinnacles of world culture, the most valuable asset of all humanity. How did it come about? Based on the thousand-year experience of word culture. Ancient Russian literature remained incomprehensible for a long time, as did the painting of that time. True recognition came to them relatively recently.
Yes, the voice of our medieval literature is quiet. And yet it amazes us with the monumentality and grandeur of the whole. It also has a strong folk humanistic element, which should never be forgotten. It contains great aesthetic values...
Remember “The Tale of Bygone Years”... This is not only a chronicle, our first historical document, it is an outstanding literary work that speaks of a great sense of national identity, a broad view of the world, the perception of Russian history as part of world history, connected with it by inextricable ties.
Craving for ancient Russian culture- a symptomatic phenomenon. This craving is caused primarily by the desire to appeal to one’s own national traditions. Modern culture is repelled by all kinds of depersonalization associated with the development of standards and templates: from the faceless “international” style in architecture, from the Americanizing of life, from the gradually eroding national foundations of life.
But it's not just that. Each culture seeks connections with the past and turns to one of the cultures of the past. Renaissance and classicism turned to antiquity. Baroque and Romanticism turned to Gothic. Our modern culture turns to eras of great civic upsurge, to eras of the struggle for national independence, to heroic themes. All this is deeply represented in the culture of Ancient Rus'.
Finally, let us note this seemingly private, but very important phenomenon. Ancient Rus' attracts our contemporaries aesthetically. Old Russian art, like folk art, is distinguished by laconicism, colorfulness, cheerfulness, and courage in solving artistic problems.
Interest in ancient Russian culture is now typical among young people around the world. Books on ancient Russian culture, literature, and art are published and republished everywhere. Suffice it to say that the first twenty volumes of the Department's Proceedings ancient Russian literature Institute of Russian Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Pushkin House) were republished abroad twice - in the USA and Germany. Such monuments as “The Tale of Bygone Years”, “The Kiev-Pechersk Patericon”, “The Tale of Igor’s Host”, “The Prayer of Daniil the Zatochnik”, “The Life of Archpriest Avvakum” and many others are repeatedly published abroad. I note that literary monuments Ancient Rus''s works are translated and published even in Japan. The collections “Ancient Rus'” are published in the old capital of Japan, Kyoto. It is impossible to list all the editions and reissues of monuments of Ancient Rus' in the West and in the East.
But along with objective and valuable works on the history of ancient Russian culture, books are often published in the West that seek to present it as inferior, “inferior” in comparison with the culture of the West, or even simply discredit it. The correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Kurbsky and the Kazan History are declared “fake”; they “get” to the works of the remarkable publicist Ivan Peresvetov and the works of Andrei Rublev.
I am for healthy scientific skepticism. A scientist should not take anything for granted. He must be critical of established and customary views. But if skepticism becomes just a fashion, it only does harm.
Through the efforts of Soviet scientists, the opinion about the dependent nature and low level of ancient Russian material and spiritual culture has been decisively refuted. Soviet scientists proved its high level: high level of literacy, high level of development of crafts, architecture, painting, political and diplomatic practice, legal thought, intensity of cultural ties with almost all European countries. High art can be noted in the technique of making enamels, niello, enamel, and in stone carving, and in the manufacture of book decorations, and in military affairs. There is no doubt about the high level of the works of ancient Russian literature that have reached us. In achieving this high level Russian literature followed an independent path, obliged primarily to its own driving forces development.
The birth of Russian literature was facilitated by the excellent, flexible and laconic Russian language, which had reached a high level of development at the time of the emergence of Russian literature. The rich and expressive Russian language was clearly represented in folk art, in business writing, in oratory at veches, in court, before battles, at feasts and princely congresses. It was a language with an extensive vocabulary, with developed terminology - legal, military, feudal, technical; abundant in synonyms capable of reflecting various emotional shades, allowing for diverse forms of word formation. The first translations from Greek and the first original works of Russian literature were already distinguished by the amazing richness of the language.
From its very inception, Russian literature has been closely connected with Russian historical reality. The history of Russian literature is part of the history of the Russian people. This is primarily what determines her creative originality. V. G. Belinsky wrote: “Since art, in terms of its content, is an expression historical life people, then this life has a great influence on them, being in the same relation to them as oil is to the fire that it supports in a lamp, or, even more, as soil is to the plants to which it gives food.”
In addition, the study of our past can - and should - enrich modern culture. Modern reading forgotten ideas, images, traditions, as often happens, can tell us a lot of new things. And this is not a verbal paradox...
“Fashion” for Old Russian ceases to be a superficial fashion, but becomes a deeper and broader phenomenon that is worth taking a closer look at.
I most decisively affirm: in order to deeply join any of the cultures of the past, there is no need to renounce modernity, to move (spiritually) into this past, to become a person of the past. This is impossible, this is impoverishment of oneself, this is disrespect for ancient Russian culture, which itself was turned to the future, sought the realization of its ideals not only directly in the present, but also in the distant future. It would be pointless to strive for the past when this past itself rushed into the future.
The past must serve the present!
Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians are not only related by origin, language, modern culture. We have a common great past; a period of three hundred years, XI-XIII centuries, common to our literatures. This is a period of complete unity, when it was not even important where this or that monument was created - in Kyiv, Novgorod, Vladimir Zalessky, Turov or Polotsk. This is the period when our common literature lived with a single love for a common native Rus', common ideas, common interests, common artistic principles, common connections with the literatures of the southern Slavs and Byzantium.
The immortal “The Lay of Igor’s Campaign” was born at the junction of the lands of the current Soviet - Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian - peoples, the undeniable and careful owners of the great “Word”.
“The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” was created at that period in the history of Rus', when there was no division into three East Slavic peoples - Great Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. Consequently, it belongs equally to these three fraternal peoples. However, it is more than just theirs: to a certain extent, it is a symbol of their unity and brotherhood.
We are brother peoples, and we have one beloved mother - Ancient Rus'. We must especially cherish and study this common, maternal literature, the literature of the 11th-13th centuries, for this is the memory of our common mother, who largely determined the subsequent development of fraternal literatures and all our subsequent literary connections. I would like to give you a sense of how artistically wonderful this was maternal literature how great and magnificent she was.
To do this, we need to once again talk about the style of dynamic monumentalism as a style of literature of the 11th-13th centuries. in general (not only in the depiction of a person), about the style associated with the style of painting, architecture, science of that time, about the style that embraced the entire culture of the time common to us (Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians).
A few words about what I call “style”. I don’t mean the style of the writer’s language, but style in the art historical sense of the word, which embraces language, composition, the theme of the work, an artistic view of the world, etc. It is wrong to imagine style as a form - style embraces both the content and ideas of the work.
Style is a certain unity, like a crystalline rock of any art, in which all the others can be determined by one element, recognized - “by the claws of a lion.”
To determine a style, finding its “dominant” - the dominant style - is of great importance. For the XI - XIII centuries. this dominant is that during this period everything that is perceived at large distances - spatial, historical, hierarchical and, accordingly, everything ceremonial, everything illuminated and consecrated from large distances of space, time and hierarchy values is recognized as aesthetically valuable.
At this time, all events are viewed as if from a huge, transcendental height. Even creativity itself seemed to require the same spatial character. The works were created in different geographical locations. Many works were written by several authors in different parts of the Russian land. Chronicles were constantly transported from place to place and everywhere supplemented by local records. There was an intense exchange of historical information between Novgorod and Kiev, Kiev and Chernigov, Chernigov and Polotsk, Pereyaslavl Russky and Pereyaslavl Zalessky, Vladimir Zalessky and Vladimir Volynsky. The most remote points of Rus' were drawn into the exchange of chronicle information. The chroniclers seemed to be looking for each other over hundreds of fingers. And there is nothing more wrong than to imagine the chroniclers as detached from life and locked in the silence of their cramped cells. There may have been cells, but the chroniclers felt themselves in the space of all of Rus'.
This same sense of space explains the special interest in the genre of “walking” in Ancient Rus'. Literature of Rus' XI - XIII centuries. in general, this is a kind of “walking”. Contacts are established with Byzantium, Bulgaria, Serbia, the Czech Republic and Moravia, and translations are made from many languages. This is a literature that is “open” to the transfer of many works from the southwest and west of Europe. Its boundaries with neighboring literatures are very conditional.
We imagine monumentality as something motionless, inert, heavy. Monumentalism of the X-XVII centuries. other. This is the monumentalism of strength, and strength is mass in movement. Therefore, Monomakh in his “Teaching” constantly talks about his campaigns and travels. Therefore, in the chronicle, events are events in motion - campaigns, moves of the prince from one reign to another.
Under these conditions, some features of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” become clear. The “Word” covers vast spaces. The battle with the Polovtsians is perceived as a cosmic phenomenon. The singing of glory “winds” from the Danube across the sea to Kyiv. Yaroslavna's cry is addressed to the sun and wind; Dnieper. Therefore, birds and their flights over vast distances acquire such significance in the artistic fabric of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” Where there is dynamism, time and history always acquire special significance.
In Ancient Rus', historical works were of great importance: chronicles, historical stories, lives. Literature told only about what, before the thoughts of their authors, was, existed in the past - or rather, happened in the past, was accomplished. Therefore, in order to show the significance of the event, it was necessary to compare it with the great events of the past: the Old Testament, the New Testament, or with past events in the history of Ancient Rus': “this has never happened since Vladimir the Old.”
Comparisons with the events that happened under our grandfathers, the example of our grandfathers and fathers, are constant in the chronicles, as is the glory of our grandfathers and great-grandfathers. Remember the appeal of the people of Kiev in the chronicle to Vladimir Monomakh or remember “The Lay of Igor’s Campaign”, “The Lay of Destruction” and many other works of Ancient Rus'.
The significance of present events can only be truly determined against the backdrop of large periods of history. And the more significant the present, the longer the period of time required to evaluate it.
So, “distance” is distance in time and space. But feudal society was organized hierarchically, and therefore another distance was required - hierarchical.
The heroes of the literary works of Ancient Rus' were predominantly people of high hierarchical positions: princes, church hierarchs or “hierarchs of the spirit”, outstanding brave men or saints; people occupying high position, even specifically high; in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” - high on the Kyiv mountains (Svyatoslav of Kiev) or high on the golden table in Galich (Yaroslav Osmomysl). This gives rise to the special ceremonial quality of literature, its festive pomp and etiquette. Even death is depicted in literature with a ceremonial overtone. Remember the death of Boris and Gleb or the description of the deaths of many princes.
This was the literature of the “ceremonial ritual of life.” Please note how significant a place this ceremony occupies in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”: singing of glory, lamentation, and a parade of “knowledgeable marks of the Kursk people.” The ceremonial provisions describe Yaroslav Osmomysl and Svyatoslav of Kyiv. Even the boyars unraveling a dream is a kind of ceremony. All ancient Russian literature of this period was the literature of the ceremonial dressing of reality. This is precisely why in literary works the action was perceived primarily as a procession. Enumeration - ceremonial completeness - played a huge role in the works. This can be demonstrated with many examples.
What are the historical foundations of the style of dynamic monumentalism? Where did he come from, why did he immediately master the aesthetic worldview of the era, and what is his significance?
This style is common to Ancient Rus' and the southern Slavs. There was nothing “invented” in it and it was organically connected with the reality of Ancient Rus'. There was a change of formations. From patriarchal-clan Rus' moved to feudal. There was a change of religions. The fear of the elemental forces of nature, typical of paganism, has largely disappeared. There was a realization that nature is friendly to man, that it serves man. This is expressed with particular force in the “Teaching” of Monomakh. Therefore, the environment ceased to only frighten a person. The man “straightened his shoulders.” In front of man, spaces appeared - neighboring countries - Byzantium and Bulgaria in the first place. The depth of the story was revealed. Historical events were not “compressed” into one conventional “epic time”, but were distributed chronologically. A chronology has appeared. That is why the chronological outline in the chronicle and in historical works. The past turned out to be long. Time has overcome the closedness of the annual cycle, which was limited to paganism. The historical significance of the style of monumental historicism is extremely great. A broad view of the world and history made it possible to more clearly sense the unity of all vast Rus' during a period when political and economic ties between individual regions weakened. The ideology of unity, the consciousness of historical community and subsequently throughout the Middle Ages were nourished by those forces that were “taken into reserve” during this wonderful period, during the life of our common mother - Ancient Rus'. The style of dynamic monumentalism was expressed for a long time in our ancient literatures - ancient Russian, ancient Belarusian and ancient Ukrainian, fulfilling a great historical mission, serving the idea of the unity of our peoples, specifically recalling the unity of the entire vast territory of Ancient Rus' in the broadest historical perspective. We must be grateful sons of our great mother - Ancient Rus'. The past must serve the present!
The author of the book brought to your attention, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, is an outstanding Soviet scientist in the field of literary criticism, the history of Russian and world culture. He has written more than two dozen major books and hundreds of research articles. D. S. Likhachev – full member of the Academy of Sciences Soviet Union, twice laureate of the USSR State Prize, honorary member of many foreign academies and universities.
Dmitry Sergeevich's erudition, his pedagogical talent and experience, the ability to speak about complex things simply, intelligibly and at the same time vividly and figuratively - this is what distinguishes his works, makes them not just books, but a significant phenomenon in our entire life. cultural life. Considering multi-valued issues, moral and aesthetic education as an integral part of communist education, D. S. Likhachev relies on the most important party documents calling for cultural education to be treated with the greatest attention and responsibility Soviet people, and especially young people.
The propaganda activities of Dmitry Sergeevich, who constantly cares about the ideological and aesthetic education of our youth, and his persistent struggle for careful attitude To artistic heritage Russian people.
In his new book, Academician D.S. Likhachev emphasizes that the ability to comprehend the aesthetic and artistic perfection of timeless masterpieces of the cultural past is very important for the younger generation and contributes to the education in them of truly high civic positions of patriotism and internationalism.
Fate made me an expert in ancient Russian literature. However, what does “fate” mean? Fate was in me: in my inclinations and interests, in my choice of faculty at Leningrad University and in which of the professors I began to take classes with. I was interested in old manuscripts, I was interested in literature, I was attracted to Ancient Rus' and folk art. If we put all this together and multiply it with a certain perseverance and some stubbornness in conducting searches, then all this together opened the way for me to carefully study ancient Russian literature.
But the same fate, living within me, at the same time constantly distracted me from pursuing academic science. I am obviously a restless person by nature. Therefore, I often go beyond the boundaries of strict science, beyond what I am supposed to do in my “academic specialty.” I often appear in the general press and write in “non-academic” genres. I am sometimes worried about the fate of ancient manuscripts when they are abandoned and not studied, or ancient monuments that are being destroyed, I am afraid of the fantasies of restorers who sometimes too boldly “restore” monuments to their own taste, I am worried about the fate of old Russian cities in the conditions of growing industry, I am interested in education patriotism in our youth and much, much more.
This book, now open to the reader, reflects many of my non-academic worries. I could call my book “a book of worries.” Here are many of my concerns, and concerns I would like to convey to my readers - to help foster in them active, creative - Soviet patriotism. Not patriotism that is satisfied with what has been achieved, but patriotism that strives for the best, striving to convey this best - both from the past and from the present - to future generations. In order not to make mistakes in the future, we must remember our mistakes in the past. We must love our past and be proud of it, but we must love the past for a reason, but the best in it - what we can really be proud of and what we need now and in the future.
Among lovers of antiquities, collectors and collectors are very common. Honor and praise to them. They saved a lot of things, which later ended up in state repositories and museums - donated, sold, bequeathed. Collectors collect things like this - rare ones for themselves, more often for their families, and even more often, to bequeath to a museum - in their hometown, village, or even just a school (in all good schools There are museums – small, but very necessary!).
I have never been and never will be a collector. I want all values to belong to everyone and serve everyone while remaining in their place. The whole earth owns and stores values, treasures of the past. This and beautiful landscape, and beautiful cities, and in the cities their own monuments of art, collected by many generations. And in the villages there are traditions folk art, labor skills. Values are not only material monuments, but also good customs, ideas about what is good and beautiful, traditions of hospitality, friendliness, and the ability to sense one’s own good in another. The values are the language accumulated literary works. You can't list everything.
What is our Earth? This is a treasury of extraordinarily diverse and extraordinarily fragile creations of human hands and human brain. I called my book "Native Land". The word "earth" in Russian has many meanings. This is the soil, and the country, and the people (in the latter sense, the Russian land is spoken of in “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”), and the entire globe.
In the title of my book, the word "earth" can be understood in all these senses.
The earth creates man. Without her he is nothing. But man also creates the earth. Its preservation, peace on earth, and the increase in its wealth depend on man. It is up to the individual to create conditions under which the values of culture will be preserved, grown and multiplied, when all people will be intellectually rich and intellectually healthy.
This is the idea behind all sections of my book. I write about many things in different ways, in different genres, in different manners, even at different reading levels. But everything I write about, I strive to connect with the single idea of love for my land, for my land, for my Earth...
Appreciating the beauty of the past, we must be smart. We must understand that in admiring the amazing beauty of architecture in India, one does not have to be a Mohammedan, just as one does not have to be a Buddhist to appreciate the beauty of the temples of ancient Cambodia or Nepal. Are there people today who believe in ancient gods and goddesses? - No. But are there people who would deny the beauty of the Venus de Milo? But this is a goddess! Sometimes it even seems to me that we, people of the New Age, value ancient beauty more than the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans themselves. It was too familiar to them.
Isn't that why we soviet people, began to perceive beauty so keenly ancient Russian architecture, ancient Russian literature and ancient Russian music, which are one of the highest peaks human culture. Only now are we beginning to realize this, and even then not fully.
Of course, when developing your attitude and fighting for the preservation of monuments of artistic culture of the past, you must always remember that, as F. Engels wrote about the historical conditionality of the form and content of medieval art, “the worldview of the Middle Ages was predominantly theological... The Church gave religious sanctification to secular state system based on feudal principles... From here it naturally followed that church dogma was the starting point and basis of all thinking" (Marx K., Engels F. Sobr. soch., vol. 21, p. 495).
Appreciating the beautiful in the past, protecting it, we thereby seem to follow the behest of A.S. Pushkin: “Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery...”.