High-quality and beautiful clothes are something that will be in demand at any time of the year. There are few developed networks of ateliers, and small sewing workshops mainly engage in clothing repair. Competition in this industry is low, and anyone can get into this interesting business. Moreover, the sewing business does not require large investments. Why is a clothing business idea interesting, what are the pros and cons for aspiring entrepreneurs, how to open a clothing business from scratch and what should be done for this, read on.
First steps
The relevance of the business idea is that there are many different clothing stores in the city. But when you come to any of them, you don’t always find what you need. And then a person can contact a tailor and order a product to suit his taste and size.
It is important to immediately decide what types of services your studio will offer. The following options are possible:
- Sewing specialized clothing (medical gowns, uniforms, etc.). In this case, you can count on large orders from owners of pharmacy chains, construction or specialized service industries. You will also be able to participate in tenders for government procurement.
- Tailoring and repair of outerwear. You will need to purchase specialized powerful sewing machines, since you will be working with leather, fur, and thick fabric. The main users will be private clients.
- Sewing and light repair clothes: dresses, shirts, trousers. This option is the easiest for beginners. You will need a small room and simple equipment.
Where to start the project? To understand whether the discovery of a particular species will be profitable sewing workshop in your region, a competitor analysis is carried out. An idea is being thought through on how to take its place in the market and offer customers something new, different from competitors.
The idea of sewing clothes has its pros and cons associated with high risks:
- Insolvency of the target audience in the region.
- Poor quality equipment requires high repair costs.
- The tailor's lack of experience makes possible marriage or damage to an item for which the studio is responsible to the customer.
- Tailor-made clothes are always more expensive than analogues from Chinese manufacturers, so it is difficult to make money from an atelier in regions of Russia with below-average incomes.
Pros: low costs, no special requirements for premises and location.
How to register a business
To organize a sewing production, it is enough to register an individual entrepreneur yourself. But if you are planning to start manufacturing workwear or opening a factory, then it is better to immediately register an LLC. The fact is that individual entrepreneurs do not have the right to participate in government tenders, and large companies will be more willing to cooperate with a legal entity.
To register an individual entrepreneur you will need the following package of documents:
- Application for registration of individual entrepreneurs. The application indicates one main and two additional types activities. The following codes are suitable for a sewing workshop: 14.1 “Manufacture and sewing of any type of clothing, except for working with furs”, 14.2 “Manufacture of workwear”. OKVED is selected depending on the chosen specifics of your studio.
- Receipt from the bank confirming payment of the state duty.
- Notarized copies of passports and TIN.
Notarizing photocopies costs from 1,500 rubles. The tax authorities will have three weeks to consider the application. After receiving the certificate, you must immediately switch to the simplified taxation system.
But there's no need to waste time. When the documents are collected and submitted, you can proceed to the implementation of the idea.
Organizational issues
To implement the idea you will need a small but very bright room. Even the ground floor of a large shopping center is suitable. The main thing is that your potential clients easily get to the order department. It is better to place the studio in the central part of the city, near bus stops public transport. It’s good if there are beauty salons and bookstores nearby that sell fashion magazines. For a small workshop you will need a room of at least 80 square meters. m.
Inside the room is zoned:
- Order acceptance area.
- Fitting room.
- Sewing workshop.
- Relaxation area and locker room for staff.
If the price list of your services only includes clothing repair, then an area of 20 square meters is sufficient. m. The fitting room is fenced right next to the sewing area. But you can’t expect high income from a small clothing repair department.
Staff
To operate the sewing workshop you will need the following personnel:
- Director. Will supervise the work and establish relationships with major customers.
- Accountant. Maintains accounting records.
- Seamstress-cutter (4 people). Performs fittings, cutting, and sewing of products.
- Fashion designer. Works with clients, creates individual projects, and designs display areas.
- Cleaning woman.
A flexible work schedule is being developed. The administrative staff works every day, from Monday to Friday, from 09:00 to 19:00. Seamstresses work in pairs in shifts on a 2/2 schedule, fashion designer - from 10:00 to 19:00 every day.
All employees work under an employment contract, and for them contributions are made to pension and insurance funds. The accountant and director work on a salary system. Seamstresses-cutters and fashion designers have a salary equal to the minimum wage and 5% of each completed order.
More detailed personnel costs are outlined in the business plan for the sewing workshop.
Equipment
To equip the sewing workshop you will need to purchase the following equipment:
- Machine 1022 class – 1 pc.
- Class 51-A vehicle – 1 pc.
- Machine 62761 class – 1 pc.
- Class 97 car – 1 pc.
- Cutting table – 1 pc.
- Mannequin – 3 pcs.
- Steam iron – 2 pcs.
- Ironing board – 2 pcs.
- Bracket – 1 pc.
- Coffee table – 1 pc.
- Desk – 1 pc.
- Computer – 1 pc.
- Mirrors – 6 pcs.
- Tailoring scissors – 4 pcs.
Sewing accessories: needles, pins, pins, threads.
To equip a small studio you will need at least 500,000 rubles. The cost and step-by-step instructions are detailed in the business plan.
In addition to basic expenses, you need at least 100,000 rubles. for unforeseen expenses and depreciation of equipment.
Marketing
The profitability of the project directly depends on the number of customers. To attract customers, the studio has introduced the following specific services: coffee, tea, consultation with a fashion designer, fashion magazines. Convenient work schedule from 09:00 to 19:00 and lunch break from 13:00 to 14:00. Closed on Sunday.
The studio has introduced a number of features that attract consumers:
- It produces its own catalog, which presents various options for lightweight outerwear. In the catalog you can order a specific model in the desired color scheme and from a specific fabric.
- With the help software A fashion designer can demonstrate to clients clearly how a finished item in a particular color scheme will look on the figure.
- Discounts are offered on children's models, for large families, and pensioners.
In the end
The sewing workshop business idea is suitable for aspiring entrepreneurs with different levels budget. It is not difficult to implement a business from scratch, since you do not need a large list of equipment. The main thing is to choose your own direction in tailoring and implement the idea according to detailed business plan. Investments in this small business will be at least 500,000 rubles. The project will pay off in 1-2 years.
Organization of a food production workshop
Food production project
Basic requirements for the premises
Characteristics of the premises for a production workshop or factory
Chocolatier»)
Microbiology and chemistry of modern food production
Product packaging in food production
Necessary permits and requirements for food production
Priority areas of food production
Marketing.
Advertising.
Financial plan.
Investments
Payback
Additional profit
Let's sum it up
Opening any food production facility in Russia can become a very profitable business. Despite the fact that stores offer a wide range of grocery products, the state encourages increasing the diversity of the consumer basket. In particular, we are talking about products that are consumed by Russians every day. Of course, the goal is to reduce prices and improve the quality of the entire range of food products.
If we analyze the assortment on retail shelves in the Russian Federation and, for example, in Italy, we can note that, despite the abundance, prices in the Russian Federation are quite high and manufacturers do not strive to reduce the cost, while the products are quite monotonous. There is a variety of labels on the shelves. In practice, we can say that many Russian products do not have their own identity. And we are not talking about image decisions that are presented as part of advertising campaigns, but about the unique nutritional qualities of products.
If we consider the dynamics of development and production of products in the food industry, we note a constant and intensive growth in production. As you know, in 1996-1998 the level of production fell almost by half in relation to the volume of production in the USSR; now the industry has practically been restored, but has not yet reached the previous level in terms of production volume.
One of the directions for increasing the volume of product production, undoubtedly, is to attract small and medium-sized businesses into the industry, which are able to provide regional markets and create the necessary variety of goods included in the consumer basket. At the moment, food production in the Russian Federation is largely represented by large food factories and even their associations, which often reduces all antimonopoly measures to minimal effectiveness.
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Against the background of this situation with large manufacturers, the state is creating conditions for small full-cycle production - for farms or their cooperatives, which have equipment for processing products at their base. Of course, such farms face difficulties in sales and relationships with large retail chains, which largely control the food market. Retail chains It is more profitable to deal with a large supplier with a wide range than with small farms in the regions. This is not only due to the increased complexity of business accounting, but also to the inability to dictate the value on the market. It is also not profitable for large enterprises to “let” small regional consumers into the market, since due to the potential improvement in the quality of products from farmers or small industries, there may be a decrease in demand for factory products.
At the same time, there are always opportunities for the development and opening of small, highly profitable food production with a small initial investment. We will consider this issue in the proposed review.
Given that there are general principles organization of food production, for individual species business is typical a whole series features. If we consider the food industry, we can identify a number of areas that are most beneficial for small and medium-sized businesses. As part of the review, we will consider food production and its effectiveness on following examples highly unique.
Confectionery production: production of sweets according to unique (“old”) recipes
The peculiarity of this business will be the quality of the raw materials used: cocoa butter, cocoa powder, high-quality milk powder, which do not contain chemical ingredients, including trans fats. At the same time, manufactured products can be divided into products for children, adults - men and women, diabetic products and others. This approach will simplify the selection of products.
The main problem of large confectionery factories is that they produce the same type of products according to the same recipes, which also have a high cost and often quite low quality with chemical additives. In a small production facility, you can implement a variety of recipes for preparing chocolate and confectionery products with a short shelf life based on natural ingredients by developing your own specifications (technical conditions).
Production of fermented milk products: cheeses, yoghurts, sour cream based on French starter cultures
The peculiarities of this type of production consist in offering consumers an expanded range of dairy products with a short shelf life. The main goal is to offer consumers a diverse range of national fermented milk products based on natural starter cultures.
Mostly yoghurts can be seen on supermarket shelves. long-term storage, not distinguished by original taste, foreign and national manufacturers, in turn, seeking to reduce the cost of production of raw materials (high maintenance costs large production). Small businesses are not burdened by large infrastructure, so they can offer small batches of fermented milk products with unique qualities. The same situation is observed in cheese production.
Here are the names of fermented milk products that can be produced in small production:
. yogurts: “Francesca” for weight loss, Greek yogurt (often used as a filling cream in confectionery), Turkish Valide yogurt, bifidoyogurt, fitness yogurt, Matsoni, Tan (Ayran), Katyk yogurt;
. curd mass: Tema curd mass, Lactonic curd, chocolate-covered curds;
. kefirs: bifidum, therapeutic and prophylactic, biokefir, acidophilus, acidolact turak, ryazhenka ibifidoryazhenka;
. cheeses: cream cheese “Formaggio-Fresco”, “Philadelphia”, “Mascarpone”, “Feta”, “Mozzarella”, feta cheese, shelf-stable feta cheese, “Roquefort”, “Dor Blue”, “Stilton”, “Gorgonzola Dolce” , “Jugas”, “Camembert”, “Brie”, “Cheddar”, “Parmesan”, etc.
The main problem of mass production in unified technical conditions, due to which the original taste of the product and the recipe used is lost. In addition, in order to reduce risks, factories produce only “hot” products and use substitute ingredients. Similar products from different manufacturers have almost identical prices. This situation not only does not imply competition (and therefore does not contribute to lower prices), but in general does not imply an increase in the diversity of the consumer basket. Meanwhile, dairy products belong to the category of high nutritional value.
Small production facilities are more mobile and can offer small batches of fermented milk products with a wide variety of assortments. In the given example, the possible assortment is compiled on the basis of starter cultures for the production of fermented milk products sold by BK Guilini (Germany), Sacco (Italy), Vitamax-E, Caglifitsio Clerici (Italy), Cargil (Ivory Coast), Laktina (Bulgaria), Meito.
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Production bakery products: hot and fresh bread and cookies
In the old days, bread was considered the main product in Russia. After the advent of potatoes, bread consumption decreased, but it is still the most consumed product. Opening a small bakery fresh bread- this is a good start for anyone who wants to open their own business. As an additional assortment, we can offer cookies made according to the original national recipes, which can attract a wide range of regular customers and provide a very decent income.
Production of canned products and fruit wine: jams, confitures, syrups, fruit wine
It is recommended to open a workshop for the production of canned products in the southern regions of Russia or regions with extensive forests, where there is an abundance of fruits or wild berries. In these regions, the procurement of fruits and berries is simplified. In many villages and cities of the south, pears, apples, cherries, and apricots are practically “waste” goods that can be bought up at low prices for further processing.
As a rule, preserves, jams and confitures in stores do not have a variety of tastes. On the basis of a small production, it is possible to start producing jam according to traditional, national and original recipes. Berries and fruits can become raw materials for the production of berry wine, liqueurs and tinctures. Traditionally, such products are in great demand.
The food industry is one of the areas most controlled by the state. First of all, strict control concerns the sanitary and epidemiological sphere. Sanitary standards not only become more complex every year, but the number of standards in general is growing.
Perhaps this is the only thing that will be difficult for a novice manufacturer to master. But the abundance of regulations does not imply that it is impossible to understand them and comply with the requirements, receiving a fairly high profit. Sanitary standards and requirements concern three components of the future food business: premises, equipment and personnel.
The premises for food production must be equipped in accordance with the approved requirements. The main supervisory authority over the design, construction and commissioning process is Rospotrebnadzor.
There are two options within which conditions for the production of food products will be created that comply with the legislation. The first is the simplest; you will need to find an empty premises that previously housed food production. Receiving documents from the owner of the rental building will greatly simplify the registration process.
The second option involves refurbishing and, accordingly, redesigning the premises specifically for food production. The project must be carried out by an architect bureau that has some experience in this direction, the appropriate permit and license for the design of public catering establishments and food industry.
A workshop located within an urban area may have a store; when locating a workshop in an industrial zone, planning must take into account the costs of opening a store within the city. Opening retail outlet selling products will cost 500,000-3,000,000 rubles.
Food production project.
A food production project must have standard sections for non-residential buildings:
- architectural and construction, which contains plans and diagrams of premises and features of redevelopment for a new production;
- technological, implying a plan for the placement of production equipment;
- section covering the power supply system;
- ventilation and air conditioning;
- heating and water supply system;
- fire safety;
- labor protection.
The finished project must be submitted for approval to Rospotrebnadzor. The supervisory authority, for its part, must check whether the project complies with sanitary standards. The project must be coordinated with a number of regulatory services: fire protection, public utilities department, energy sales, city architecture department. After approval of the project, reconstruction should be carried out construction organizations who have a license and/or are members of the relevant SRO.
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Basic requirements for the premises.
Here are some existing requirements for food production premises that are valid for everyone who wants to open a workshop:
1. The premises must comply with current hygienic standards; the walls must be lined with glazed tiles at least 2.5 meters from the floor. Non-toxic mixtures are used during installation, which is reflected in the project. The rest of the surface is covered with special paint for food production without toxic fillers.
2. Walls in warehouses must be treated with lime.
3. Particular attention in the project is paid to ventilation and lighting; all production premises must have a maintained level of humidity.
4. Water supply and sewerage systems in workshops are divided into three components: the main elements of production water supply, built-in elements of personal hygiene, and outlet for floor washing. The sewer system must be protected from blockages.
5. Equipment and furniture must have sanitary certificates from the SES. Equipment with metal or plastic surfaces is recommended.
6. It is necessary to take into account electrical and fire safety parameters and implement protection against electrical shock; cables are laid at a height of 2.5-3 meters in thermal protective casings. The production must have a centralized switch, as well as an automatic shutdown system.
7. The main requirement for food production premises is the presence of a buffer zone between the office and production parts.
Characteristics of the premises for a production workshop or factory.
Any facility with an area of 200-100 square meters can be selected as a production facility for a small workshop. meters, maximum 500 sq. meters. Of course, the size of the room depends on the needs of the production. The premises should have an office, warehouses for raw materials and finished products, and production itself. A small factory can be located on an area of 1000 square meters. meters. When choosing a premises, it makes sense to invite an expert from Rospotrebnadzor.
Many equipment suppliers offer their services for equipment design and installation. IN Russian conditions this project can only be taken as a basis. As mentioned, the design of food production facilities is carried out by the bureau with the appropriate permission for these types of work. If a package of equipment with specific requirements is installed at a future enterprise, the equipment supplier’s project should form the basis of the project, which will subsequently be coordinated with Rospotrebnadzor.
Let's look at examples of workshop configurations proposed in the examples.
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Workshop for the production of confectionery products (“Chocolatier»)
Making chocolatiers or sweets according to original recipes is now just becoming fashionable. Several stores have appeared in Moscow, but there are still very few of them, and prices are often very high. With the optimal combination of price and recipe, the products will sell well. Of course, equipment for the production of “Chocolatier” can be supplemented with equipment for the production of mass chocolate products; for the workshop you will need:
- to maintain temperature and humidity, a Mitsubishi Heavy air conditioner of the SRK ZMP-SInverter series is sufficient - 2600 rubles;
- industrial refrigerator - 24,000 rubles;
- induction cooker - 3000 rubles;
- planetary mixer for 4-6 l - 28,000 rubles;
- tempering machine (with a volume of 200 kg per month) - 340,000 rubles;
- pyrometer - 4000 rubles;
- guitar for slicing fillings (from 200 kg/month) - 50,000 rubles;
- hairpin for 10 cells - 10,000 rubles;
- production tables - 3 pcs., 30,000 rubles;
- stainless steel trays - 10,000 rubles;
- inventory - 50,000 rubles.
Total: with a production volume of 100 kg/month of chocolate - 189,000 rubles, with 200,000 kg/month - 631,000 rubles
The equipment is designed for the work of 1-2 confectioners, who can perform work on the production of chocolatiers at the rate of 100-200 kg of chocolate; a room of up to 100 m2 will be required. The workshop needs a washing area.
The shelf life of sweets depends on the fillings. To increase the period, you can use ready-made fillings, but the quality of the candies will be worse. On average, the shelf life of truffles is from 1 week to 6 months. Consultations on running a business are provided on the website Shocolatier.ru. The company supplies equipment, chocolate from Callebaut (Belgium) and Cacao Barry (France), as well as the entire necessary range of fillings and packaging.
Workshop for the production of fermented milk products
The choice of equipment for the production of yogurt is determined by the technological process, which involves:
1. Reception of raw milk and its purification using a special filter.
2. The prepared milk is separated and normalized, the process allows you to leave the required amount of fat;
3. The mixture is made according to the recipe and dispersed until smooth;
4. Pasteurization is carried out at 95-98°C, the mixture is cooled and sourdough is added. The ripening process lasts 2-7 hours. Fillers are also added.
Required equipment:
- unit for pasteurization and cooling of dairy product;
- milk mixing unit;
- packaging line.
Total: the equipment will cost 2800000-4400000 rubles.
You will definitely need several refrigerators - 28,000*3=84,000 rubles. The workshop can serve 4-5 people, the production volume based on raw materials is 2-4 tons of milk, the product yield is 1.9-3.8 liters of yogurt. Starting investments 4,600,000 rubles.
Workshop for the production of bakery products - mini-bakery
To bake bread you will need (minimum configuration, “homemade” format):
- dough mixer (PRISMAFOOD IBM 5) - 40,000 rubles;
- convection oven (Unox XF 023) - 28,000 rubles;
- freezer (DELFA DCFM-300) - 14,500 rubles;
- in the absence of electricity, generator FORTE FGD6500E - 36000.
Total: 50,000 rubles.
For a mini-perkarny, you can rent a small space in a supermarket or convert the apartment into a retail space. It is recommended to rent or buy the premises residential area. Minimum size workshop premises - 50 sq. meters, you additionally need to take into account office, retail premises, as well as a warehouse for flour and finished products. Production volume is 200 kg of bread per day.
It should be noted that small bakeries are considered to be workshops with a productivity of 60-250 kg of products per hour or 0.2-3 tons per day. For comparison, the bakery produces 40-50 tons of bread per day.
Mini-bakery with higher productivity:
- flour sifter (PV-250) - 24,000 rubles;
- dough mixing machine (PRISMAFOOD IBM 5) - 40,000 rubles;
- dough divider (A2-ХТН) - 60,000 rubles;
- Rounder (Vitella SE M 37) - 160,000 rubles;
- dough forming machine (JAC UNIC) - 42,000 rubles;
- proofing cabinet - 32,000 rubles;
- bread maker - 20,000-108,000 rubles;
- trays, baking sheets, forms;
- scales;
- production tables 3 pcs. - 30,000 rubles.
Total: 496,000 rubles.
The baking area should be about 40 square meters. meters, you will need a warehouse for flour - 20 sq. meters.
Some companies sell equipment kits for mini-bakeries. For example, equipping a bakery from the ProdTekhnika company with a capacity of up to 50 kg per hour will cost 206,939 rubles.
Some companies, for example, the Le Pysh trademark, offer turnkey construction of a mini-bakery; the package of documents includes technology, recipes, equipment, and premises design. Equipment is leased (this is a special form of loan when the equipment becomes the property upon full payment of its cost to the supplier).
Workshop for the production of canned berry products
When purchasing workshop equipment, you can focus on technological lines created by manufacturing enterprises for small businesses. An example of this is the equipment of the Yagoda canning mini-workshop of the Prombiofit company.
Production of jam from berries ground with sugar, hot poured into plastic cups, Euro-twist glass jars, plastic buckets, production volume up to 1250 kg/shift.
The total cost of turnkey equipment: 1184400 - 1352900 rubles.
The company also offers technological lines:
- for packaging dairy products “Milk” - 259,400 rubles;
- for packaging vegetable oil“Butter” - 254,900 rubles;
- for the production of bottled water “Aqua” - 219,000-314,900 rubles;
- for packaging “Medofit+” honey - 200,000-264,000 rubles.
Opening a small food production facility certainly involves hiring staff. On average, mini-workshops employ from 2 to 10 people. Equipment productivity can be increased if the workshop operates in 2 shifts, in which case additional workers will be required. Let's continue to consider the proposed examples.
Workshop for the production of confectionery products (“Chocolatier"), employees:
- for volumes up to 200 kg of chocolate/month - 1-2 confectioners - 2 * 35,000 rubles;
- for volumes up to 350 kg of chocolate/month - 2-4 confectioners - 4 * 35,000 rubles;
- HoReCa driver/seller - 25,000 rubles +%;
- for volumes up to 350 kg/month sales assistant - 15,000 rubles +%;
- online store administrator - 20,000 rubles +%;
- online store courier - 12,000 rubles+%;
- if you have a retail outlet and a coffee shop, you will need 2 sellers and 2 waiters - 2*20000+2*13000 rubles, the amount is below average, since it does not mean a full working week.
Thus, when opening a workshop for the production of “Chocolatier”, the working infrastructure depends on the volume of products produced and methods of sales. In this case, the figures are given for a workshop selling products in the HoReCa segment, through delivery through an online store and through its own retail outlet and cafe. Details on how to open a cafe-restaurant can be found by following the link.
As a result, the monthly costs of the confectionery shop for personnel will be:
- the volume of chocolate processing is up to 100 kg/month, the equivalent of 250 kg of sweets with sales in HoReCa and through the online store - 228,000 rubles;
- with a volume of up to 350 kg per month, up to 875 kg of sweets with sales in HoReCa and through an online store and in your own cafe - 370,000 rubles.
Workshop for the production of fermented milk products, employees
The fermented milk products workshop will require the following personnel:
- director - 70,000 rubles+%;
- 4-5 employees - 5*35,000 rubles;
- watchman/cleaner - 2*11,000 rubles;
- if there is a “Dairy Kitchen” outlet at the workshop, 2 sellers will be required - 2 * 20,000 rubles.
The average personnel costs for an enterprise producing yoghurts and dairy products with its own outlet “Dairy Kitchen” will be 321,000 rubles/month.
Workshop for the production of bakery products - mini-bakery, employees
The mini-bakery will require the following personnel:
- director - 70,000 rubles+%;
- 2-3 bakers - 3*22,000 rubles;
- driver/seller in “Discounter” type stores - 25,000 rubles +%;
As a result, monthly wage costs in a mini-bakery will amount to 192,000 rubles.
Workshop for the production of canned berry products, employees
The following personnel will be required for a jam canning shop:
- director - 70,000 rubles+%;
- 2-3 employees - 3*22,000 rubles;
- driver/seller in “Discounter” type stores - 25,000 rubles +%;
- watchman/cleaner - 11,000 rubles;
- if there is a retail outlet at the workshop, 1 seller will be required - 20,000 rubles.
As a result, monthly wage costs in the canning shop will also amount to 192,000 rubles.
Please note that these figures do not include the cost of payroll taxes, which are borne by the business. The final calculations must be carried out by an accountant. Food production is under strict control by government agencies, so the use of “gray” accounting methods is impractical. The work of the technologist should be assigned to the director or head of the food production department.
Food production processes.
The principle of any production is based on a number of well-known physical processes, which are used in the technology of processing raw materials into food products.
Among the food production processes it is customary to distinguish:
- kinematics of hydravitational deposition;
- processes of mixing liquid media;
- hydrodynamics of the fluidized bed;
- extraction processes;
- distillation processes;
- processes of thermal processing of food products.
The theoretical basis of food production is based on a specific processing technology, which must be purchased or developed according to existing requirements. Based on the existing technological process, a technological line for processing feedstock is formed. Optimization of production can concern both increasing the nutritional value of the product - this means maximizing the preservation of nutrients and the use of natural ingredients and additives that increase value - and increasing the efficiency of the production process.
As a result, food production must rely on process and regulatory documentation. Previously, GOST and industry standards were used; at the moment, enterprises can develop technical specifications. Specifications imply some modification of the production process described in GOST, OST, GOST R. As part of the specifications, technical instructions must be developed.
Sales of products must take place on the sales floor or must be carried out through delivery; sales processes must also be reflected in the technical specifications and technical specifications. These documents must be agreed upon with Rospotrebnadzor and the Center for Standardization and Metrology (CSM). It should be noted that Rospotrebnadzor has a procedure for approving specifications, which implies non-disclosure of information about the product recipe.
After approval, the technological process at the enterprise must be reflected in the following documents:
- in the product catalog sheet approved by the Center for Materials and Mathematics;
- portfolio of specifications agreed with Rospotrebnadzor and CSM;
- sanitary and epidemiological conclusion issued by a subordinate body of Rospotrebnadzor.
You can also request, if desired, expert opinions from the Center for Medical Supervision and Rospotrebnadzor.
The use of modern chemistry and microbiology in food production in some cases makes it possible to increase profits significantly. In turn, consumers who are familiar with such “frauds” prefer organic products that are prepared using traditional technologies and using natural ingredients. Why is this happening? To answer this question, it is enough to familiarize yourself with some examples that have become possible thanks to modern chemistry and its use in food production.
The high costs of Russian production motivate some manufacturers to excessively use chemicals. For example, boiled pork, smoked meat can be processed using a water-soy substance, as a result of which the finished product increases its weight by 2-3 times.
A classic example is smokeless smoking, which was proposed in 1814 by V.N. Karamzin; as a result, the smoking time of fish or meat is reduced from 6-7 hours to 4-6 minutes. Surrogate smoking is achieved by ionizing the product in a strong electric field. Obviously, the nutritional value of the product is minimal, and its natural origin is questionable.
The food industry also widely uses animal blood proteins, which are processed in meat processing plants to reduce the cost of the production process. The blood contains three categories of proteins - albumin, fibrinogen, globulins, which are extracted and used as an ingredient in food products. In the food industry and agricultural sector, canned whole blood is actively used, as well as individual parts: hemoglobin, plasma, plasma without fibrin and fibrin.
Dried plasma proteins are used in food production instead of expensive egg whites, for example, in confectionery shops, sausage shops and bakeries. Whole blood replaces beef and is added to the product, saving 150,000-180,000 rubles per ton.
Most meat production uses a so-called fortifier, which is made from 1 part blood and 3 parts skim milk (waste), it is added to boiled sausages and pates to give the product a pink color.
Microbiological methods for extracting protein products are being actively introduced, which is especially important in conditions of declining natural biological protein. Converting just 2% of annual oil production into protein using microbiological methods could produce 25 million tons of protein product, enough to feed 2 billion people for a year.
There are also quite rational microbiological technologies that make it possible to increase the nutritional value of products. A striking example is hematogen, which is obtained from defibrinated and stabilized blood mixed with food glycerin. Hematogen is a valuable additive to food products, since its use increases the production of red blood cells, which is especially indicated for weakened people. They also produce a confectionery product - children's hematogen.
The use of modern food ingredients in food production is the choice of the manufacturer. Still, small industries can produce organic products high quality with a fairly high profit margin and use only proven natural ingredients. Despite the higher cost, the products will be consumable, since they are designed for a narrow circle of buyers and are produced in small volumes.
Production of food ingredients
Within the framework of food production as a business, it is necessary to consider the production of food ingredients that are used in the manufacture of final products. The main advantage of this line of production is wholesale and virtually guaranteed sales. Also, food ingredients have a longer shelf life, which has definite advantages when planning a business.
Food technology involves processing fresh foods into dry, extracted mixtures. The mixtures can be used as additives or reconstituted for the subsequent production of the final food product. A wide variety of ingredients are offered and the list of offerings is not only constantly updated, but also always in demand.
An example is the processing of fresh fruits into dry mixtures. For example, pear, peach, cranberry in the form of powder, pieces, small fractions are used to make dietary supplements and tea, baby food, confectionery, berry fillings. It makes sense to locate a workshop for the production of food ingredients based on low-temperature and vacuum drying in places where there is large number non-processed fruits. It should be noted that such processing involves unsorted raw materials, and accordingly, its cost is low.
Baking soda and table salt are also in-demand food ingredients with an unlimited shelf life and guaranteed sales. Production is created in places where fossil natural resources are concentrated.
For example, the Crimea Soda enterprise produces heavy and light soda ash from the following raw materials:
- high-quality limestones of Crimea;
- brines of Lake Sivash;
- coal - from Donbass anthracite;
- ammonia water - waste from chemical plants.
Table salt can be made from salt water, for example, the Sea of Azov, or rock salt deposits. It is processed into “Extra” grade salt; enriched salt (iodized) is also produced.
Packaging products in food production according to well-developed options available on the market makes it possible to produce products not only packaged in accordance with sanitary standards and rules, but also to create a bright image.
Packaging must comply with current sanitary and hygienic standards. Here are the basic requirements for packaging material SanPiN 2.3.2.1078-01:
- the absence of highly toxic substances with cumulative and specific effects on the human body that exceed current standards;
- should not change the organoleptic properties of the product, that is, be neutral;
- the material used in the packaging must be included in the list of approved packaging materials and ensure high-quality storage throughout the entire shelf life.
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Packaging is divided into technological and packaging. We are talking about both the packaging of products in final containers and technological packaging that allows the goods to be transported and delivered undamaged. There are a number of ready-made solutions that are offered at popular prices. The packaging market is constantly expanding.
Necessary permits and requirements for food production.
The main regulations relating to the production process at a food enterprise are contained in GOST R 50762-95 and in “GOST 30389-95 Public catering. Classification of enterprises".
For commissioning into production you will need:
- coordinate the construction project with Rospotrebnadzor and supervised services that monitor compliance of food production characteristics with current standards;
- agree on the portfolio of specifications and approve the list of manufactured products;
- obtain a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion from Rospotrebnadzor, form N 303-00-5/u, for the entire list of products manufactured in accordance with GOST, OST, GOST R and TU;
- together with Rospotrebnadzor, a plan of measures for production control of the workshop is being developed;
- certification and declaration of products as necessary.
Strict sanitary and epidemiological requirements concern the organization of work in the workshop and the rules of personal hygiene of workers. All employees must receive a sanitary-technical minimum; large enterprises must have a sanitary checkpoint.
The main requirements for an employee include:
- short-cut nails, hair tucked under a headscarf or cap, observing personal hygiene standards;
- workers must work in special clothing;
- during the manufacture of products, you must not touch with bare hands and work without gloves;
- workers must undergo a medical examination.
Priority areas of food production.
The state constantly creates incentives for the development of the food industry in order to ensure the country's food security. Currently, the food production segment is actively expanding through mini-productions and attracting small and medium-sized businesses to the economic sector. For these purposes, preferential tax conditions are created.
The priority types of production activities according to the vision of the Government of the Russian Federation include:
- production of dairy products and fermented milk products of the “premium” category, including fortified products;
- production of baby food;
- meat production;
- production of bread and bakery products;
- production of semi-finished products;
- production of confectionery products.
Considering the interest of the state, when developing a business in the proposed areas, you can count on receiving benefits, subsidies, preferential loans and other privileges.
Marketing.
Marketing activities for small food production boil down to developing several sales areas. We are talking about the HoReCa restaurant segment, deliveries to hypermarket chains, supermarkets, discounters, sales through our own retail outlets.
As a rule, small-scale production is designed for regional sales and consumption, therefore great value has individual work with potential consumers and design material for advertising products at retail locations, the so-called POS materials.
Advertising.
Advertising of food production is carried out extremely rarely and only within the framework of a trademark and brand. To advertise products in partner outlets, you will need various POS: posters, posters, price tags, flyers, wobblers, etc. These types of printing work are used for effective local advertising.
If you have your own retail outlet, you need to make it stand out from other stores. This can be done using signs and city lights. To promote goods in the HoReCa segment, make booklets and brochures with information about your production, and a product map from which you can order and select the desired products.
Total advertising costs
Printing products, production volume for the year:
- price tags, wobblers, shelf stockers, calendars and business cards (based on 1 sheet of A2 format, circulation 1000 pcs, Arctic grade cardboard, 200 g/m2) - 32,000 rubles;
- A4 booklets 1000 pcs. - 8000 rubles;
- production prospectuses 8 pages A4 with cover - 16,000 rubles;
- posters 1000 pcs. A2 format - 20,000 rubles.
Total: 76,000 rubles.
Approximate figures are given, since prices in design studios and printing houses differ significantly.
Searching for clients and concluding agreements for the supply of products
A portfolio of wholesale buyers is a guarantee financial stability enterprises. Wholesale supplies must be structured in such a way as to ensure the workshop reaches the break-even point. Wholesale sales of products by a mini-workshop can reach 30-70% of production volume. Typically, contracts are concluded by sales representatives, who, in addition to the salary at the rate, receive a percentage of sales from the existing trade margin. This form of organizing the work of distributors motivates employees to work better.
Financial plan.
As part of this review, we examined a number of examples of the opening of small food production facilities by small enterprises. Now let's try to evaluate the benefits, including in relation to each other.
Investments.
Production workshop "Chocolatier»
Premises costs:
The costs of opening a workshop for the production of handmade sweets will cost the following amount:
- production volume up to 100 kg/chocolate - 189,000 rubles;
- production volume up to 200 kg/chocolate - 631,000 rubles;
- production volume up to 350 kg/chocolate - 836,000 rubles.
Staff costs will be:
- production volume up to 100 kg/chocolate - 228,000 rubles/month;
- production volume up to 200 kg/chocolate - 228,000 rubles/month;
- production volume up to 350 kg/chocolate - 370,000 rubles/month.
Costs for advertising products: 76,000 rubles/year.
The cost of opening a retail outlet and re-equipping the premises to open a workshop is 2-3 million rubles.
Workshop for the production of fermented milk products
Equipment costs: 2800000-4400000 rubles.
Personnel costs for the presence of the Milk Kitchen store are 321,000 rubles/month.
Advertising costs (can be reduced; usually consumers remember products well) - 76,000 rubles/year.
The cost of opening a “Dairy Kitchen” and refurbishing the premises to open a fermented milk products workshop is 500,000 rubles.
Workshop for the production of bakery products, mini-bakery:
Equipment costs:
- mini-bakery “Home”, volume up to 200 kg/day - 50,000 rubles;
- mini-bakery “Prodtech”, up to 50 kg/hour - 206,939 rubles;
- mini-bakery, up to 3 tons/day - 496,000 rubles;
Personnel costs for the presence of a “Bulochnaya” store are 192,000 rubles/month.
Advertising costs (can be reduced or eliminated due to sales through your own retail outlet) - 76,000 rubles/year.
The cost of opening a “Bakery” and refurbishing the premises to open a mini-bakery is 500,000 rubles.
Workshop for the production of canned products, jams:
Equipment costs:
- technological line “Yagoda” of the Prombiofit company - 1,352,900 rubles;
Personnel costs: 192,000 rubles/month.
Advertising costs: 76,000 rubles/year.
The cost of opening and re-equipping the premises to open a canning shop with its own store is 500,000 rubles.
Please note that the investment plan should include employee salaries for 2-6 months. For retail outlets and workshops, two categories of premises were considered - in the city center and in residential areas, which implies different opening costs.
Payback.
The final calculations are carried out taking into account all the features of the opened mini-workshop. Primary investments include the cost of purchasing raw materials for production, recipes, a formalized portfolio of technical specifications, employee training, tax costs, rent of premises and utilities, as well as employee salaries for 3 months. Based on the analyzed examples, it is possible to evaluate the payback.
Production workshop "Chocolatier»
When purchasing equipment from the Chocolatier club and producing according to the recipes provided. The cost of production is 600-1000 rubles per 1 kg, the average price of handmade sweets is 2000-2500 rubles.
Total costs (estimated), including employee wages for 3 months and opening a retail outlet “in the center” - 3,949,000 rubles.
We accept a realization equal to 70% of the maximum capacity of 0.7 * 250 kg of sweets = 175 kg/month. Average revenue will be 350,000 rubles. In this case, the profit will be about 175,000 rubles. The estimated payback period is 22 months. On average, the Chocolatier Club estimates the payback period for a confectionery shop to be 1-2 years.
Workshop for the production of fermented milk products
Starting investments: 4,600,000 rubles (equipment and premises) + 321,000 rubles*3 (personnel). Total 4,921,000 rubles.
Production volume is 3.8 tons of yogurt/day and 91 tons/month. Sales cost 200 rubles/kg. Revenue will be 18,200,000 rubles. We take the average revenue at 70% workload of the workshop - 12,740,000 rubles.
The cost of yogurt is about 31 rubles per 1 kg, the cost of sales is on average 300 rubles per kg (Greek yogurt is used as a basis).
To make a competitive price for consumers with high profits, we reduce the selling price by 30%. We receive revenue of 891,000 rubles/month, with a sales cost of 210 rubles, the cost of production will be about 130,000 rubles. Thus, the estimated income will be (-321,000 wages) - 440,000 rubles/month.
The payback period for the workshop is 11 months.
Workshop for the production of bakery products, mini-bakery
To evaluate, let’s take the Prodtech mini-bakery, investments:
206,939 rubles (cost of equipment) + 3 * 192,000 rubles (staff) + 75,000 (advertising) + 500,000 (premises refurbishment) = 1,357,000 rubles.
The cost of 1 loaf of 1 kg is about 10 rubles. With a monthly production volume of 12 tons of bread, the revenue will be (average selling price of 1 kg - 30 rubles) - 360,000 rubles. The income will be 240,000 rubles, after payment of wages - 48,000 rubles. Payback 28 months.
The low profitability of the bakery is obvious due to the high cost of flour; in this case, it is necessary to optimize the work process and reduce staff costs by increasing productivity. An increase in the cost of bread is also acceptable.
Workshop for the production of canned products, jams
Total costs for opening production, including wages for 3 months: 2,504,000 rubles. Production volume is 1250 kg/shift, respectively, 30,000 kg with a six-day work week. Obviously, this production is seasonal, therefore, for the annual volume without conditions for long-term procurement, work of 6-8 months should be taken. A full working year can be provided by the presence of greenhouses or the purchase of fruits supplied from abroad. In this case, income will be estimated approximately, since in different times The cost of jam will vary depending on the year.
Production volume for 8 months: 240 tons of jam. Selling price 87 rubles/kg. Annual revenue will be 20,880,000 rubles. The cost of production in the canning industry is constantly changing, so we will arbitrarily accept the figure of 43.5 rubles/kg. Revenue will be 10,440,000 rubles. Salaries for 8 months 1,530,000 rubles. Conditional income is 8,910,000 rubles.
The payback period for the workshop is about 3 months, on average - 1 summer season.
Often, many people who decide to become entrepreneurs have a desire not only to make a profit from their business, but to directly take an active part in it - to work and produce goods themselves. However, how can you make your own production uninterrupted and in demand? We invite the reader to answer this question in this article.
What is in-house production?
First you need to understand the terminology. From an economic point of view, any production is a process associated with the manufacture of various types of products.
Commercial activity is a set of measures aimed at making a profit through transactions for the purchase and sale of goods or services.
The concept of “own production” (or production activity), in turn, means that a person is personally involved in the manufacture of something. This is what we will talk about today.
Where to start your own production? Choosing a Specialization
Firstly, this will significantly reduce the initial investment in the business for the reason that the demand for the product being produced will be, although not numerous, but stable (an ideal starting point for the development of small capital).
Secondly, personal participation in the production of a product will help you focus on it, and this, in turn, will be a good motive for increasing the quality of products and improving the technological process.
Naturally, high-quality products of our own production will have good reputation on the market, which will be another undeniable advantage for an entrepreneur.
There can be a lot of options here: from making small household items (decorative shelves, candlesticks, etc.), souvenirs, knitwear to artistic forging (for example, various window grilles, gates) and furniture.
However, one should not lose sight of the fact that there are products for which a license is required.
Formation of legal and material foundation
The further development of one’s own production has two options: depending on its focus and volume, a person who decides to organize a business can conduct its activities as an individual entrepreneur (individual entrepreneur) or a legal entity.
The last option is suitable if the entrepreneur plans to work with medium or large production.
- Official registration of your activities with the relevant authorities.
- Purchasing or renting premises where business will be conducted in our case).
- Purchase or rental of special equipment necessary for production.
- Salaries of employees, as well as expenses for them (for example, registration of a work book, purchase of accessories necessary for work, etc.).
- Marketing and advertising activities.
The last point should be given special attention for the reason that today people advertise almost everything: their business, home production, services provided, etc.
There are a lot of options for good and truly effective advertising today. For lower costs, you can limit yourself to hiring several promoters or advertisers (as a rule, special notice boards are set up for advertising).
We involve working personnel in the business
It's no secret that in any production business is necessary without it, household will not last long (if they can exist at all).
If we are talking about small production, then the best option a team of workers will be hired under the leadership of a foreman. When hiring, it is best to give preference to specialists who are well versed in the field of production.
In addition to the worker, it is necessary to hire and usually this is: a driver (part-time courier), loader, storekeeper, measurer. Some specialties and positions can be combined.
Sources of funding
Any business, unless, of course, the entrepreneur has serious intentions, requires significant investments.
Many businessmen who deal with production activities prefer to take loans from banks. The fact is that today many banks regard such production as profitable business and they are happy to finance it by issuing a targeted loan to the entrepreneur.
Often, various kinds of promotions are carried out in relation to entrepreneurship, allowing a businessman to receive loans on conditions that are quite favorable for the business (most often, these kinds of privileges apply to agriculture).
Opening a production facility from scratch is a rather labor-intensive process, especially in our country, where the problem of availability of jobs is quite acute. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully calculate your capabilities in order for your business idea to be profitable.
Directions for activity
Ideas for business are so diverse that sometimes it is difficult to decide which production is profitable to open. Sample list existing directions:
- production of building materials: factories for the production of bricks, tiles, metal tiles, foam blocks, floor coverings;
- food production: flour mills, wine and vodka factories, meat factories, factories for the production of instant foods and semi-finished products;
- service sector: dry cleaning factories, educational companies;
- production of household items: plastic windows, fittings, furniture, disposable tableware
The process of organizing your own business occurs in stages, and each step towards achieving the goal involves solving some organizational issues. Only careful study and implementation of each item will contribute to the development of your business in the future.
Stages of organizing your own production
- Formation of an idea . When choosing a field of activity for a business, do not forget that a childhood dream alone is not a guarantee of a successful process. If you are thinking about where to open your own production, it is best to implement your ideas in the market segment in which you have experience and skills.
- Development of a business plan . The most important point, which is the framework for further activities. The business plan lays out all the production and financial aspects relating to the initial and further costs for the effective conduct of business.
- Selection of production premises . When turning to the food sector, keep in mind that in this niche the sanitary standards are the highest. In addition, it is necessary to correctly calculate the square footage of the main room, as well as utility and storage areas, if any are needed.
- Preparation of a package of documents . To quickly start production from scratch, you need to compile and issue a list of all permits and certificates in advance. Do not forget that your company will be regularly monitored by various services.
- Recruitment . The type and volume of your activity determines how qualified workers you will need and in what quantity. IN food industries, when working with children and some other types of activities, staff must have health certificates.
Search for suppliers and buyers . Advertise your production, study markets for suppliers of raw materials and sales of products in order to develop an impeccable customer base for selling goods.
An amazing fact: there are many unoccupied niches that make it possible to organize the production of goods in Russia with minimal competition and high demand for results, and at the same time receive good profit. At the same time, there are many people who are ready to invest money in business - but they do not know where exactly. As a result, a person with capital opens another bar, a beauty salon, or, at worst, a stall with beer and cigarettes, becoming one with hundreds of competitors. The result of such an investment is predictable: a minimum of profit, a lot of losses and a tragic outcome - the closure of a recently opened outlet. Such failures force us to draw the conclusion that conditions for business in Russia are too difficult, officials are putting a spoke in the wheels, and the consumer is too poor, and therefore cannot buy your product in sufficient quantities. And now a skeptic is ready, confident that business should be done anywhere, but not here.
We know how to sell and provide services - all that remains is to master production
In fact, opening your own production in Russia is quite profitable business, because we have everything for this.
We have an impressive domestic and foreign market, and we have fairly cheap labor. If we compare with China, their labor is no cheaper than ours, the expenses are approximately the same as those of our entrepreneurs, but for some reason the Chinese can afford to supply goods to Russia in huge quantities. And even considering that they have to deliver their products thousands of kilometers, their prices are quite affordable, so it’s profitable for us to buy from Asians.
But we can produce no worse than them! Moreover, the Russians have an advantage - local manufacturers are nearby and can supply small quantities of goods, and not transport them in tons, as companies from the Middle Kingdom do. In general, Russia has every chance of becoming a global manufacturer, but can you make money on this?
What to produce?
To understand what the consumer needs, just go shopping and read the labels. Find a group of goods that are not produced in our country - and you already have a ready-made object to work with. However, if a product is manufactured in Russia, this is not a reason to ignore it. It often happens that we do not make materials or individual parts for this product - and the local manufacturer is forced to order them abroad.
For example, previously packaging bags had to be purchased abroad, but now they are produced locally. This can be accessories for making shoes, and compressors for chest freezers, and packaging containers for cosmetics - in general, the possibilities are very diverse.
Let's remember China - the lion's share of manufacturers are representatives of small and medium-sized businesses. Many families have their own small businesses where products are made in the garage or even at home. The opinion is that Chinese goods make huge corporations - this is a myth. They are made by the most ordinary people who have a small business and do not hesitate to supply their goods to Europe, America and Russia.
We are simply afraid to take on this, believing that such undertakings can only survive on a gigantic scale.
Studying information about a future product
There are a number of effective methods for finding data about products that interest you. First of all, this is, of course, the Internet - it contains a lot of information about how products are made, how much competition there is, and so on.
The second option is to conduct “reconnaissance in force.” To do this, you need to find the manufacturers of the equipment on which your product is made and send them a request for the selection of all working mechanisms, materials and manufacturing technologies for the product. Those who make the equipment are well aware of all the intricacies of the production that is carried out on them. They are ready not only to provide a price list for machines, but also to calculate the cost of the product, suggest which raw materials are best to choose and tell about the shortcomings of competitors’ equipment.
Collect all important data on the equipment you will work with - manufacturer, energy costs, price, quality. Produce comparative analysis all offers - this will give you knowledge not only about where it is better to order machines, but will also help you get a lot additional information about your product.
Don't sit still! Personally go to the manufacturing company and look at the equipment with your own eyes. Find out about companies that have already purchased these machines and visit them to get live feedback and find out how they perform in their work. This will allow you to choose the best option.
Talk to manufacturers at various levels, including regional ones, compare what equipment Asian and European businessmen use to produce your product. Get to know the work of large companies and small businesses. There are processes that require only very expensive and high-quality equipment from Japan, and some tasks can be handled perfectly by a mediocre Korean machine. Prepare to communicate with foreign suppliers: if you find an unoccupied production sector, you can assume that no one makes equipment for it in Russia either.
Another option is to contact a large manufacturer of the product you have chosen with the prospect of ordering the same product under your own brand. By discussing the intricacies of the order, you will learn a lot of useful information about manufacturing technology, competitors, and ways to sell the product. Maybe you will even be able to visit the workshops and see with your own eyes all stages of production. It’s good if you manage to visit several foreign enterprises and see internal organization- from their experience you will understand how to open your own production.
Becoming a manufacturer is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. To do this, you need to delve into, obtain information, analyze (about how to work with information we already wrote), draw conclusions and begin to implement your plans. The main thing is to start, and you will receive all the answers to your questions as you work.
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