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A.P. Platonov. Pages of life and creativity
Andrei Platonovich Klimentov, whom the reader knows under the name Platonov, was born on August 28 (16), 1899. However, traditionally his birthday is celebrated on September 1st. He changed his last name in the 1920s, forming it on behalf of his father, Platon Firsovich Klimentov, a mechanic at railway workshops in the Yamskaya settlement of Voronezh. A. Platonov’s mother, Maria Vasilievna, the daughter of a watchmaker, was a housewife. Despite her chronic need, she had a kind, meek character and contributed to family relationships kindness and cordiality.
Andrei studied first at a parochial school, then at a city school, and began working at the age of thirteen. “We had a family... of 10 people, and I am the eldest son - the only worker, except for my father. My father... could not feed such a horde,” he later wrote in his memoirs. As a child, he experienced the burden of a beggar's sum and the bitterness of irrevocable losses (his younger brothers and sisters died of starvation), participated in the civil war and the construction of a new village. All these “universities” formed the soul and mind of Platonov with his painful indifference to need and human suffering. “I lived and languished,” A. Platonov wrote in 1922 to his wife and friend M.A. Platonova, “because life immediately turned me from a child into an adult, depriving me of my youth.”
In 1918 he went to study at the Voronezh Polytechnic. He worked as an engineer, land reclamation worker, and journalist. But his studies were interrupted by the Civil War, to which he left in 1919. It was then that Platonov began to write. His first book was a collection of essays, “Electrification,” which asserted the idea that “electrification is the same revolution in technology, with the same meaning as October 1917.”
In 1922, his second book was published - a collection of poems “Blue Depth”. In 1926 Platonov moved to Moscow. In 1927, the book Epiphanian Locks made the writer famous. In 1928, the following collections were published: “Meadow Masters” and “ Hidden Man».
Since the summer of 1942, Platonov was a front-line correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper. Andrei Platonov spent a long time on the front line, settling into dugouts with company or battalion commanders. I studied life at the front, soldier's language, trench songs, ditties, jokes. Here is what a colleague wrote about him: “In Platonov’s appearance there was something of a craftsman, a working man, who, out of necessity, became a soldier in order to defend his Motherland. He was gentle and easy to use, and knew how to find a word for everyone - be it a general, a soldier, an old peasant woman or a child. He spoke in a dull, low voice, calmly and evenly.
But at times he was also harsh, prickly, and always absolutely intolerant of falsehood and boasting. Platonov was especially able to talk soulfully with soldiers - war workers... When it happened to stop for the night in a peasant hut, Platonov was imbued with the concerns of the owners: he could easily chop wood, pick up a shovel thrown out of place in the yard, get water from a well...”
Monument in the writer’s homeland in the city of Voronezh Platonov died on January 5, 1951 from tuberculosis in a Moscow apartment on Tverskoy Boulevard, 25. A. Platonov is an original writer. During his lifetime, he published 23 books, some of them were known throughout the world.
Books by A.P. Platonov for children
Homework. Read A. Platonov’s story “The Pit”. Make bookmarks, noting quotes characterizing the following characters in the story: Voshchev, Chiklin, activist, hammer bear, Nastya. Write down quotes characterizing Nastya in a notebook, think about what her role is in the story. Individual tasks: - compare scenes of dispossession from Platonov’s story “The Pit” and Sholokhov’s novel “Virgin Soil Upturned”; - compare the scenes of the construction of a pit from Platonov’s story “The Pit” and the construction of a narrow-gauge railway from N. Ostrovsky’s novel “How the Steel Was Tempered.”
(real name- Klimentov)
(1899-1951) Russian writer
There are writers whose work is far ahead of their time, and therefore decades pass before they find their place in the history of literature. Andrei Platonov is one of them.
He was born in a big large family. Andrei's father worked as a mechanic, and then as an assistant driver at the Voronezh railway workshops. Andrei was the eldest child in the family, and he had nine more brothers and sisters. Therefore, after finishing primary school the boy had to go “to the people” and work to help feed his family.
So, at the age of fourteen, he began working, first as an auxiliary worker, and then acquired the qualifications of a foundry mechanic and an assistant driver.
After the revolution, Andrei Platonov ended up in the Red Army. Moreover, he signed up there voluntarily. For an eighteen-year-old boy, this was a natural act, since in those years he could not yet understand what was happening around him, and simply obeyed the circumstances.
It was there, in the army, that he first began to write, publishing his poems and short essays in various small newspapers. After demobilization, Andrei Platonov decided to fulfill his old dream and entered the Voronezh Polytechnic Institute, but his literary studies didn't leave it. He publishes his materials in local newspapers and speaks at literary and journalistic meetings. At this time his work was dominated by ideal heroes, whom the revolution awakens to an active creative life. Later, these moods will remain only in the form of individual memories, giving way to a feeling of bitter disappointment.
After graduating from the institute, Andrei Platonov dreamed of devoting himself entirely to literature, but life forced him to change his plans. I had to take care of my family, so I had to write in fits and starts. For several years he has been working as a provincial ameliorator and electrical engineer, traveling to collective farms and helping to set up farms. He reflects this restless life in his stories written at that time.
The drought of 1925 was a strong shock for the young engineer. Andrei Platonov thought a lot about its tragic consequences and then for the first time realized that as a writer he could bring less benefit in the business of transforming lives than as a specialist.
In 1926, Andrei Platonovich Platonov came to Moscow and brought with him the manuscript of the first collection of stories, “Epiphanian Gateways,” which was soon published and received a favorable assessment from M. Gorky. The writer himself at this time was working in Tambov as an assistant to the head of the land reclamation department. His family is in Moscow, and Platonov writes long letters to his wife almost every day.
Gradually, under the influence of the tragic events of collectivization, Andrei Platonov gives up the illusion that technology can solve everything social problems. In the story “Epiphanian Gateways,” which gave the collection its title, he shows for the first time that unspiritual work can lead to tragedy.
But most dramatically this internal conflict manifested itself in the stories of Andrei Platonov in the late twenties and in his last major work - the chronicle novel “For Future Use,” which was published during the author’s lifetime. It was published in 1931 and immediately received sharply negative reviews from critics.
The writer was accused of distorting reality and of the most terrible sin at that time - preaching humanism. Therefore, another of Platonov’s novels, “Chevengur,” written in 1927-1928, where he also critically examined the existing concept of building socialism and its detrimental impact on culture, was generally banned from publication.
The original instigator of the campaign launched against Andrei Platonov was A. Fadeev, who shortly before became one of the leaders of the Writers' Union. Since that time, only small reviews and critical articles Platonov.
In the thirties, many writers who, for one reason or another, could not talk about what really worried them, turned to conventional forms - fairy tales, fiction, drama.
Andrei Platonov, along with K. Paustovsky, begins to write fairy tales and becomes known for his adaptations of stories from world folklore. These works were not prohibited, so Platonov sometimes added original works to his adaptations of classical authors.
In 1933, as part of a group of writers, Platonov committed great trip across Turkestan. As a result of this trip, his fantastic story"Jan" main character which is an idealist. He is obsessed with the communist idea of rebuilding the world and tries to impose his ideas on others.
The conventionality of the situation helped the writer to convey his negative attitude towards these ideas in a hidden form. The story “Jan” is also accompanied by Andrei Platonov’s great novel “The Juvenile Sea,” in which, with bitter irony, the writer shows the absurdity of desert transformation projects that were so popular in the thirties.
Since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Andrei Platonovich Platonov is at the front as a correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper. He publishes stories in various front-line newspapers, and sometimes small collections of his front-line essays appear. But when trouble comes to the Platonovs’ house - their only son dies at the front, the writer again experiences bitter disappointment in life. This mood of Andrei Platonov is reflected in his story “Ivanov’s Family.”
After the war, the writer again finds himself erased from great literature. He has nowhere and nothing to live on, so he settles in the outbuilding of the Literary Institute and works as a janitor. True, even in these difficult years Sometimes joyful events happened in his life, such as the birth of his long-awaited daughter. Subsequently, she would become the custodian of her father's archive and the main publisher of his manuscripts. However, the writer himself was already seriously ill by that time. In the winter of 1951, he died of tuberculosis.
The main works of Andrei Platonovich Platonov were published in Russia only after 1988. From this time on, the true entry of this original writer into Russian literature begins.
Andrei Platonovich Platonov was born in the city of Voronezh on August 20, 1899 (traditionally his birthday is celebrated on September 1 according to the new style). Platonov is a pseudonym formed on behalf of his father, and the real name of the writer is Klimentov.
It's time for testing
difficult childhood and hard fate- this is how Andrei Platonov differs from other writers of that period.
His biography cannot consist only of many interesting facts and events for the reason that his life was not happy and was riddled with troubles and losses. He was lucky enough not to end up in the camps, but he paid for it with the life of his own son.
Parents' house
Andrei Platonovich was born into the family of a railway mechanic and the daughter of a watchmaker. He was the oldest child, after him 9 more brothers and sisters appeared one after another, whom Platonov protected as best he could. At first, the writer studied at a parish school at the church, but at the age of 15 he gave up everything and got a job, since there was not enough money in the family and it was very difficult for parents to feed their children. According to the writer himself, he changed many jobs, starting from and ending with a mechanic, since his father did not have enough strength to support a house, wife and 10 children. Platonov considered it his duty to help everyone possible ways to your parents.
Study and civil war
In 1918, Platonov went to study at the Railway Polytechnic of the city of Voronezh, where he studied with great pleasure, since from childhood he had a craving for mechanisms. However, due to the revolution, his studies were delayed until 1921. A year after his admission, Platonov volunteered for the civil war, where he fought on the side of the Red Army.
Even in such difficult times of war, Platonov does not abandon his creative path and works as a writer. It was during this period that his formation as a real writer began. The first essays, articles in local newspapers and poems appear, the author of which he becomes in the future famous writer Andrey Platonov. His biography as a creative person can safely begin from this moment.
Job
After the end of the war, Andrei Platonov returns to his hometown of Voronezh and continues to study at the Polytechnic Institute, and then successfully works as a land reclamation specialist. He combines his writing activity with a full-time job, which does not burden him at all.
Wife and son
In 1922, Andrei Platonov married a rural teacher, to whom he dedicated two of his works - “Epiphanian Stories” and “ Sandy teacher" In the same year their son Plato is born. However, fate had a great misfortune in store for the writer.
Andrey and creativity for the younger generation
Since the age of 12, Andrei Platonovich has been actively writing poems, which indicates his creative nature. When the writer turns 22, his first book “Electrification”, consisting of essays, is published. In it, he compares this process with a revolution.
The second book is the poetry collection “Blue Depth”. Despite the many poems written, Platonova is still associated more with prose works. One of them is the collection of works “Epiphanian Stories”, which contains all previously published newspaper and magazine articles.
Who was Andrei Platonov to his contemporaries? The biography indicates that the attitude towards the writer was ambiguous. At first, all of Platonov’s written works received approval and support. Even Maxim Gorky noted the great talent of Andrei Platonovich and compared his style of writing with Gogol’s. He also advised Platonov to focus on comedy. However, only a few works in this genre came from the writer’s pen.
Later, fortune sharply turns away from Platonov. After Stalin's negative review, the censorship rejected all of the author's works. The writer and his family live from hand to mouth. Only a few devoted friends help them.
One of the most famous works written by this author are the stories “Chevengur” and “The Pit,” which did not receive recognition during the writer’s lifetime and were published after his death.
Great Patriotic War
In 1942, Platonov again went to the front. This is the second war in which he has to participate. There he works as a correspondent for a military newspaper.
Then in 1946 he was demobilized and plunged headlong into writing. During this period, he published three of his collections and one of his most famous stories, “Return.” However, criticism again falls on the writer, and again his works cease to be published.
Platonov spends the last years of his life in a state of extreme poverty. Out of hopelessness, the writer turns to publishing Russian and Bashkir folk tales. This helps to somehow make ends meet.
Fate
Andrei Platonov, whose short biography is evidence of the many trials he endured, nevertheless never betrayed himself. Despite hard fate and persecution by the authorities, his views remained unchanged. The writer’s life began from the moment when the story “For Future Use” came out of his pen, in which he exposed collective farm construction. being the editor-in-chief of the Krasnaya Nov magazine, he took a risk and published this work. The story fell into the hands of Stalin and caused negative reaction. Fadeev, realizing what this threatened him with, quickly changed his point of view and wrote an incriminating article in which Andrei Platonov was presented as an enemy of the people. The writer's biography is filled with many secrets that began to become clear after his death.
From the revelations of contemporaries it is clear that it was Fadeev who was the person who derailed Platonov’s entire life. It was he who allowed an article with such compromising content to go to print. In addition, Fadeev underlined all the passages that could subsequently lead to Stalin’s wrath, supposedly so that the printing house would remove them. However, everything turned out completely the opposite. When the magazine was printed, all the underlined thoughts were highlighted in bold and in this form they were placed on Stalin’s desk. The reaction was immediate. Fadeev managed to stay in his place, but for printed publications The writer Andrei Platonov ceased to exist. A short biography tells that the writer himself was not touched, but his only and beloved son was sent to the camps for anti-Soviet agitation. Freed only with the help of some influential family friends, Plato finally returned home, unfortunately already terminally ill with tuberculosis. He died in his father's arms.
It is believed that it was from his son that Platonov contracted the fatal lung disease. This happened because the writer, as if in some kind of delirium, kissed the boy on the lips.
In 1951, Andrei Platonov died in Moscow. For a long time after the writer’s death, his beloved wife tried with all her might to preserve the legacy he left during his lifetime. It was thanks to her that some works became available to us. After the death of his wife, all worries fell on the shoulders of Platonov’s daughter Maria. She adequately coped with the difficult task assigned to her and preserved all the author’s priceless works.
The writer, his wife, son and daughter, who died in 2005, lie very close, under one monument.
Andrey Platonov: biography (summary) and style features
In literature lessons in modern school On average, one lesson is devoted to studying the biography of a writer. Nevertheless, even a week is not enough to cover and experience all the material about Platonov’s life. On the one hand, an infinitely loving father and husband, and on the other, a down-to-earth person who really saw the whole truth of life - that’s what the writer Andrei Platonov was like. Biography deserves it special attention, this is important for a more detailed understanding and penetration into the very essence inherent in his works. Plato's style is well characterized by the inherent roughness of vocabulary, the special atmosphere of daily, sometimes exhausting, but so necessary labor, the life of a working person in continuous interaction with technology and nature.
Platonov, whose education was quite far from creative writing, nevertheless actively combined both of these inclinations. He went to work every day with great pleasure, as he believed that work is vital for every person, while at the same time not forgetting about his creative purpose.
What kind of person was the writer Andrei Platonov, biography, interesting facts about his life - all this today can be found out by any reader truly interested in his work. It’s a pity that the situation was completely different in Soviet times.
Studying the writer's creativity at school
Acquaintance with the work of Andrei Platonov begins in the third grade with the study of his life and work. It is at this stage of their education that children first hear the name of this writer. The biography of Andrei Platonov for grade 3 is well presented in all general education literature textbooks, and it is not difficult for schoolchildren to master it.
In the fifth grade, students begin to read Russian folk tales in Platonov's retelling. All children love this genre, so they continue to study its creativity with great pleasure. Before releasing his collection, Platonov personally meets with the narrators themselves, as a result of which the narration is conducted with special love and attention to the word.
The next stage of acquaintance is reading the work “The Magic Ring”. This is his own fairy tale.
A completely different Andrei Platonov appears before the eyes of the students. A short biography for children was written without covering the whole cruel truth of his life. He appears not in the form of an exposer of gray reality, but in the form of a good storyteller.
In sixth grade, children are introduced to Andrei Platonov's story “Cow.” It has a deeply philosophical and moral meaning, which is difficult for a sixth grader to understand without the help of a teacher. Therefore, the lesson on this work takes place in several stages, which allows the student to discover new unknown facets of the writer’s work.
Seventh grade students are faced with an even more difficult task - to understand and experience Andrei Platonov’s story “Yushka”. In this work, the writer reveals his soul and heart. The main idea of the story is the importance of love and human goodness.
Only at the beginning of the 10th grade do students have the opportunity to evaluate in an adult way who Andrei Platonov is. The biography for children of this age is presented exactly in the form in which it actually exists. A citizen writer appears before high school students. Children at this age are already practically formed personalities, so they can understand who Andrei Platonov was, what persecution he was subjected to and for what reason.
The text is based on the books:
A. Platonov. Notebooks. Materials for the biography. M.: Heritage, 2000.
A Notebook of Other People's Ideas, Thoughts and Conversations (1936)
All about Andrey Platonov
Biography
Articles about Andrey Platonov:
Orlov V. Andrey Platonov: Recent years
Nagibin Yu. Fragment of the diary. Platonov's funeral
Rassadin S. Why the tyrant hated Zoshchenko and Platonov
Yuryeva A. The main biographers of Andrei Platonov were NKVD-OGPU informants
Andrey Platonov: Memories of friends and colleagues
The most important dates in the life and work of A. Platonov
Wikipedia
Joseph Brodsky about Andrei Platonov:
“Platonov was born in 1899 and died in 1951 from tuberculosis, having become infected from his son, whose release from prison he, after much effort, achieved, only for the son to die in his arms. A thin face looks at us from the photograph, as simple as countryside, looks patiently and as if willing to accept and overcome everything that befalls.” (Brodsky I. “Disasters in the Air”)
Brief biographical sketch
From the book: Mikheev M.Yu. Into the world of Platonov through his language. Assumptions, facts, interpretations, guesses. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2002. 407 p.
“At the end of 1929, the writer was subjected to “ideological flogging” for publishing (together with B. Pilnyak) the essay “Che-Che-O”, and then, in 1931, for own story“Doubting Makar” (published in the magazine “October” by A. Fadeev, for which the editor-in-chief immediately publicly repented and apologized, calling the story “ideologically unrestrained, anarchist”, for which, they say, he “got it right from Stalin”).”
Insarov M. Andrey Platonovich Platonov (1899–1951). Life and creative path
Bolot N. Platonov Andrey Platonovich
Mikheev M.Yu. Notebooks and diaries (30s): Mikhail Prishvin, Pavel Filonov, Andrey Platonov, ...
The text is compiled from a lecture course given at the Faculty of History and Philology of the Russian State University for the Humanities in 2002.
“When reading Plato’s notebooks to a reader familiar with his main key themes, sometimes the skeleton of a recognizable plot will flash, and sometimes an unknown variation of some already known character will suddenly appear. Or a thought that is not developed anywhere further, immediately torn off, will rush through, which in the future could be useful to the author and, in the event of a new return to it, would result, perhaps, in a story, tale, etc. But more often than not it happens that notebook Platonov’s thought, not completed (as if “not thought out” to us, the readers, was not presented, not understandable due to our lack of awareness), as if stopped by the author halfway.”
Kozhemyakin A. New pages in the life and work of writer Andrei Platonov
“As I see it, we should compare the activities of the hydromeliorator and electrifier Andrei Platonov with his first literary works.”
Simonov K. Through the eyes of a man of my generation. Reflections on I.V. Stalin
Fragment of the book by Konstantin Simonov (M., APN, 1989).
Kovrov M. Mystic of Russian victory (To the 100th anniversary of the birth of Andrei Platonov)
Dystopia is no worse than life
Conversation between correspondent G. Litvintsev and professor of Voronezh state university Vladislav Svitelsky, author of the collection of articles “Andrei Platonov Yesterday and Today.”
“It seems that if the author had ready-made answers, his works would not be so compelling and would not have such depth and power. He searched for the truth along with his heroes and his time. The crossroads of his thoughts are no less complex and tragic than the crossroads of history itself. Platonov lived in his questions and doubts. At the turn of the 20-30s, he made the necessary rethinking of ideology and practice Soviet era, to which we have only broken through on a large scale today.”
Iovanovic M. Genius at the fork in the road
From the notes of a literary critic.
“The most painful thing for the “impatient” Platonov and his heroes was the question of questions - the search for happiness (universal happiness). Russian literature, following Kant, who placed the moral law above eudaimonia (the desire for happiness), did not know this category; her heroes behaved like Pushkin, seeking not happiness, but peace and freedom. Platonov wanted to evade this tradition, to “invent” happiness both for the individual and for entire nations.”
Gumilevsky L.I. "Fate and Life"
“It’s not difficult to assume that readers’ assessments will be different. Some will be attracted by colorful pictures of the past, recreated using seemingly mundane, but artistically meaningful details. Others will be more interested in portraits of writers (we especially note the pages dedicated to Andrei Platonov).”
Basinsky P. No violinist needed
“Someday, of course, it will be modern. Someday... a day Last Judgment. When material grievances become meaningless, when it doesn’t matter where this day finds you, in a Merc or a Zaporozhets, when a shrimp seems no sweeter than a stale crust, and a luxurious car no smoother than a country road. When money won’t be needed.”
Malaya S. Platonov Andrey Platonovich
Works of Platonov
Electronic library "Librusek"
Most full meeting works by A. Platonov.
Library of Maxim Moshkov
Stories. Stories. Inhabitant of the State. Blue Depth (Book of Poems).
Classica.ru
Stories.
Stories: “The Pit”, “The Potudan River”, “The Hidden Man”, “The Juvenile Sea”.
Novels: “Happy Moscow”, “Chevengur”.
Fiction: online collection of works
“Anti-sexus”, “For future use”, “City of Gradov”, “State Resident”, “The Pit”, “Meadow Masters”, “Moscow Violin”, “Inanimate Enemy”, “Once in Love”, “Father-Mother” (script) , “Potudan River”, “Semyon”, “The Hidden Man”, “Happy Moscow”, “Doubting Makar”, “Fro”, “Chevengur”, “Juvenile Sea”.
Collection of rare texts
Once loved
Andrei Platonov in the documents of the OGPU-NKVD-NKGB.19301945 (Publication by Vladimir Goncharov and Vladimir Nekhotin)
Machinist (libretto)
Father-Mother (script)
In beauty and furious world(Machinist Maltsev)
Return (Ivanov Family)
City of Gradov
Pit
“Voshchev grabbed his bag and went into the night. The questioning sky shone over Voshchev with the tormenting power of the stars, but in the city the lights had already been extinguished, and whoever had the opportunity slept, having eaten his fill of dinner. Voshchev went down the crumbs of earth into the ravine and lay down there with his stomach down to fall asleep and part with himself. But sleep required peace of mind, trust in life, forgiveness of past grief, and Voshchev lay in the dry tension of consciousness and did not know whether he was useful in the world or whether everything would work out well without him? A wind blew from an unknown place so that people would not suffocate, and with a weak voice of doubt a suburban dog made its service known.”
Sandy teacher
“Four years have passed, the most indescribable years in a person’s life, when the buds burst in a young chest and femininity, consciousness blossoms, and the idea of life is born. It's strange that no one ever helps at this age young man overcome the anxieties that torment him; no one will support the thin trunk, which is torn by the wind of doubt and shaken by the earthquake of growth. Someday youth will not be defenseless.
Mary, of course, had both love and a thirst for suicide, and this bitter moisture waters every growing life.”
Hidden Man
Happy Moscow
“The clear and ascending life of Moscow Chestnova began with that autumn day, when she was sitting at school by the window, already in the second group, she looked into the death of leaves on the boulevard and read with interest the sign of the opposite house: Workers' and Peasants' Library and Reading Room named after A.V. Koltsova".
Doubting Makar
Fro
“The young woman stopped in surprise in the midst of such a strange light: in the twenty years of her life, she did not remember such an empty, shining, silent space, she felt that her heart was weakening from the lightness of the air, from the hope that her loved one would come back.”
Chevengur (in the first edition - “Builders of the Country”)
“A man appears with that vigilant and sadly emaciated face who can fix and equip everything, but he himself lived his life unequipped. Any product, from a frying pan to an alarm clock, has not escaped the hands of this man. He also did not refuse to throw out soles, pour wolf shot and stamp fake medals for sale at rural antique fairs. He never made anything for himself, neither a family nor a home.”
Juvenile Sea
Sea of Youth
Articles about creativity
Section “Platonic Studies” on the website of the CHRONOS project
Articles about Andrey Platonov
Bobrova O. Andrei Platonov is a great Russian writer of the twentieth century. To the 100th anniversary of his birth
“What is there in Platonov’s prose? There is life: its pain and blood, greatness and strangeness, logic and absurdity, its fragility and infinity. This prose seems to push a person into an open, uncomfortable world. Makes you feel loneliness, suffer along with the heroes and struggle to find the truth, the meaning of all things.”
Mikheev M.Yu. Into the world of Platonov - through his language. Assumptions, facts, interpretations, guesses
Platonov created in his works, in essence, something like a religion of new times, trying to resist both traditional forms of religious cult and the fusion of heterogeneous mythologies that formed within the framework of socialist realism.
Lyuty V. About the language of Andrei Platonov
Tarasov A.B. “The Third Kingdom” as an attempt to model the world of “new” righteousness: A. Platonov and M. Tsvetaeva
Surikov V. Free thing by Andrei Platonov
About the works "Chevengur", "Pit".
“It’s a little disgusting, but then it will be good... Who doesn’t know this simplest deception, the elementary exchange of mental suffering for mental comfort, that happens every second in the myriads of human thoughts and actions? Who knows how unbearably difficult it is to resist it in everyday, insignificant things and not to be seduced by the availability of peace? Is it through this exchange that in every act, in every thought, the unsteady, elusive line between good and evil passes? Is this where the danger of mass “temptation” lurks—when some superidea, teasing universal happiness, combines these elementary movements into a mad leap?
Andrei Platonov found himself in a different role - in the role of a doubting participant in the events, who did not want, did not allow himself to step aside and desperately rushed into the very thick of events, into the hottest and most dangerous place.
“You can’t come here, here is an abyss, here is unprecedented bloody suffering, here is brutality, you can only get out of here on four paws.” All this had to be not said, but shouted out - to go against the enraged idea, breaking free from the leash of common sense.
What was required was no longer dissent, but code of action.”
Ordynskaya I.N. “Chevengur” by Andrei Platonov is a symbol of love for his people
This is a very thankless task - to write the truth about one’s time; as a rule, no one is forgiven for such attempts, especially talented writers, whose works themselves seem to begin to live. After all, destroying a book is often more difficult than destroying a real person. And the images fiction they often remain immortal altogether.
About the novel “Chevengur”
A whole series terrible victims brought by the commune for the sake of increasing the “stuff of existence”, “stuff of life” repeatedly mentioned in the novel, which is the key concept of the novel.
Joseph Brodsky. Afterword to “The Pit” by A. Platonov
“In our time, it is not customary to consider a writer outside the social context, and Platonov would be the most suitable object for such an analysis if what he does with language did not go far beyond the framework of that utopia (building socialism in Russia), a witness and chronicler which he appears in “The pit”.
About the works “Epiphanian Gateways”, “Ethereal Route”, “City of Grads”
Barsht K.A. Truth in round and liquid form. Henri Bergson in “The Pit” by Andrei Platonov // Questions of Philosophy. – 2007. – No. 4. – P. 144–157.
The idea that in A. Platonov’s “Pit” the percussion is described socialist construction, not so certain. The construction theme only covers, in the form of packaging material, what is hidden inside - a philosophical mystery filled with tension.
Olga Meyerson. Undefamiliarization of Andrei Platonov: danger and the power of inertia of perception
Review of a collection of two special issues of the journal “Essays in Poetics”, which published materials from a conference on the study of Plato’s creative heritage, held in 2001 in Oxford.
Loginov V. “Happy Moscow” by A. Platonov from the point of view of an inexperienced computer user
Henryk Chlystowski. Afterword to the translation of “Happy Moscow” by Andrei Platonov
“What kind of world is created in Platonov’s works? This world (especially in “Happy Moscow”) is completely devoid of history, memory and religion, a world that wants to build everything anew, but deprived of the main foundation is forced to constantly run into the future, into delirious unrealistic fantasies, and place its hopes there. This future is beautiful, wonderful and problem-free, but you need to somehow get to it, break through the inertia of matter and human vices.”
Bulygin A., Gushchin A. “Extraneous space”. Anthroponymy of the “Pit” (fragment)
Pin L.A. Andrey Platonovich Platonov. "Revolution is like a locomotive"
Gracheva E. “Inspiration”: The Unmade Film of Andrei Platonov
This was very important for Platonov. He had just begun to recover from the brutal pogrom that the Rappovites staged for his “poor peasant chronicle” “For Future Use” (“Krasnaya Nov”, 1931, No. 9). Stalin himself decorated the margins of the chronicle with the notes “Bastard!” and “Scoundrel!”, the frightened Fadeev declared that Platonov is “a kulak agent of the latest formation,” and off we go...
1899 - 1951
Platonov Andrey Platonovich(real name Klimentov), (16(28).08.1899-5.01.1951), prose writer, poet, playwright, publicist.
Andrei Platonovich was born in one of the suburbs of Voronezh - Yamskaya Sloboda. For a long time, his date of birth was considered August 20, 1899 according to the old style. However, the Voronezh scientist and literary critic O. G. Lasunsky, who worked on the eve of the 100th anniversary of the birth of the writer with archival documents, it was possible to establish that real date The writer’s birthday is August 16 (28).
His father, Platon Firsovich Klimentov (1870-1952), came from the bourgeoisie of the city of Zadonsk, participated in the revolutionary movement and the civil war, worked as a mechanic in the Voronezh railway workshops. Mother, Maria Vasilievna, nee Lobachikhina (1875-1929) was also born in Zadonsk, in the family of a watchmaker. She was a deeply religious kind woman, did housework and raised children, of whom there were ten in the family. With varying degrees of recognition, Platonov embodied the traits of his parents in the heroes of his works, forever perpetuating the memory of the people closest to him.
In 1906, the parents sent their first-born Andrei to a parochial school. After finishing it, Andrei entered the men's four-year city school. The school gave complete primary education and practical skills in craft, industrial and office work, as well as horticulture, horticulture and floriculture. Andrei Klimentov became addicted to reading early on and at school acquired a substantial amount of historical and literary knowledge, which later influenced his worldview and life priorities. In June 1914, the school was completed, and fifteen-year-old Andrei and his father went to the Bek-Marmarchev estate (the village of Ustye Devitskaya volost, Voronezh district - now it is the Khokholsky district) to repair a broken steam locomobile. Having repaired the car, Andrey remained with it as an assistant driver. There he first encountered a real mechanism - a steam power plant that created kinetic energy, which he studied in physics classes at school. The working unit made an indelible impression on the teenager and aroused a lifelong interest in technology and a desire to improve it. In the autumn of the same year, A. Klimentov got a job as an office worker in the provincial branch of the capital's Rossiya Society, which was engaged in life, capital and income insurance of enterprises and individuals. The duties of a clerk included visiting clients, filling out and rewriting papers. From January 1915 to July 1916 he worked as a clerk for the South Eastern Railway Company. By the end of the summer of 1916, A. Klimentov entered the workshop of the pipe factory, subsidiary mechanical plant "Stoll and Co." After working there for a year as a foundry worker, he returned to the South Eastern Railway Society, where he worked in the railway workshops.
Revolution and social change A. Platonov accepted life in 1917 with enthusiasm, sincerely believing in its ideals. 
Along with his interest in technology, Andrei Klimentov had a craving for literature and history in his soul. In 1918 he entered the Faculty of History and Philology Voronezh University. A. Klimentov studied there for only one course and on May 31, 1919 he took the documents from the university office to submit them to the electrical engineering department of the railway polytechnic school that opened in Voronezh. In the summer of 1920, electrician cadet A.P. Klimentov trained at an electrical station in the workshops of the South-Eastern Soviet Railways.
Studying at the polytechnic coincided with the period of the Civil War and economic devastation in the country. The cadets accompanied military trains, helped in laying a narrow-gauge railway for the supply of firewood, and even defended the approaches to Voronezh from the White Cossacks. At the Political Department of the South Eastern Railway, the first working Communist regiment of the railway defense of the Southern Front was formed from volunteers - workers and employees of the Voronezh railway junction. At his own request, cadet Klimentov entered this special railway detachment as an ordinary rifleman. This difficult period of life had a great influence on the future writer. Impressions associated with Civil War, working on a steam locomotive, as well as the stories of his father, who used a snowplow to break through a steel track littered with snowdrifts from Voronezh to Liski, were directly reflected in the story “The Hidden Man”.
Having chosen a technical profession for himself, Andrei Klimentov did not forget about literature. He was always attracted to poetry. The first publications of Platonov's poems were published in railway periodicals under the pseudonym Platonov. While a student at the Faculty of History and Philology of Voronezh State University, Platonov served as assistant secretary in the editorial office of the magazine " Iron way" Then he prepared letters from readers for publication in the Voronezhskaya Bednota newspaper, headed the literary department in the Krasnaya Derevnya newspaper, and published in the monthly Path of Communism. And with the beginning of the founding of the Voronezh Commune newspaper in Voronezh, A. Platonov began to collaborate in it, publishing polemical and critical articles, essays, stories and, of course, his poems. As a newspaper employee, he often attended performances at the Bolshoi Soviet Theater (now the Voronezh State Theater academic theater drama named after A.V. Koltsov), where the “communists” had a reserved box. After the performances, disputes and discussions of the productions often arose. It should be noted that both actors and directors valued Platonov’s opinion and often used his advice. 
Newspaper publications made Platonov famous, he met people close to him in interests and views, who largely determined his future creative destiny. Among them are G. Malyuchenko, V. Keller, M. Bakhmetyev, G. Pletnev, A. Yavich, N. Stalsky, N. Zadonsky, B. Derptsky and, of course, G. Litvin-Molotov, who initiated the publication of the only author of the poetry collection “Blue Depth” (Krasnodar, 1922). N.A. Zadonsky wrote about this period in the writer’s life in an essay.
In 1919, A. Platonov joined the Voronezh Communist Union of Journalists - Komsozhur. And in 1920 he was elected as a deputy to the All-Russian Writers' Congress in Moscow. During these years, he almost never missed meetings at the Iron Feather club-cafe, where writers, journalists, and musicians from Voronezh held discussions on various topical topics. Platonov gave presentations there more than once, which were a great success. He raised sharp and enough controversial issues, for example, such as the fate of women under communism; the contradiction between the rational and the emotional in human nature and the world raging around. Discussions on topics of publications in city periodicals were also held at the Iron Pen.
Ideal social origin, deep conviction and civic consciousness, the desire to feel like a part of a close-knit party comradeship led A. Platonov to the decision to join the ranks of the RCP (b). In 1921 he was admitted to the provincial party school. Classes at school took up the entire day, and a lot of class time was devoted to rather boring political education cycles. Over time, such training disappointed the candidate member of the RCP (b). He was expelled from school and from candidates for the RCP(b) too.
The famine of 1921, caused by severe drought, produced a turning point in Platonov’s worldview. Impressions from the events of that hot summer will later be reflected in his works. In the meantime, Platonov decided to leave the “contemplative matter” - literature - for a while and in practice take up “overcoming the sultry elements.” Platonov took an active part in the work of the Provincial Commission for Famine Relief - Gubernaya Kompomgol. From October 1921, in the daily Nasha Gazeta, Platonov began to head the “Our Land” department and write a permanent column “To fight the drought,” where he reviewed letters coming from the districts of the Voronezh province. In his journalism of that period, the key words were “hydrofication” and “hydrofication projects.” At this time, his journalistic brochure “Electrification” was published (Voronezh, 1921).
On February 5, 1922, Platonov’s activity in the fight against drought led him to the position of chairman of Gubkomhydro, which was then renamed the hydrofication department of the provincial land administration (Gubzu). Many materials have been preserved about his hydrofication and reclamation projects. Along with hydrology and land reclamation, Platonov attached great value electrification agriculture. From September 1923 to May 1925 he was in charge of work on the electrification of agriculture in the Provincial Land Administration. 
In 1922, Andrei married Maria Kashintseva, who came to Voronezh with her parents from Petrograd. On September 25 of the same year, their son Plato was born.
On February 22, 1924, A. Platonov was again accepted as a candidate of the RCP (b), but they were again in no hurry to be accepted as a party member.
In August 1924, a campaign of large-scale measures to combat drought unfolded in the Voronezh province. A. Platonov became a provincial ameliorator, organizer and leader of public reclamation work. Both he and his assistant hydraulic engineers took on a new and interesting task with great enthusiasm. The construction of wells and ponds, drainage of swamps, and irrigation of waterless areas began. The work was carried out in Bogucharsky, Rossoshansky, Ostrogozhsky, Valuysky districts of the Voronezh province. Thanks to his initiative and efficiency, the provincial ameliorator A. Platonov acquired great authority from the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, which controls the progress of public reclamation work in the province. The period from the end of 1924 to the beginning of 1925 became the peak in Platonov’s career as an engineer and leader. His journalism of that time was devoted only to the fight against drought: “Reclamation War against Drought” (February 1925), “How is the only way to eliminate drought” (March 1925). But by the end of the spring of 1925, government funding for public reclamation work was greatly reduced, and with it hopes for the implementation of grandiose projects of hydrofication and land management collapsed. Platonov had a hard time with the collapse of his plans, because he felt responsible for later life peasants He gave an honest assessment of this tragic outcome of reclamation work in his 1926 article “Will We Defeat the Drought?” The author saw the main obstacle to the implementation of his plans in the ill-conceived state policy on the peasant issue. This article was not completed and published.
In February 1926, at the First All-Russian Reclamation Meeting in Moscow, Platonov made a report on the state of affairs in the Central Black Earth Zone of the country. The meeting participants highly appreciated him as a specialist and elected him to the Central Committee of the trade union “Vserabotsemles”, where he took the position of deputy executive secretary of the Central Bureau of Land Managers.
In June 1926, A. Platonov, together with his wife and three-year-old son, moved to Moscow and settled in Central House specialists in Bolshoi Zlatoustinsky Lane. In the new place, Platonov was going to implement his plans for land reclamation; he also had literary plans. But he served there for exactly four weeks. The trade union bureaucrats did not accept the provincial producer. At the end of 1926, Platonov left for Tambov to head the reclamation department of Tambov Gubzu. But the work didn’t work out there either. The innovation and energy of the new manager, his desire to act, to put into practice the experience accumulated in the Voronezh province, and to implement his hydrofication and reclamation projects did not appeal to local officials. Platonov left Tambov and always remembered him with bitterness and irritation. He later reflected his experience of communicating with Tambov bureaucrats in his brilliant “City of Gradov”. The family remained in Moscow at this time, and he returned to the capital.
Having left Tambov, A. Platonov was left without work and deprived of the opportunity to realize himself as an innovative engineer. But big life experience, deep understanding folk life demanded activity. And since 1927 he main profession became literature. He persistently began to look for his place in it, trying himself in different genres and topics. The found form and style brought success and critical approval. Reviewers noted Platonov's unique language and the depth of his works - “Epiphanian Gateways” (1927), “The Hidden Man” (1928), “The Origin of the Master” (1929) and others.
But in 1929, political changes in the country led to strict control in the field of culture. The persecution and arrests of writers began. The social situation was aggravated by famine in Ukraine and forced collectivization. Gradually, Platonov’s attitude towards revolutionary changes changed to the point of non-acceptance.
At the end of 1929, criticism reached Platonov, whose works were sharp, raised ideological themes, went against the policy of the party, boldly criticizing its actions and pointing out mistakes. Platonov’s views were based on a certain ideal - communism. Communist society was supposed to be based, according to the writer, on the community of people. But Soviet society at the end of the 20s did not live up to this ideal. He saw the main enemy of this in bureaucracy, which separated people. And the most dangerous thing was Platonov’s conviction in the invincibility of bureaucracy, in the hopelessness of the country’s future. After the publication of the essay “Che-Che-O”, the stories “Doubting Makar” and “For the Future”, sharp criticism followed; Platonov was accused of anarcho-individualism. Publishing houses, for ideological reasons, stopped publishing his works.
At this time, A. Platonov finished work on the novel “Chevengur” (1929), originally called “Builders of Spring.” This is a socio-philosophical drama that reflects the writer’s youthful hopes for revolution, illusions and fantasies associated with building a new life. Main topic The novel is a disappointment about the curtailment of the NEP, the decline of democracy, and the triumph of the command-bureaucratic system. The novel “Chevengur” was published only in 1972 in Paris. It appeared in Russian in print only in 1989. 
In 1930, another major work by Platonov was created - the dystopian story “The Pit”. Its hero, in search of truth, ends up at a symbolic construction site where a building of a bright future is being erected. However, the foundation pit for the house ultimately turns into the grave of the future. This story also saw the light many years after the writer’s death.
Mid-1930s was filled with intense work, the writer was overwhelmed with ideas, he wrote the novel “Happy Moscow”, the plays “The Voice of the Father”, “Hurdy Organ”, articles about Pushkin, Akhmatova, Hemingway, Chapek, Green, Paustovsky, the story “The Juvenile Sea”, the stories “ Potudan River”, “Fro”, “Aphrodite”, “Clay House in the County Garden”.
At the end of March 1934, the writer and a group of colleagues visited Turkmenistan. The purpose of this trip was to write a collective collection dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the formation of Soviet Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan amazed and inspired Platonov, after this trip many interesting works, including the story “Jan” and the story “Takyr”. After returning from Turkmenistan, on May 21, 1934, Platonov was admitted to the Union Soviet writers. But criticism and rejection of his works continued. And the arrest of his fifteen-year-old son in 1938 further aggravated the writer’s position.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, A. Platonov and his family were evacuated to Ufa. In July 1942, he went to the front as a war correspondent for the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper. During the war, his story “Spiritualized People” was published three times as a separate edition; three collections of prose were published: “Stories about the Motherland”, “Armor” (1943), “Towards the Sunset” (1945). After the liberation of his native Voronezh, A. Platonov visited the city; he embodied his impressions of what he saw in the tale-essay “Resident hometown».
At the end of 1946, one of the best stories A. Platonova - “Return”, in which the author psychologically accurately described the changes that occurred with people during the war. But critics called the story slanderous and thus practically put an end to the writer’s lifetime publications.
In the late 1940s, deprived of the opportunity to earn a living literary work, the writer began processing Russian and Bashkir fairy tales.
IN recent years life, despite tuberculosis, Platonov worked a lot. The last work became the play Noah's Ark. The desperate writer, suffering from a long-term ban on the publication of his works, tried in vain to make the play suitable for publication. Death prevented the completion of the work. This Platonic text, which remained unknown for many years, was published in Novy Mir in 1993.
A.P. Platonov died on January 5, 1951 in Moscow, was buried in the Armenian cemetery next to his son (01/04/1943)
In 1954, his book “The Magic Ring and Other Tales” was published. With Khrushchev’s “thaw,” his other books began to be published, although the main works of A. Platonov, with significant censorship restrictions, became known to the general reader only in the 1980s. And some works by Andrei Platonov were discovered only in the 1990s. (for example, the novel “Happy Moscow” written in the 30s).
The significant contribution to Plato studies by Voronezh residents O. Yu. Aleinikov, L. A. Ivanova, E. G. Muschenko, V. A. Svitelsky, V. P. Skobelev, T. A. Nikonova and others.
Since 1989, they have been held at VSU; since 2000, the information and reference bulletin “Platonovsky Bulletin” has been published in Voronezh. In 2009, the Center for Spiritual Revival of the Black Earth Region published the book “Fairy Tales and Stories of Andrei Platonov.” Based on the stories of Andrei Platonov, the play “How far it all is - love, spring and youth...” was staged (produced by People's Artist Russia A. Ivanov). At the Voronezh Puppet Theater “Jester”, based on the fairy tale by A. Platonov, the play “The Magic Ring” is successfully performed. The Voronezh composer dedicated several chamber works to Platonov. The artist N. Konshina created illustrations for the works of A.P. Platonov.
Since 1999, the exhibition “Andrei Platonov” has been operating. In Voronezh, the name of Andrei Platonov is named Central city library, one of the Voronezh streets. An electric train that runs on local lines is named after Platonov. Opened in 1999, several installed memorial plaques. In 2009, the editors of the Voronezh newspaper “Commune”, together with the Union of Writers of Russia and its Voronezh branch, established an annual.
In November 2010, by government decree (No. 1016) Voronezh region established.
On June 4-17, 2011, it took place in Voronezh, which became a highlight in cultural life Voronezh region. The festival started in the year of the 425th anniversary of Voronezh and should become annual.
. Platonov A.P. Selected works: in 2 volumes / A.P. Platonov; entry Art. E. Krasnoshchekova. - M.: Artist. lit., 1978.
. Platonov A.P. Collected works: in 3 volumes /A. P. Platonov; note V. A. Chalmaeva. - M.: Sov. Russia, .
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. In a beautiful and furious world: Railway in the life and work of A.P. Platonov [booklet / comp. O. G. Lasunsky; ed.: E. G. Novichikhin, V. N. Ryzhkov]. - Voronezh: IPF "Voronezh", . - 20 s.
. Lasunsky O. G. Literary walk around Voronezh / O. G. Lasunsky. - Ed. 3rd, revised and additional - Voronezh: Spirit Center. revival of Chernozem. region, 2006. - 360 p.
. Lasunsky O. G. Resident of his hometown: The Voronezh years of Andrei Platonov. 1899-1926 / O. G. Lasunsky. - Ed. 2nd. - Voronezh: Spirit Center. revival of Chernozem. region, 2007. - 280 p.
. Voronezh Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia: personalities / ch. ed. O. G. Lasunsky. - 2nd ed., add. and corr. - Voronezh: Spirit Center. revival of Chernozem. region, 2009. - P. 412.
. Archive of A.P. Platonov. Book 1. Scientific ed. / answer ed. N.V. Kornienko. - M.: IMLI RAS, 2009. - 696 p.
. Varlamov A. N. Andrey Platonov / A. N. Varlamov. - M.: Young Guard, 2011. - 544, p., l. ill. : ill., photo. - (Life wonderful people: ZhZL: ser. biogr. ; issue 1494 (1294)). - Bibliography: p. 543-545.
Rec.: Grishin A. A secret sealed with seven seals // Neva. - 2011. - No. 8. - P. 194-198.
. Aleinikov O. Yu. Andrei Platonov and his novel “Chevengur”: [monograph] / O. Yu. Aleinikov. - Voronezh: Nauka-Unipress, 2013. - 222 p., l. ill. : ill.
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. The life and work of A.P. Platonov in the works of Voronezh residents (1963-1999): bibliogr. decree. / VOUNB im. I. S. Nikitina. - Voronezh, 1999. - 39 p.
. Andrey Platonovich Platonov. Life and creativity: biobibliogr. decree. prod. writer in Russian language, publ. in 1918 - Jan. 2000 Lit. about life and work / RSL; comp.-ed. V. P. Zaraisky. - M.: “Pashkov House”, 2001. - 340 p.
. A. P. Platonov in print (1922-2009): from the collections of O. G. Lasunsky and A. Ya. Prikhodko in the collections of the Voronezh Regional Universal Scientific Library named after. I. S. Nikitina / comp. O. B. Kalinina; [ed. L. V. Simvolokova; entry Art. O. G. Lasunsky]. - Voronezh: VOUNB im. I. S. Nikitina, 2011. - 144 p. : color ill.