Individual characteristics of the speech of the old man in the comedy of the undergrowth. The image and character of Prostakova based on the comedy Minor (D. I. Fonvizin)

20.04.2019

MBOU "Ershichskaya" high school» Speech characterization of a character as a means of creating a comic situation (based on D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor”) (project) Prepared by: 8B grade student Kristina Mikhaleva Supervisor: V.A. Bokataya s. Ershichi 2016 Purpose, objectives of the project, object and method of research:

Show how the author uses the character's speech to literary work in the comedy genre creates a comic situation and artistic image character.

Project objectives: - read D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor”

- Observe Ms. Prostakova’s speech, make extracts from this character’s remarks and monologues; -conduct an analysis of Prostakova’s speech - answer the question of how Prostakova’s speech helps to make funny situation, as well as how speech characterizes the character; - draw conclusions from the observations made

Object of study: Prostakova’s speech from D.I. Fonvizin’s comedy “The Minor”

Research method: observation, extracts, generalization

DI. Fonvizin (1745-1792) Speech characteristics of Ms. Prostakova Characteristics of Prostakova

The central character of the play is Mrs. Prostakova. She manages the household, beats her husband, keeps the servants in terror, and raises her son Mitrofan. “Now I scold, now I fight, and that’s how the house holds together.” No one dares to resist her power: “am I not powerful in my people?” Speech characterization is the main way of creating Prostakova’s character. The heroine's language changes depending on who she is addressing. Mrs. Prostakova calls her servants “thieves”, “rascals”, “beast”, “dog’s daughter”. He addresses Mitrofan: “my dear friend,” “dulyenka.” He greets guests respectfully: “I recommend you a dear guest,” “you are welcome.” There are also tragic elements in the image of Prostakova. This ignorant and self-interested “disdainful fury” loves and sincerely cares about her son. At the end of the play, rejected by Mitrofan, she becomes humiliated and pitiful: - You are the only one left with me. - Yes, get rid of it... - I don’t have a son... It is characteristic that the speech of this hypocritical lady is capable of completely changing its color in conversations with people on whom she depends: here is her language. acquires flattering, cunning intonations, she punctuates the conversation with constant ingratiation and words of praise. Her speech is rude and angry, rich. swear words, abuse and threats, emphasizing the despotism and ignorance of the landowner, her callous attitude towards the peasants, whom she does not consider to be people from whom she rips off “three skins” and at the same time is indignant and reproaches them. “Five rubles a year and five slaps a day” receives from her Eremeevna, Mitrofan’s faithful and devoted servant and nanny (“mother”), whom Prostakova calls “an old bastard”, “a nasty hare”, “a dog’s daughter”, “a beast”, “a scumbag”.

Prostakova

Prostakova is the central negative character, a representative of the serf nobility. Fonvizin is depicted as an uneducated, ignorant and evil woman who holds all the power in the family: “I scold, then I fight, and that’s how the house holds together.” She is convinced that education is unnecessary and even harmful: “people live and have lived without science.” A two-faced person: she communicates haughtily, rudely, even aggressively with serfs, teachers, husband, brother, and tries to flatter the people on whom her position depends. Confirmation of the same thought is the change in attitude towards Sophia. Pravdin calls her “a despicable woman whose hellish disposition brings misfortune to the whole house.” The only person who inspires her with good feelings is her son Mitrofanushka, “dear friend”, “darling”. That’s why in the finale it’s even a pity for her, because he also turns away from her.

Examples of Prostakova's speech

Trishke - “cattle”, “swindler”, “thief’s mug”, “blockhead”; Eremeevna - “beast”, “scum”, “dog’s daughter”. Starodum - “benefactor”. “Whatever the peasants had, we took it away; we won’t be able to rip it off.” “Cheaters, thieves, swindlers! I’ll order everyone to be beaten to death.”
Mrs. Prostakova (Trishke). -And you, brute, come closer. Didn’t I tell you, you thieving mug, that you should make your caftan wider? The first child grows; another, a child and without a narrow caftan of delicate build. Tell me, idiot, what is your excuse? (Rudity and rudeness)
Mrs. Prostakova (rushing to hug Sophia). Congratulations, Sofyushka! Congratulations, my soul! I'm overjoyed! Now you need a groom. I, I don’t wish for a better bride for Mitrofanushka. That's it, uncle! That's my dear father! I myself still thought that God protects him, that he is still alive. (Hypocrisy and ingratiation)
Mrs. Prostakova. He, my father, is suffering from what we call here, tetanus. Sometimes, with his eyes wide open, he stands rooted to the spot for an hour. I didn’t do anything with him; what he couldn’t put up with from me! You won't get through anything. If the tetanus goes away, then, my father, it will become so bad that you ask God for tetanus again. (Tactlessness and self-confidence in one’s power over everyone)
Mrs. Prostakova. (Eremeevna) Are you a girl, are you a dog’s daughter? Do I have no maids in my house, besides your nasty face? Where is the broadsword? (Despotism)

Let's draw conclusions

How does speech characterize the personality of the hero of a dramatic work? Prostakova, whose maiden name was Skotinina, displays her animal nature: “Have you ever heard of a bitch giving away her puppies? »
There are also apt proverbial expressions in her rough, often primitive speech (“as if hung by the tongue”, “where there is anger, there is mercy”, “the sword does not cut off a guilty head”). but the main thing distinguishing feature Prostakova’s speech - frequent use of vernacular (“pervoet”, “deushka”, “arihmetika”, “roben”, “sweat him and pamper”) and vulgarisms (“... and you, beast, were dumbfounded, and you didn’t bite your brother’s face, and you didn’t tear his snout up to his ears...").
All this creates comical situations in which Prostakova constantly finds herself. However, the laughter of the play is not so harmless, since the owner of such speech is a terrible person in her cruelty and rudeness, and Prostakova’s personal tragedy does not evoke sympathy

Prostakova is a typical serf woman. The way she treats her servants testifies to her power and cruelty; the servants are not people to her, so she allows them to be humiliated and suppressed, and sometimes physically tortured. And Prostakova doesn’t value her husband at all. Prostakova’s speech speaks of her limitations, lack of education, she usually pronounces words incorrectly, distorts proverbs as she wants.

Prostakova is flattering to those from whom she hopes to benefit; Her flattering words are immediately discerned by the smart Starodum, so he sneers at her.

Prostakova does not raise her son, but only spoils Mitrofan with her blind love, indulging his laziness and sloppiness. Mitrofan cannot learn from his mother either humanity, education, or good speech. As was customary in classicism, the heroes of the comedy “The Minor” are clearly divided into negative and positive. However, the most memorable and striking are the negative characters, despite their despotism and ignorance: Mrs. Prostakova, her brother Taras Skotinin and Mitrofan himself. They are interesting and ambiguous. It is with them that comic situations are associated, full of humor, and bright liveliness of dialogues. Positive characters do not evoke such vivid emotions, although they are sounding boards that reflect author's position. Educated, endowed only

positive features

, they are ideal - they cannot commit lawlessness, lies and cruelty are alien to them.	Let us describe each of the characters in more detail:	Heroes
Characteristic
Character Speech	Negative characters	Trishke - “cattle”, “swindler”, “thief’s mug”, “blockhead”; To Eremeevna - “beast”, “rascal”, “dog’s daughter”. To Starodum - “benefactor.” “Whatever the peasants had, we took it away, we won’t be able to rip anything off.” “Rogues, thieves, swindlers! I’ll order everyone to be beaten to death.”
Skotinin	Another sharply negative character, the owner of a bestial surname, narcissistic and cruel. His only passion is pigs and everything connected with them gives his image a certain semblance of an animal.	“I haven’t read anything since I was born... God saved me from this boredom.” “I love pigs...” “Are there pigs in your villages?” “I want to have my own piglets.” “... I’ll break the devil... if I were a pig’s son... “Eco happiness has fallen.” “I would have… by the legs, but on the corner,” “Oh, you damn pig!” - Mitrofan. “Look how she screamed” - about her sister.
Mitrofan	A minor of sixteen years old, the son of provincial landowners. His name is “speaking”, because Mitrofan translated from Greek means “like a mother.” The same two-faced: a tyrant towards his family, humiliatingly asks for forgiveness from Starodum in the finale. He has undeniable cunning. For example, a dream where “mother beats father.” Education depends on life, environment, and the conditions of a person’s formation. Mitrofan, who grew up in an ignorant family, is himself ignorant, stupid and lazy. Mitrofanushka is not only a complete ignorant who has an aversion to learning, but also an egoist; for him there is nothing significant except his own interests. “An ignoramus without a soul is a beast,” according to Starodum. Rude and cruel towards serfs, teachers, nanny, father. “Although he is sixteen years old, he has already reached the last degree of his perfection and will not go further,” Sophia says about him. “The damned pig,” as his uncle calls him, is the final result of the degradation of the nobility under a soul-crippling upbringing. Historically, a young nobleman who did not receive a written certificate of training from his teacher was considered a “minor.” He was not accepted into the service and was not allowed to marry. Thanks to comedy, the image of the “undergrown” has become a household word: this is usually what they say about stupid and ignorant people.	Eremeevne - “old Khrychovka”; uncle - “Get out, uncle; get lost"; “garrison rat” - to teacher Tsyfirkin.. “Take them and Eremeevna too” - about teachers. “I don’t want to study, I want to get married.” “To hell with everything!”
Prostakov	The person is weak-willed and weak. It’s definitely impossible to say about him that he is the “head of the family.” Submits to his wife in everything and fears her. He prefers not to have his own opinion - the scene with sewing a caftan: “Before your eyes, mine see nothing.” Illiterate “spineless henpecked”, in essence, he is not that bad person. He loves Mitrofan, “as a parent should.” “He is humble,” Pravdin says about him.
Positive characters
Pravdin	A government official sent to check the situation on the Prostakov estate. Arbitrariness, in his opinion, is an unforgivable vice. Tyranny deserves punishment. Therefore, the truth will prevail and the estate of the cruel and despotic Prostakova will be taken away in favor of the state.	“From the struggle of my heart, I do not fail to notice the malicious ignoramuses who, having power over their people, use it inhumanly for evil.” “So that there is no shortage of worthy people, special efforts are made to educate.”
Sophia	Starodum's niece. A decent, kind, smart girl. Translated from greek name her "wisdom". Honest and educated. “God has given you all the pleasures of your sex,... heart honest man“,” Starodum tells her.	“How can the heart not be content when the conscience is calm... It is impossible not to love the rules of virtue... They are ways of happiness.” “I will use all my efforts to earn the good opinion of worthy people.”
Starodum	Sophia's uncle and guardian. Acts as a sounding board, expressing the author's thoughts. His name says that he was raised in the era of Peter and adheres to its ideals, when they served at court faithfully and honestly, without fawning over " strongmen of the world this." And he honestly earned his fortune and position: he was on military service, also served at court. Has straightforwardness and impatience for injustice. A person endowed with power, in his opinion, should not in any way violate the rights of other people.	“Enlightenment elevates one virtuous soul.” “Cash money is not cash dignity.” “Ranks begin, sincerity ceases.” “Have a heart, have a soul, and you will be a man at all times.” “The dignity of the heart is indivisible.” “The main goal of all knowledge.” human - good behavior."
Milo	A handsome officer, Sophia's fiancé. Despite his youth, he already took part in hostilities, where he showed himself heroically. Modest. “A young man of great merit,” “the entire public considers him an honest and worthy person,” according to Starodum.	"I'm in love and I have the happiness of being loved.”“I believe true fearlessness is in the soul, not in the heart...”
Minor characters
Tsyfirkin	In the past he was a soldier, so he values the concepts of duty and honor: “I took money for service, but I didn’t take it in vain and I won’t take it.” Rough, but straightforward and honest. “I don’t like to live idly,” he says. "Direct kind person"named Starodum.	“Here gentlemen are good commanders!” “Here there is rapid fire every day for three hours in a row.” “Hello for a hundred years, yes twenty, and another fifteen, countless years.”
Kuteikin	A half-educated seminarian with a “speaking” surname: kutia is a ritual porridge, an obligatory Christmas and funeral dish. The man is undoubtedly cunning, as evidenced by the choice of text when teaching Mitrofan: “I am a worm, and not a man, a reproach of men,” “that is, an animal, a cattle.” Greedy for money, tries not to miss what he has.	Church Slavonic vocabulary: “utter darkness”, “woe is me a sinner”, “the call was”, “I came”, “fearing the abyss of wisdom”.
Vralman	German Adam Adamovich is Starodum's former coachman. The man is a rogue, as his last name suggests, posing as a scientist who can teach “French and all the sciences,” but he himself interferes with other teachers. The owner of a lackey's soul, tries to please Prostakova, praising Mitrofan. He himself is ignorant and uncultured.	“They want to kill the turnip!” “Shiuchi with the best horses, as far as I’m concerned, I’m all with the little horses.”
Eremeevna	Mitrofan's nanny. She sincerely serves in the Prostakovs’ house, loves her pupil Mitrofan, but is rewarded for her service like this: “Five rubles a year, up to five slaps a day.”	“... I would have broken down with him... I wouldn’t even take care of my fangs.”... you don’t know how to serve anymore... I would be glad if nothing else... you don’t regret your belly... but everything is not to your liking."

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Untitled

Speechand personalcharacteristics of heroescomedy

DI. Fonvizin "Minor"

Recently read comedy by D.I. Fonvizin’s “Minor” made me think about the question: “Is it possible to recognize a person’s character, his moral principles just by name and speech; and whether the name and the words spoken by her are connected at all in her personality.” Let's conduct research on this topic.

First of all, we note that a The second quite aptly selects the names of the main characters. Hardly this fact can be attributed solely to the author’s desire to give a “challenge” V catchy and memorable names for the heroes. Rather, it should be assumed that Fonvizin is trying in this way to enhance the impression he receives from the play.Deep connoisseur human souls, Fonvizin understands that the names of the heroes are exactly what the common man most often pays attention to. Thus, being an excellent satirist, the author initially sets the reader in a comical mood.Now let's come closer to the comedy itself.

So, the names of the heroes:

Mitrofan. According to the directory of male names - Name Greek origin , translated from Latin stands for “revealed by the mother.” It should be assumed that the name can be deciphered, How "Sissy", those. Human, everything is possible warded by mother, loving and respectful her more than her father. This name couldn't be betterconveys the whole nature hero.

As for speech features, then in words Mitrofan is clearly visible exactly love for your mother.He tries in every possible way to highlight his mother inthe society in which it is located, And it doesn’t matter if the people are close he is surrounded or strangers. Undoubtedly One should also highlight such a characteristic of the hero as a complete inability for various kinds of sciences and learning in general. Maybe that’s why after the comedy was published, the name Mitrofan became a common noun, denoting people who are narrow-minded and simple in their inner world.Let's look from the text:

Mitrofan. This? Adjective.

Pravdin. Why?

Mitrofan. Because it is attached to its place. Over there by the pole closet

week the door has not been hung yet: so for now that is a noun.

Or here, again:

Mitrofan (softened up). So I felt sorry.

Mrs. Prostakova (with annoyance). Who, Mitrofanushka?

Mitrofan. You, mother: you are so tired, beating your father.

Mrs. Prostakova. Surround me, my dear friend! Here's my son, one of mine

comfort.

Sophia. Just like Mitrofan, the name has ancient Greek roots. Means "wisdom". We can also assume that the author gives this name to his heroine, in connection with short form name - Sonya. The name Sonya is popularly associated with the quality of sleepiness. In the comedy, Sophia is a young girl who has not yet shown her nature, her character, who has not fully “awakened” after childhood. We don't know what it will be like in the future. Will she accept the qualities of Starodum, her uncle, or will she be the exact opposite, like Mrs. Prostakova.

Sophia's speech shows that the heroine is polite, loves and is grateful to her uncle. She never allows herself to scold a person, take offense at him or hate him. Sophia is quite sweet; her speech reveals the tenderness characteristic of every well-bred girl. Just one phrase:

« I have now received good news. Uncle, about whom so much for a long time we knew nothing, whom I love and honor as my father, I came to Moscow these days » ,

reveals to us the whole essence of this charming girl.

Milo. The name comes from Western languages. Denotes dear, beloved. It can be argued that Fonvizin gave the name to the hero not by chance, since Sophia loves Milon, hence the “beloved”. One should also not discount the possibility, although not great, that the author had some kind of association between Milo and melon (Melon (English) - melon), since his speeches are very sweet.

Based on Milo’s speech style, it is noticeable that the hero is a kind, sympathetic, brave person.

“I will tell you the secret of my heart, dear friend! I am in love and have the happiness of being loved. For more than six months I have been separated from the one who is dearer to me than anything else in the world, and what is even sadder is that I have not heard anything about her during all this time... Maybe she is now in the hands of some self-interested people who, taking advantage of her orphanhood, her, they keep her in tyranny. From this one thought I'm beside myself »

ABOUT the bottom is just a phrase, but how it reveals all Milon's feelings for Sophia.

Mrs. Prostakova and Mr. Prostakov are Mitrofan's parents. Their surname speaks of a very important quality - simplicity. As for the type of this simplicity, it is obvious that first of all one should assume spiritual simplicity. Which also implies poor spiritual world heroes. Is it possible to find confirmation of these thoughts? Undoubtedly, but first let’s say a few words about Mitrofan’s mother. Prostakova comes from a family of nobles named Skotinin. Her father was ignorant, which is why she and her brother (Skotinin) are ignoramuses. Prostakova is a very wayward person, looking for benefit everywhere. Her whole essence is reflected in her last name. It can be assumed that her father or grandfather got the title of nobleman not by inheritance, but by length of service or in some other way. The validity of this assumption is confirmed by the complete lack of manners instilled in childhood; she was probably raised by people not accustomed to the nobility, who were unable to give her the proper noble education and upbringing.

Prostakova's speech is very original and interesting. She never allows herself to address her husband kindly and with respect, but she treats her son so reverently and with such love that everyone can only silently envy. She often calls the servants brutes, apparently because she herself was once Skotinina.

Mrs. Prostakova (Trishke). And you, brute, come closer. Didn't you say

I tell you, you thieving mug, to make your caftan wider. Child, first,

growing up, another, a child without a narrow caftan of delicate build.

Tell me, idiot, what is your excuse?

Prostakov is the complete opposite of his wife. Prostakov pleases his wife in everything and has no word of his own. It is very difficult to call him a person, rather an individual.

Prostakov. Yes, I thought, mother, that it seemed so to you.

Mrs. Prostakova. Are you blind yourself?

Prostakov. With your eyes, mine see nothing.

Mrs. Prostakova. This is the kind of hubby God gave me: he doesn’t understand

figure out for yourself what is wide and what is narrow.

The following characters: Starodum, Pravdin, Skotinin, Kuteikin, Tsyfirkin and Vralman have corresponding “speaking” surnames that characterize the characters even more than their speech patterns.

Starodum is Sophia's uncle. He always speaks in aphorisms. For example:

“Ranks begin, Sincerity ceases”

“Without a soul, the most enlightened, clever woman is a pitiful creature.”

This characterizes him as a wise man, knowledgeable about life, and has seen a lot in his lifetime.

Pravdin is an official. An old friend of Starodum, maybe that’s why he’s trying to get the truth everywhere, speaks only the truthand at the same time believes that everyone also acts in the truth.

Pravdin. But those worthy people who serve the state at the court...

Skotinin. Isn't a nobleman free to beat a servant whenever he wants?

Kuteikin, Tsyfirkin, Vralman - the so-called teachers of Mitrofan. TO Uteikin is a seminarian. Teaches vocabulary for my son Simplicity and the kovs. Tsyfirkin is a retired sergeant.Without proper education, he teaches Mitrofan mathematics. Vralman - German, s and that they actually hire him as a teacher Mitrofanushka.

In fact, it turns out that Vralman is a simple coachman, but a German for that!

Kuteikin. What a devilry! You won't achieve much in the morning. Here

every morning will flourish and perish.

Tsyfirkin. And our brother lives like this forever. Don't do things, don't run away from things.

That's the trouble for our brother, how bad the food is, like today for lunch here

there were no provisions...At the same time, the whole trio) She has settled quite tightly in the Prostakovs’ house, although occasionally disagreements and squabbles arise between them.

Tsyfirkin. And we will give them the honor. I'll finish the board...

Kuteikin. And I am a book of hours.

Vralman. I'm going to play pranks on my mistress.

Eremeevna - Mitrofan's nanny, a simple Russian woman, lovinghis pupillike her own son and always ready to defend him.

Mitrofan. Mommy! shield me.

Eremeevna (shielding Mitrofan, becoming furious and raising her fists). I'll die

on the spot, but I won’t give up the child. Show up, sir, just kindly show up. I

I’ll scratch out those thorns.

Total, 13 heroes, 13 different names, 13 different images . But what they all have in common is that DI. Fonvizin gave them names similar to their characters, which once again emphasizes author's skill. The names of the characters become the highlight of the work. And now we come to the conclusion that name and characterheroes in the work inalienably connected to each other.How reasonable was it (to give such names to the characters)? I think that this is the right step of the author, since I personally remembered these names, and perhaps for the rest of my life, even before finishing reading the play.

Untitled Speech and nominal characteristics of the heroes of the comedy D.I. Fonvizin “Undergrown” A recently read comedy by D.I. Fonvizin’s “Minor” made me think about the question: “Is it possible to recognize the character just by name and speech?

Semakova Anastasia

Characteristics of Mrs. Prostakova, Mitrofanushka, Skotinin through the speech of the heroes

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MBOU "Selmenga Secondary School"
branch "Topetskaya Basic School"

Research work on Russian language

8th grade students

Semakova Anastasia

Swear words are a means of speech characterization of the characters in the play.
DI. Fonvizin "Minor"

Head of work – Fedoseeva S.V.

October, 2013

Introduction

Target - explore swear words in the speech of the characters in the play by D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth".

Tasks :

Determine what swear words are and what marks they have in dictionaries.
Extract from the text of the play by D.I. Fonvizin vocabulary that can be classified as abusive, and analyze the etymology and lexical meaning of these words.
Determine how the swear words of the characters in the play characterize them.
Draw conclusions about how abusive language characterizes the characters in the play.

This paper examines the use of swear words by the characters in the play by D.I. Fonvizin “Undergrowth”, with the aim of characterizing the characters.

Speech always characterizes the speaker:

Study

“Dictionary of the Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences” (MAS), edited by A.P. Evgenieva indicates that the adjective abusive refers to the word swearing, and the interpretation of swearing gives as “offensive, abusive words, swearing” and notes the connotation of this word “condemnation, censure, reproaches.”

Let's try to characterize the heroes of the work by D.I. Fonvizin “Undergrown”, using abusive language in their speech. To do this, we wrote out lines containing abusive language from the text of the play, and based on this we compiled a table:

Hero of the play	Action/ phenomenon	Whom is he talking to?	What does it say
Ms. Prostakova		Trischke	And you, beast , come closer. Didn't I tell you thief's mug I wish you could make your caftan wider. Tell, idiot What is your excuse?
			While searching, he argues. A tailor learned from another, another from a third, and who did the first tailor learn from? Speak up, cattle.
		Trischke	Get out, you beast.
		Eremeevna	So you feel sorry for the sixth one, beast?
		Eremeevna	Well... and you, beast , dumbfounded, but you didn’t glared at my brother haryu , and you didn’t pull him apart dug up to my ears... Yes...yes what...not your child, beast! You, the old witch, burst into tears.
		Eremeevna	All of you beasts zealous in words only, but not in deeds...
		Eremeevna	Are you a girl? you're a dog's daughter ? Is there anything in my house other than yours? nasty hari, and no maids!
		Eremeevna about the serf Palashka	Lying down! Oh, she's a beast! Lying down! As if noble!
		Eremeevna about the serf Palashka	She's delusional, she's a beast ! As if noble!
		Sophia	Perhaps a letter for me. (Almost throws up.) I bet it's some kind of amorous. And I can guess from whom. This is from that officer who was looking to marry you and whom you yourself wanted to marry. Yes which one beast Gives you letters without my asking! I'll get there. This is what we have come to. They write letters to girls! Girls can read and write!
		Starodum About Me	Oh, I'm such a fool ! Father! I'm sorry. I stupid .
		Milo about my husband	Don't be angry, my father, what freak mine missed you. That's right I'm a baby born, my father.
		household members and serfs	Rogues! The thieves! Fraudsters!I'll order everyone to be beaten to death!
		everyone About Me	Oh me, the dog's daughter! What have I done!
Skotinin		Pravdin	How! The nephew should interrupt his uncle! Yes, I like him at the first meeting damn I'll break it. Well, if I pig son , if I am not her husband, or Mitrofan freak.
		Mitrofan	Oh, you damn pig!
		Pravdin	I myself won’t take my eyes off it without the elected official telling me stories. Master, dog son , where does everything come from!
Mitrofan		Eremeevna	Well, another word, old Khrychovka!
Tsyfirkin		Vralman	Why did you frown your eyebrows? Chukhon owl!
Kuteikin		Vralman	Damn owl! Why are you patting your teeth?
Vralman		Tsyfirkin and Kuteikin	What the hell are you doing, you beast? Shuta suntes.
		Tsyfirkin and Kuteikin	How to put it down to the arithmetic of dustluthi turaki sandy!

For the etymological analysis of words, we used the dictionary of N.M. Shansky. All words from the list we compiled are marked “Obshcheslav.” and “Original”, except for words fury , borrowed from the Polish language, which came there from Greek language, And canine , which refers to the word dog, borrowed from the Iranian language.Based on their origin, all the swear words from the play “The Minor” can be divided into groups:

Animal origin:

Livestock = wealth, money. This is explained by the fact that cattle served as bargaining chips.
Mug. Origin unclear. Presumably a contraction of Khavrya Sow. In this case, mug literally means “pig snout.”
Bestia. From the argot of seminarians.Is a rethinking of lat. bestia “beast, animal”, Bestia “animal” literally means “breathing”. Dictionary V.I. Dalia points to the Latin origin of this word.
Chushka is a suffixal derivative of chukha “pig”, derived from “imitative” chug-chug . Chukha → pig (alternating x//sh). Dictionary V.I. Dalia gives an explanation of the word chukha as "snout, nose, pig's grunt."
Canine is an adjective formed from the noun dog.
Snout is the front part of the head in some animals.

Borrowing from Greek mythology- Fury.
Devil / Devil - origin unclear. Presumably "he who digs lives in the earth" and further - "underground spirit."
Blockhead - origin unclear. Presumably a suffixal derivative oflost bally, bally "log".

Let's consider the lexical meaning (LZ) of swear words (according to the dictionaries of V. I. Dahl and S. I. Ozhegov)

Words	LZ	Litters
		« Explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language" by V.I. Dahl	Dictionary of the Russian language by S.I. Ozhegov.
livestock	“an animal-like man”	“abusive”	“figurative” “colloquial” “expletive”
mug	“bad, disgusting face, mug”		“colloquial” “abusive”
idiot	“stupid, fool, ignorant, ignorant”		“abusive” “colloquial”
beast	“a rogue, a sneak, an impudent swindler, a clever and daring rogue”	“abusive”	“colloquial”
fool / fool	“stupid man, dumbass”		“colloquial” “abusive”
crap	“the personification of evil, the enemy of the human race: unclean, black power, Satan, devil, evil one”	“abusive”
khrych / khrychovka	“old man, old man”	“abusive or humorous”	“colloquial” “abusive”
pig /chukhna	“the same as a pig” (according to S.I. Ozhegov) “clueless fool” (according to V.I. Dahl)	“abusive”	“colloquial”
canine	“grumpy, abusive” (according to V.I. Dahl’s dictionary)	“abusive”	“colloquial” “disapproving”
deadhead	“slow person”		“disapproving” “colloquial”
rogue	“a person who likes to be cunning, disingenuous” (according to S.I. Ozhegov)		“colloquial”
thief	“a swindler, a slacker, a deceiver; traitor” (according to V.I. Dahl’s dictionary) “traitor, villain” (according to S.I. Ozhegov)
scammer	“rogue, swindler”
freak	“immoral, a person of bad rules or inclinations” (according to V.I. Dahl’s dictionary) “a person with some bad, negative properties” (according to S.I. Ozhegov)
snout	“same as face”	“abusive”	“colloquial” “abusive”

Most of the words that the characters in the play “The Minor” swear at refer to colloquial and colloquial vocabulary and are labeled “abusive.”

conclusions

So, abusive language as an address is most often present in the speech of Mrs. Prostakova (“And you, cattle, come closer”, “Didn’t I tell you, you thieving mug, to let your caftan widen”, “Get out, you cattle” , “Well... and you, beast, were dumbfounded, and you didn’t dig into your brother’s mug, and you didn’t tear his snout to the ears,” “Tell me, idiot, how will you justify yourself?”). Addressing her maids, Prostakova most often calls them beasts and servants beasts, moreover, when she wants to achieve something from influential people, then he begins to humiliate himself in front of them, for example: “Oh, I’m an incredible fool! Father! I'm sorry. I'm a fool". Since she always uses rude words from colloquial vocabulary, which are not diverse and are related in origin to the animal world, it can be argued that Prostakova is uneducated, ignorant, rude, and cruel to those who cannot protect themselves from her rudeness. Prostakova uses abusive language when communicating with her servants, brother and husband or talking about them, for example: “Don’t be angry, my father, that my freak missed you. I was born so young, my father.” The same applies to her son Mitrofan and brother Skotinin, who use swear words of animal origin as addresses, for example: “Oh, you damn pig!”

Throughout the entire play, the author constantly plays in the speech of the characters with words of animal origin, thereby trying to expose the bestial behavior of some characters, even though they are people of noble noble origin. For example, the word livestock appears in the play different meanings. “When only cattle can be happy among us, then your wife will have bad peace from them and from us,” - in Pravdin’s speech, the word cattle can be understood in different ways: “ common name domestic animals” or “animal-like person”. Cattle is the root of the surname of the hero of the play Skotinin. And Prostakova herself, although she now bears the same surname, was also originally Skotinina. It is no coincidence that Kuteikin dictates the words to Mitrofan: “I am cattle” (I am cattle). With the help of these words, Fonvizin constantly ridicules the lack of education and rudeness of the Prostakov and Skotinin family, showing their true essence. The author is trying to convince the reader that, no matter how noble a person’s origin may be, with bestial behavior he will be worse than the cattle itself.

Three teachers, Tsyfirkin, Kuteikin and Vralman, although they are teachers, behave very hostilely towards each other, using the same words of animal origin when meeting. As Prostakova herself is, she chose such teachers for her son: rude and uneducated.

Consequently, abusive language characterizes the heroes of Fonvizin’s play “The Minor” as rude, vicious, uneducated, ignorant people.

Bibliography

Emelyanenko E. M. Predicate nouns with the meaning of a negative evaluation // RYASh, 1990, No. 5, pp. 73 - 76.
Kimyagarova R. S., Bash L. M., Ilyushina L. A. Dictionary of the language of comedy by D. I. Fonvizin “Minor”. -http://www.philol.msu.ru/~slavmir2009/sections/?secid=9- International scientific symposium “Slavic languages and cultures in modern world" - Moscow, Faculty of Philology, Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosov, March 24–26, 2009
Krysin L.P. Relationships of modern literary language and vernacular // RYASH, 1988, No. 2, pp. 81 - 88.
The full text of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl (vols. 1-4, 1863-66) in accordance with modern spelling rules.http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/dal
Dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegova. 10th edition, stereotypical. Ed. the doctors philological sciences, Professor N.Yu. Shvedova. Publishing house " Soviet Encyclopedia", Moscow - 1973.http://www.ozhegov.org
Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes /AS USSR, Institute of the Russian Language; Ed. A.P.Evgenieva. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Russian language, 1985 -1988. T.1. A - J. 1985. - 696 p. T.2. K-O. 1986. - 736 p.
Shansky. N. M. Shkolny etymological dictionary Russian language. Origin of words / N. M. Shansky, T. A. Bobrova. - 7th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2004. - 398, p.http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/shansky/
Fonvizin D.I. Minor //Fonvizin D.I., Griboedov A.S., Ostrovsky A.N. Selected works / Editorial Board: G. Belenky, P. Nikolaev, A. Puzikov; Comp. And entry. Article by V. Turbin; Comp. section "Applications" and notes. Yu. Dvinskaya. - M.: Artist. Lit., 1989. - 608 p.

The comedy "The Minor" is recognized best work the outstanding Russian playwright D.I. Fonvizin. In it, the writer truthfully depicted Russian feudal reality, exposed it, in the words of V. G. Belinsky, “as if to shame, in all its nakedness, in all its terrifying ugliness.”

The cruelty and arbitrariness of the landowners declare themselves in Fonvizin’s comedy “at the top of his voice.” Serf owners like Prostakova and Skotinin commit their lawlessness in full confidence in their own rightness. The local nobility completely forgot about honor, conscience, and civic duty. Landowners have a stupid disregard for culture and education, interpret laws based only on their own benefit, at their own discretion and understanding. And it is simply not possible for ignorant, illiterate serf owners to understand these laws: for example, in the Decree on the freedom of the nobility, Prostakova sees only confirmation of the nobleman’s right to flog his servant “whenever he wants.” The only thing that upsets her about her peasants is “injustice.” “Since we took away everything the peasants had, we can’t take anything back. Such a disaster! - Prostakova complains to her brother.

Trying to give brightness and persuasiveness to the images, Fonvizin reveals the features of their character not only with the help of depicting behavior, actions, outlook on life, but also with the help of well-aimed speech characteristics. The characters of the comedy, primarily negative ones, are endowed with a mark, deeply individualized speech, sharply distinguishing each of them from the other characters and emphasizing the main features, main shortcomings and vices of this or that person.

Everyone's speech characters in “Nedorosl” differs both in lexical composition and intonation. Creating your heroes, giving them bright linguistic features, Fonvizin widely uses all the wealth of life folk speech. He introduces numerous folk proverbs and sayings, widely uses common and swear words and expressions.

The most striking and expressive are the linguistic characteristics landed nobility. Reading the words spoken by these characters, it is simply impossible not to guess who they belong to. The speech of the characters is impossible to confuse, just as it is impossible to confuse the characters themselves with someone - they are such bright, colorful figures. So, Prostakova is a powerful, despotic, cruel, vile landowner. At the same time, she is incredibly hypocritical, capable of adapting to situations, changing her views solely for the purpose of her own benefit. This greedy, cunning lady actually turns out to be cowardly and helpless.

All of the above features of Prostakova are clearly illustrated by her speech - rude and angry, full of swear words, swearing and threats, emphasizing the despotism and ignorance of the landowner, her soulless attitude towards the peasants, whom she does not consider to be people, from whom she tears off “three skins” and He is indignant at this and reproaches them. “Five rubles a year and five slaps a day” is received from her by Eremeevna, Mitrofan’s faithful and devoted servant and nanny (“mother”), whom Prostakova calls “an old bastard”, “a nasty mug”, “a dog’s daughter”, “ beast", "canals". Prostakova is also outraged by the girl Palashka, who lies and raves, vabolev, “as if she were noble.” “Fraud”, “cattle”, “thief’s mug” - these words are brought down by Prostakov on the head of the serf Trishka, who sewed a “pretty good” caftan for the “child” Mitrofan. In this, Prostakova herself is confident that she is right; due to ignorance, she is simply not able to understand that peasants should be treated differently, that they are also people and deserve appropriate treatment. “I manage everything myself, father. From morning to evening, as if suspended by the tongue, I don’t report my hands: I scold, I fight; That’s how the house holds together, my father!” - the landowner confidentially informs the official Pravdin.

It is characteristic that the speech of this hypocritical lady is capable of completely changing its color in conversations with people on whom she depends: here her language acquires flattering, cunning intonations, she alternates the conversation with constant ingratiation and laudatory words. When meeting guests, Prostakova’s speech acquires a touch of secularism” (“I recommend you dear guest”, “You are welcome”), and in her humiliated lamentations, when after the failed abduction of Sophia she begs for forgiveness for herself, her speech is close to the people’s (“Oh, my priests , the sword does not cut off a guilty head. My sin! (To Sophia.) Have mercy on me (pointing to my husband and son) and on the poor orphans."

Prostakova’s speech also changes in those moments when she communicates with her son, Mitrofanushka: “Live forever, learn forever, my dear friend!”, “darling.” This despotic landowner loves her son and therefore addresses him affectionately, at times naively and even humiliatingly: “Don’t be stubborn, darling. Now it’s time to show yourself,” “Thanks to God, you already understand so much that you’ll raise the kids yourself.” But even in this case, Prostakova, whose maiden name was Sktinina, shows an animal nature: “Have you ever heard of a bitch giving away her puppies?” In her rough, often primitive speech, there are also apt proverbial expressions (“as if the tongue is punished”, “where there is anger, there is mercy”, “the sword does not cut off a guilty head”). But the main distinguishing feature of Prostakova’s speech is the frequent use of colloquialisms (“pervoet”, “deushka”, “arikhmeti-ka”, “child”, “sweat him and pamper”) and vulgarisms (“... and you, beast, were dumbfounded, but you didn’t dig your brother’s mug, and you didn’t tear his snout head over heels...").

In the image of another landowner, Prostakova’s brother Taras Skotinin, everything speaks of his “animal” essence, starting with his last name and ending with the hero’s own confessions that he loves pigs more than people. It’s about people like this that even ten years before the appearance of “The Minor,” the poet A.P. Sumarokov said: “Oh, should cattle have people? “Skotinin is even more cruel in his treatment of serfs than his sister; he is a resourceful, calculating and cunning owner, who does not miss his benefit in anything and uses people solely for the purpose of profit. “If I weren’t Taras Skotinin,” he declares, “if I’m not guilty of every fault. In this, sister, I have the same custom as you... and any loss... I’ll rip it off from my own peasants, and it’ll go down the drain.” The speech of landowners like Skotinin reveals confidence not only in their own rightness, but also in absolute permissiveness and impunity.

Speech of others negative characters also serves to reveal their socio-psychological essence; it is characteristic and quite individualized, although it is inferior to Prostakova’s language in diversity. Thus, Mitrofanushka’s father, Prostakov, in the scene of meeting Starodum introduces himself: “I am my wife’s husband,” thereby emphasizing his complete dependence on his wife, the lack of his own opinion, his own life position. He has absolutely no independent meaning. Like his wife, he is ignorant, as evidenced by his illiterate speech. Downtrodden by his formidable wife, Prostakov enthusiastically speaks of his son: “this is a smart child, this is a reasonable child.” But we understand that there is no need to even talk about the mind of Mitrofanushka, who has absorbed all the ugly features of his parents. He is not even able to distinguish true words from outright mockery. So, reading the Church Slavonic text offered to him by his teacher, Kuteikin, Mitrofan reads: “I am a worm.” And after the teacher’s comment: “A worm, that is, an animal, a cattle,” he humbly says: “I am a cattle,” and repeats after Kuteikin: “And not a man.”

The language of Mitrofan’s teachers is just as bright and individualized: the soldier’s jargon in Tsyfirkin’s speech, Kuteikin’s quotes (often inappropriate) from the Holy Scriptures, the monstrous German accent of the former coachman Vralman. The peculiarities of their speech allow us to accurately judge the social environment, where these teachers came from, and about cultural level those who are entrusted with the upbringing of Mitrofan. It is not surprising that Mitrofanushka remained undersized, having not received any useful knowledge, no decent education.

The main words of the positive characters are “rubbish”, book turns. Starodum often uses aphorisms (“it is in vain to call a doctor to the sick without healing”, “arrogance in a woman is a sign of vicious behavior”, etc.) and archaisms. Researchers also note direct “borrowings” in Starodum’s speech from prose works Fonvizin himself, and this is quite natural, because it is Starodum who expresses the author’s position in the comedy. Pravdin is characterized by clericalism, and in the language of the young people Milon and Sophia there are sentimental phrases (“the secret of my heart”, “the mystery of my soul”, “touches my heart”).

Speaking about the peculiarities of the language of Fonvizin’s heroes, one cannot fail to mention the maid and nanny Mitrofan Eremeevna. This is a bright individual character, determined by certain social and historical circumstances. By belonging to the lower class, Eremeevna is illiterate, but her speech is deeply folk, having absorbed best features simple Russian language - sincere, open, figurative. In her sorrowful statements, the humiliated position of the servant in the Prostakovs’ house is especially clearly felt. “I’ve been serving for forty years, but the mercy is still the same...” she complains. “...Five rubles a year and five slaps a day.” However, despite such injustice, she remains faithful and devoted to her masters.

The speech of each comedy hero is unique. This particularly clearly demonstrated the amazing skill of the satirical writer. The wealth of linguistic means used in the comedy “Minor” suggests that Fonvizin had an excellent command of the dictionary of folk speech and was well acquainted with folk art. This helped him, according to the rightful assertion of the critic P. N. Berkov, to create truthful, life-like images.