In the texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam, we have repeatedly encountered the problem of selfishness in its various manifestations, each of which is a heading on our list. Literary arguments from foreign and domestic books have been selected for them. All of them are available for download in table form, link at the end of the collection.
- IN modern world the tendency of selfishness is gaining momentum. However, one should not say that this problem did not exist before. One of the classic examples can be Larra - the hero of the legend from the story M. Gorky “Old Woman Izergil”. He is the son of an eagle and an earthly woman, which is why he considers himself smarter, stronger and better than others. His behavior shows disrespect for others and, in particular, for the older generation. His behavior reaches its apogee when Larra kills the daughter of one of the elders only because the girl refused to satisfy his whims. He is immediately punished and expelled. As time passes, the hero, isolated from society, begins to experience unbearable loneliness. Larra returns to the people, but it is too late and they do not accept him back. Since then, he has been wandering the earth as a lonely shadow, because God punished the proud man with eternal life in exile.
- IN Jack London's novella "In a Far Land" selfishness is equated with instinct. It tells the story of Wetherby and Cuthfert, who by chance were left alone in the North. They went to distant lands to look for gold and were forced to wait out the harsh winter together in an old hut. Over time, real natural egoism begins to appear in them. Ultimately, the heroes lose the fight for survival by succumbing to their base desires. They kill each other in a fierce struggle for a cup of sugar.
Selfishness is like a disease
- Two centuries ago, the great classics described the problem of egoism. Evgeniy Onegin – main character novel of the same name written by A.S. Pushkin, is a prominent representative of people suffering from “Russian blues”. He is not interested in the opinions of others, he is bored by everything that happens around him. Because of his cowardice and irresponsibility, the poet Lensky dies, and his insensitivity offends the feelings of a young noblewoman. Of course, he is not hopeless; at the end of the novel, Eugene realizes his love for Tatyana. However, it is already too late. And the girl rejects him, remaining faithful to her husband. As a result, he dooms himself to suffering for the rest of his days. Even his desire to become the lovers of the married and respected Tatiana betrays his selfish motives, which he cannot get rid of even in love.
- Selfishness is like a kind of disease; it destroys a person from the inside and does not allow him to adequately interact with the people around him. Grigory Pechorin, who is central character V novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time", constantly pushes away people dear to his heart. Pechorin easily understands human nature, and this skill plays a cruel joke on him. By imagining himself higher and smarter than others, Gregory thereby isolates himself from society. The hero often plays with people, provokes them to different actions. One of these cases ends with the death of his friend, the other - tragic death beloved girl. The man understands this, regrets, but cannot throw off the shackles of the disease.
Self-deprecation of an egoist
- A striking example of a selfish person is a hero novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", Rodion Raskolnikov. He, like many of his friends, lives poorly and blames others for everything. At one point, he decides to kill an old woman, a pawnbroker, in order to take her money and distribute it to poor townspeople, freeing them from their debt obligations to Alena Ivanovna. The hero does not think about the immorality of his actions. On the contrary, he is sure that it is for a good purpose. But in fact, just for the sake of his whim, he wants to test himself and check what type of people he can classify himself as: “trembling creatures” or “those with the right.” Still, having violated one of the commandments because of a selfish desire, the hero dooms himself to loneliness and mental torment. Pride blinds him, and only Sonya Marmeladova helps Raskolnikov get back on the right path. Without her help, he would probably have gone crazy from pangs of conscience.
- Despite the fact that sometimes a person crosses all moral and legal boundaries in order to achieve his selfish goals, it is common for us to experience pangs of conscience. So is one of the heroes of the poem A.N. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” realized he was wrong. Peasant Yermil Girin uses his position as headman to free his brother from conscription duty. Instead, he writes down another villager. Realizing that he ruined the life of a man and his family, he regrets his selfish act. His sense of guilt is so great that he is even ready to commit suicide. However, he repents to the people in time and accepts his sin, trying to make amends.
- Selfish people are never satisfied with what they have. They always want to have something more. Material wealth for them is a way of self-affirmation. Fairy tale heroine A.S. Pushkin “About the Fisherman and the Fish” not happy with her life in poverty. When her husband catches " goldfish", the woman only needs a new trough. However, each time she wants more, and ultimately the old woman wants to become the mistress of the sea. Easy prey and selfish morals cloud the old woman's reason, which is why she ultimately loses everything and again finds herself with nothing. Magic power punishes her for the fact that the lady, in pursuit of satisfying her pride, did not value either her husband or the benefits that she received.
- Women are often called selfish because they like to spend a lot of time taking care of themselves. However, real selfishness is much worse. Heroine epic novel by L.N.. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Helen Kuragina proves to the reader that true egoists are characterized by heartlessness. The princess was beautiful girl and had many admirers, nevertheless, she chooses an ugly and awkward gentleman, Pierre Bezukhov, as her husband. However, she does not do this out of love. She needs his money. Literally immediately after the wedding, she takes a lover. Over time, her impudence reaches incredible proportions. Helen, with the onset of war, when she needs to worry about the fate of her homeland, thinks only about how to get rid of her husband and remarry one of her admirers.
- Lack of sympathy, pity, compassion - these are the traits that are characteristic of egoists. It is not for nothing that they say that such people are ready to do the most terrible things for the sake of their whim. For example, in I. Turgenev's story "Mumu" The lady takes away from her servant the only joy in his life. One day Gerasim picks up a homeless puppy, raises him, and takes care of him. However, the puppy irritated the lady, and she ordered the hero to drown him. With bitterness in his heart, Gerasim carries out the order. Just because of a simple whim of a selfish man, he loses his only friend and ruins the life of an animal.
- Obeying selfishness, people lose control of themselves and make irreparable mistakes. For example, Hermann in the work of A. S. Pushkin “ Queen of Spades» learns about the secret of three cards, which guarantees a win in any card game. The young man decides to get him at any cost, and for this he pretends to be in love with the pupil of the only keeper of the secret - the elderly countess. Making his way into the house, he threatens to kill the old woman, and she actually dies. After this, she comes to Hermann in a dream and reveals the secret in exchange for an oath to marry her pupil. The hero does not keep his promises and wins victory after victory. But having put everything on the line, he miserably loses the decisive game. An ambitious young man went crazy, paying for his crimes. But before that, he poisoned the life of an innocent girl who believed his words.
Female selfishness
The ruthlessness of selfishness
Love for the Motherland
1) Ardent love for the Motherland, We feel pride in its beauty in the works of the classics.
The theme of heroic deeds in the fight against the enemies of the Motherland is also heard in M. Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Borodino”, dedicated to one of the glorious pages of the historical past of our country.
2) The theme of the Motherland is raised in the works of S. Yesenin. Whatever Yesenin wrote about: about experiences, about historical turning points, about the fate of Russia in the “harsh, formidable years” - every Yesenin image and line is warmed by a feeling of boundless love for the homeland: But most of all. Love for the native land
3) Famous writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally made it to the border. Another minute - and he will find freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, the forest, the sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, he was shackled and sent to hard labor.
4) Outstanding Russian singer Fyodor Chaliapin, forced to leave Russia, always carried a box with him. No one had any idea what was in it. Only many years later did relatives learn that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. No wonder they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.
5) The Nazis, having occupied France, offered General Denikin, who fought against the Red Army during the Civil War, to cooperate with them in the fight against the Soviet Union. But the general responded with a sharp refusal, because his homeland was more valuable to him than political differences.
6) African slaves, taken to America, yearned for native land. In despair, they killed themselves, hoping that the soul, having thrown off the body, could fly home like a bird.
7) The most terrible Punishment in ancient times was considered to be the expulsion of a person from a tribe, city or country. Outside your home there is a foreign land: a foreign land, a foreign sky, a foreign language... There you are completely alone, there you are nobody, a creature without rights and without a name. That is why leaving one’s homeland meant losing everything for a person.
8) To an outstanding Russian hockey player V. Tretyak was offered to move to Canada. They promised to buy him a house and pay him big salary. Tretyak pointed to the sky and earth and asked: “Will you buy this for me too?” Answer famous athlete led everyone into confusion, and no one ever returned to this proposal.
9) When in the middle In the 19th century, an English squadron besieged the capital of Turkey, Istanbul, and the entire population stood up to defend their city. Townspeople destroyed their own houses if they prevented Turkish cannons from conducting aimed fire at enemy ships.
10) One day the wind decided to fell the mighty oak tree that grew on the hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked majestic oak: “Why can’t I defeat you?”
11) Oak answered that it’s not the trunk that’s holding him up. Its strength lies in the fact that it is rooted in the ground and clings to it with its roots. This simple story expresses the idea that love for the motherland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of their ancestors makes the people invincible.
12) When over England When the threat of a terrible and devastating war with Spain loomed, the entire population, hitherto torn apart by enmity, rallied around its queen. Merchants and nobles equipped the army with their own money, and people of ordinary rank enlisted in the militia. Even the pirates remembered their homeland and brought their ships to save it from the enemy. And the “invincible armada” of the Spaniards was defeated.
13) Turks during During their military campaigns they captured boys and young men as prisoners. Children were forcibly converted to Islam and turned into warriors called Janissaries. The Turks hoped that the new warriors, deprived of spiritual roots, having forgotten their homeland, brought up in fear and obedience, would become a reliable stronghold of the state.
In the text proposed for analysis, E.A. Vartanov poses to us the problem of human dependence on gadgets.
Elena Vartanova is perplexed by how people have become dependent on media devices and gadgets, not realizing that they cannot live a day without them “they cannot spend time without gadgets or without being included in the flow of online communications”
This problem is revealed in the story “Loneliness on the Internet” by Yan Wisniewski, where the main characters could only communicate via the Internet and could not imagine how to communicate live, so their meeting never took place.
Another example is the story of R.
Bradbury's "Veld", where children committed a monstrous act - they killed their parents because they turned off their virtual room.
So, this problem is relevant today, it needs to be given more attention, and then, perhaps, a person’s dependence on gadgets will decrease, and people will communicate in real world, and not in the virtual one.
Updated: 2018-04-25
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1 Arguments “from the Internet” in the Unified State Examination essay in the Russian language: benefit or harm? Part one, edifying Today I entered “argument, memory problem, Unified State Exam, Russian language” into the Yandex search bar and saw hundreds of pages offering arguments for every taste, color, problem and essay. Wow! Cool! And you don’t have to think about writing it off, enjoy life and the score from Marya Ivanna! But! Let's figure it out, do you need this and what are the consequences? Because it is fraught with no options. So, you need to write an essay in the format of task 25. To be fair, it must be said that the problems in the texts are repeated, this is what they are designed for ready-made arguments: the problem of memory, the problem of moral choice, the problem of attitude towards nature, and so on.
2 And yet, there is no need to focus on the ready-made. And here's why. Firstly, in different texts different aspects of the problem can be highlighted. Thus, the problem of love can have so many aspects that choosing the right argument will be problematic both in time and in meaning. For example, in the poem “I loved you,” love is a noble, lofty feeling, and in “Oh, how murderously we love!” F.I. Tyutchev's love is a wonderful and terrible feeling at the same time. Are you sure you won't make a mistake? As an example, I’ll give you a real essay by one of my students who doesn’t like to bother himself; you’ll immediately see what his mistake is. Text by V. Belov about memory as a link between the past and the future (see previous article) The student identified the problem correctly. Wrote a decent comment. Then I found arguments, on the Internet, of course: I agree with the author that memory is very important for a person. It preserves the connection between the past and the future. A. Tvardovsky wrote: the suffering has passed, people. The war has passed, But the pain calls out to Let us, people, never forget about this. People's feat in the Great Patriotic War works of many poets are dedicated to it. The memory of what we experienced does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: those who survived must preserve peace in order
3 descendants lived happily on earth: I bequeath to you in that life to be happy and to continue to serve your native fatherland with honor. Thanks to them, the war heroes, we live in peace. Lit Eternal Flame, reminding us of the lives given for our homeland. What happened? Yes, just a text about one memory, personal, human, and the arguments are about historical memory, and even with quotes, which are a problem to learn by heart. The second mistake, comrade did not understand that the argument is essentially the same! That's the whole story: 0 points for the second block of criteria. Even if he had simply written one phrase about how memory can be historical, and it is no less important to remember not only our ancestors, but also those who saved our future, the essay would not have looked so clumsy. Secondly: are you sure you can remember ALL the arguments? You won’t be able to carry the spur accurately, but what do you think you’ll do during the exam? Is it worth spending precious time learning by heart? huge amount arguments? Maybe it’s easier to learn how to write them yourself (see articles on the site)? I assure you, it’s easier than putting unprocessed information into your already full brain. Do you need it? Part two, theoretical Let's see what works you can learn from large number arguments for your essay. Of course, in the classics. Why? Yes, because a classic differs from any other book in that there is not one, but
4 dozens of problems, and for each there is some kind of solution. For example, these are Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment”, Tolstoy’s “War and Peace”, Chekhov’s stories and “ Cherry Orchard”, Pushkin’s lyrics and “Eugene Onegin”, also “Fathers and Sons”, “Oblomov”, “Quiet Don”, the poetry of Alexander Blok and so on. Let's take "War and Peace" as an example. Problems: The problem of war as “the most terrible thing in the world.” The problem of the liberation war. Thesis: the war of liberation is a just cause, it unites all the people in the struggle for the Fatherland. The problem of heroism. Thesis: a hero is one who does not think about heroism as a way to obtain benefits. The hero does ordinary feat", he is driven by other goals: nobility, decency, patriotism. The problem of patriotism. Thesis: patriotism is not in calls to fight for the liberation of the Fatherland and not in false love for everything Russian, but in real deeds, the unity of the people. The problem of man's spiritual quest. Thesis: a person can fall to the very bottom in life, he can rise up, but he just doesn’t stop, he must develop. Family problem. Thesis: a family is not just people living nearby, a family is united by a sense of love, responsibility and raising children. The problem of moral choice. Thesis: a person makes a moral choice at moments when he experiences enormous stress, when history demands a decision from him. moral choice speaks about the inner content of a person. The problem of the role of personality in history. Thesis: personality does not play any role in history, and “the king is a slave of history.” The problem of the people. Thesis: the main people driving force historical events.
5 The problem of selfishness and individualism. Thesis: selfishness and individualism are the most disgusting qualities of a person, they prevent a person from realistically assessing everything that happens around him, leading to delusions and spiritual death. And this is only part of what can be found in the novel! Part three: what to do? Take the above works and find the problems there. For each, formulate a thesis, as I showed you above. Think about what material or image the writer uses to reveal this problem. Write down the argument itself. If you write it down yourself, your hand and brain will automatically remember it! Example: the problem of love. What should love be like? Let's take the wonderful “Cloud in Pants” by Vladimir Mayakovsky. Thesis: love should not only be bright and sincere, but also
6 lifting a person above the ground, not bound by any social shackles. Illustration: In the poem “Cloud in Pants” by V. Mayakovsky lyrical hero after parting with his beloved, he realizes that her and his love, so beautiful, bright, huge, were stolen. It was stolen by a society that dictates its own laws of life and love, conventions. The hero does not accept vulgarity; the news of the heroine’s future marriage causes anger, pain, and rage in him. The hero is like his love: he experiences a “fire of the heart” and does not want to be different. And if society is like that, then “Down with your love!” This is how you work. I would like to write: “The Internet can help you,” but in this case it’s the other way around. Good luck! The material was prepared by Karelina Larisa Vladislavovna, a Russian language teacher of the highest category, an honorary worker of general education of the Russian Federation. Typical mistakes in task 25: do not step on the same rake!
7 Well, May 30 is getting closer and closer, minus vacations and all sorts of holidays, a little more than two months remain, and I sincerely hope that you are all almost ready for the exam. And yet it would be useful to repeat once again how to complete task 25 and show specific examples how to and how not to write an argumentative essay. Essay blocks Your essay should consist of 4 blocks: in the first block, a commentary on the text, problems raised by the author, and the author’s position. The second block is an expression of your own position (agree to disagree) and the first argument proving your opinion. Third block second argument. One of the arguments must be from fiction, journalistic or scientific literature, the other can be based on reasoning or life experience. Fourth block conclusion. Text
8 (1) I listen to brilliant sounds, penetrating and eternal. (2) They make you think that there is no difference between the living and the dead. (3) The soul is immortal because it is alone and is not like anyone else. (4) “Autumn Song” is not like anyone else. (5) Isn’t she, not the soul of Tchaikovsky, hovering in my hut? (6) When I am alone, I do not feel the difference between my dead and living friends in different places. (7) For me, they are equally alive, like the soul of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. (8) His “Autumn Song” sounds, and I hear the mushroom smell from the creaking heavy basket, I shudder from the forest moisture and dying birch and aspen leaves, I smell everything that is happening outside the gates (9) But suddenly in this music I hear the Valdai bell his great-grandfather (10) And the invigorating rhythmic running on the slippery road, and the laughter of the cheerful Maslenitsa crowd, and the sledding, which my mother so often talks about, everything seemed to be reincarnated, contained in these immortal sounds. (11) And it becomes clear that nothing passes without a trace, nothing disappears and nothing happens in vain. (12) My bitter heaviness softens in my throat and then disappears; I again clearly hear the morning ringing of snow frozen overnight, they blind me with the reflection of the golden early rays. (13) But now the first black starling is sitting in the clearing, and the first snowdrop hatches in surprise from under the snow into the white light. (14) Listening to music, I feel the infantile helplessness of this tiny green creature. (15) But what is the power of an indomitable, indomitable and eternal life! (16) There is snow-white, blinding cold everywhere, and our arrow is ripe everywhere. (17) All around are white layers of snow, petrified by frost, and here on a small thawed patch the ice shell melts and retreats. (18) And he baby snowdrop, not having time to hatch from the ground, was already in a hurry to bloom (19) “Life stronger than death" (20) A banal phrase begs to be written down on paper. (21) I give in and put it on paper, although I know that comparing the concepts of life and death is unlawful. (According to V. Belov) This is a famous text by the writer Vasily Belov about memory from past versions of the Unified State Exam. The text is good, understandable, and clear
9 expressed author's position. First block: comment For the first block you can get 5 points: 1 for the problem, 3 for the comment, if you provide two arguments illustrating the author’s position and 1 point for the author’s position. Several comments taken from real student works, the authors’ style and spelling are preserved: 1. “The author in the text asks the question: does humanity need memory? Reflecting on this issue, V. Belov gives several arguments. First he writes about Pyotr Tchaikovsky, whose memory will live on as long as his poems are read. Belov further claims that nothing passes without a trace. Indeed, every event has a reflection in the future; even the most insignificant decisions can change your life. Thus, the author leads the reader to the idea that without the past there will be no future, chaos will begin on the planet.” This comment cannot be considered successful. Firstly, the problem of the text is formulated inaccurately and too generally. You can just
10 answer: yes, memory is needed, and don’t go into further discussion. Secondly, the author’s position is inaccurate, even incorrectly defined: V. Belov does not talk about the chaos that will begin on the planet (!) if humanity loses its memory. Thirdly, two arguments (about P.I. Tchaikovsky and “nothing passes without a trace”) still exist, but they are not commented on properly: it was necessary to show what memories and thoughts the sounds of music evoke in the author, what he thinks, when listening to Tchaikovsky. The second argument is generally some kind of general one, the author has such an idea, but in what context, what else V. Belov claims, what he is thinking about is not shown. Besides, Tchaikovsky did not write poetry! This is a factual error for which the essay writer will be penalized with points. The idea of “reflection in the future” is generally suspended in emptiness and is in no way connected with the text. The maximum score for the first block is 2 points. 2. “Does a person need memory of the past? Can a person live without it? V. Belov suggests thinking about this. To the penetrating and eternal sounds of music by P.I. Tchaikovsky, the author reflects on the immortality of the soul, that there is no difference between the dead and the living. The plays of the Russian composer awaken dear memories of family and friends. Musical paintings convince the writer that the past never disappears, it is only reincarnated into immortal sounds that help to realize the power of “unsubject to anything, indomitable and eternal life.” Thus, V. Belov comes to the idea: a person vitally needs the memory of the past, since it helps to comprehend the present, to clearly understand that “nothing passes without a trace, nothing disappears and nothing happens in vain.” According to the writer, it is memory that “softens the bitter heaviness” of the soul and helps to live on. This comment can be rated 5 points. There are two arguments from the text, they are commented on, the problem is precisely formulated, the only thing that can be advised to the author
11 of the essay, the main idea of the text must be conveyed in your own words and less verbosely: the second sentence should either be raised higher, or “fit” into the idea. 3. “The author of the text asks the question: what does memory mean to a person? In his text, he reflects on the importance of music in our lives, saying that it helps us preserve people and memories of them in our memory. At the end he writes: “Life is stronger than death” and thereby brings us to the idea, despite how lonely we actually are, memory gives us the opportunity to forget about it and feel all the charm of the old times. In addition, memory is one of the most important sources human knowledge and experience passed on from generation to generation.” The author of the essay gave only one argument, without connecting it with the idea of the text; for some reason, an “extra” thought appeared in the idea, score: 3 points. Second block. Argumentation In earlier articles I wrote how important this block is. It is the main “indicator” of your ability to prove your position and level of proficiency in the logic of thought, and in the Russian language in general.
12 So, examples from the works of the same authors. 1. “Of course, the author of the text is right. Indeed, memory is eternal. The problem of time (?!) was raised in their work by many writers, poets, artists, one of them was A.P. Chekhov. In his work “The Cherry Orchard,” the author describes the story of people lost in time. The heroes live with memories of the past, for example, Ranevskaya thinks only about her cherry orchard, which she will later lose. Anton Pavlovich wonderfully revealed the problem of time. In everyday life, the memory of the history of our ancestors occurs constantly. Walking along the streets, we see monuments to various cultural figures, politicians, and so on. Why is this necessary? To remember the past of your people, your ancestors. Thus, the memory of our past is an integral part of our life, because without the past everything will end, because it teaches us not to repeat the mistakes of our ancestors. This is such an interesting argument. What did the author prove? Absolutely nothing. In the first argument, I changed the problem: the text is not about time, but about the importance of memory. The student gives an example from “The Cherry Orchard”, there is also a problem of memory, but if he mentioned the image-symbol of the cherry orchard, which also personifies the memory of the past, and showed that people who have lost their memory are doomed to unhappy life, according to A.P. Chekhov, the argument would prove the author’s position. The second argument is also no good. What is it about? Nothing. Well, there are monuments, and that’s fine. The idea had to be developed: to show that monuments are erected so that a person does not forget, does not erase from memory facts or people that are important to everyone. It would be nice to end with the conclusion that memory helps to understand the past so that the present and future are better, and thus life continues. The conclusion is generally correct: there is a conclusion, but it is “suspended” in
13 air due to the fact that there is no argumentation as such. There are violations of the logic of presentation: in the first argument, the conclusion does not follow from the previous sentence, and there are speech errors: “Ranevskaya thinks about the past.” Maximum score 3 points for everything. 2. “I agree with the author’s opinion. Indeed, it is impossible to live without memory of the past. This concept is eternal and necessary for each of us; today we often hear that we need to live in the present, and not look back at the path we have taken. I think this is a misunderstanding, because memory is the basis of human life. It is memory that helps maintain connections between people, preserve the integrity of the world, and shape culture. Lessons from the past help prevent mistakes in the future. Memory is the thread that connects people. Therefore, each of us needs to take care of preserving memory, which makes our life omnipotent and eternal. Let us remember the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Student", in which theological seminary student Ivan Velikopolsky talks in Good Friday two widows a story about what happened 19 centuries ago on this day: the story of Christ, the betrayal of Judas and Peter’s denial of his Teacher. The seminarian sees an unusual reaction of women: they cry, as if living through those distant events. This meeting helped the heroes to feel the connection of times, to realize that the past is inextricably linked with the present and the future, to change their attitude towards the world around them, to rise above darkness and poverty - so grateful memory gives a person joy, strength and enlightenment. I would like to believe that each of us realizes how important historical and human memory. The history of our ancestors does not pass without a trace, home country. We must remember this so that the connection of times does not fall apart. In all respects, a successful argument and conclusion. Two
14 different arguments (“Memory is the thread that binds” and “thanks to memory a person rises above darkness”), both supported, in one case by the student’s reasoning, in the other by an illustration from Chekhov’s story “The Student.” Brief and precise conclusion. Please note that in each of the arguments a thesis is formulated, which is proven. The score for the block is 7 points. 3. In the story by A.P. Chekhov's "Student" the connecting link between the past and the present is the student's story. The women who heard this story burst into tears, because the sad events told lie in their memory, and these events are important to them. Thus, every person should be grateful to the events of the past, because nothing happens in vain in our lives. In real life, in addition to music, paintings and books are sources of memories. Old things keep the memory of our grandparents, which plays a huge role in our upbringing. Thus, memory for a person is the source of morality and ethics, the source of countless examples to follow and the repository of the entire history of mankind. This essay has a number of advantages and just as many disadvantages. The position of the author of the essay is not expressed at the very beginning, so we can talk about a logical error. The first argument begins correctly, but the conclusion does not entirely correspond to the author's previous statements. Why are events important? The author did not answer this question. There is also a second argument, the conclusion is also a successful conclusion from everything that has been said, or rather, it should be like this, but the conclusion does not follow from the arguments and can be regarded as a logical error. The second argument is not developed and is unproven. So, 1 point for K4, 0 points for K5, 1 point for K6 (there is speech error"lie in their memory"). Result: 2 points. Of course, you will have a question: how to work with this? Just
15 Read the essays several times and try to find the shortcomings yourself and understand HOW not to write. Read, think, do it yourself. Good luck! The material was prepared by Karelina Larisa Vladislavovna, a teacher of the Russian language of the highest category, an honorary worker of general education of the Russian Federation. Cliché for writing an essay on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language (task 25) as a basis for creativity. The so-called essay requires the graduate to demonstrate not only the ability to understand the problems of the work, coherently
16 express your thoughts, express a reasoned opinion. The assignment also prescribes the necessary components of this essay. It is better to start preparing for task 25 by writing an essay according to the simplest plan, essentially imposed by the wording of the task. And when this works out well, you can try other, more sophisticated composition options. So, what should a graduate include in his work? 1. Specify the problem. It is necessary to keep in mind that the problem raised in the text and the problem of the hero of the text are not at all the same thing. For example, if the hero has the problem of not having enough money to travel on the tram, it is not at all a fact that the text is dedicated to the problem of the population’s inaccessibility to travel on public transport. If you find it difficult to identify the problem, try this: Determine the topic of the text (what is being said?.. This is NOT a problem) Determine the main idea (what does the author want to convince us of? This is also NOT a problem) What question is the author answering? What does he see as a “violation of world harmony”? But this is the PROBLEM theme, the main idea. For example, the topic is the beating of a Tajik student by skinheads. The main idea: hatred of people of other nationalities is savagery. Problem: why did nationalist ideas take root in a country that defeated fascism? Can an ordinary citizen do anything about this situation? That is, the problem of nationalism in Russia and the problem of personal responsibility of each citizen. Choose the one you like best (or for which it will be easier for you to come up with arguments). 2. Comment on the problem. It may be relevant
17 eternal, serious, dangerous, etc. In the text it is shown in such and such a way. 3. Highlight the author's position. It is the author’s, there is no need to replace it with your own or the opinion of one of the characters in the text. 4. Tell me whether you agree with the author or partially agree. It is hardly possible to disagree; usually the opinions of the authors of texts on the Unified State Examination are almost indisputable. 5. Give an argument from a literary work ( better than that, which you actually read). 6. Give an argument from life (or from another literary work). 7. Draw a conclusion. Here is an example of the simplest cliche for writing an answer. Detailed plan example
18 1. A question that includes the formulation of the problem This is exactly the problem that the author raises in this text. 2. Without a doubt, we can say that this problem is still relevant today. The author reveals it in example 3. Author's position on this issue, it seems to me, is 4. It is impossible not to agree with the author of the text. I think that, indeed, 5. In my reasoning, I would like to refer to, namely, an episode that tells how 6. My position on this issue I base it on personal experience. There was such an episode in my life. One day (My opinion is based not only on literature, but also on the story of my friend, to whom such a story once happened.) 8. Thus, it seems to me, we can say that So who is the “king”, man or nature? Should we wait for favors from nature or take them by force? This is exactly the problem the author raises in this text. Without a doubt, we can say that this problem is still relevant today. The author reveals it using the example of the relationship between a person and a tree plant. This plant replaced the hero of the story with people who did not care about him. The author’s position on this issue, it seems to me, is that man has no right to interfere with the life of nature: it was before us and will be after us. It is outrageous self-confidence to believe that we will arrange everything in the world better than it already is. Nature is called upon to give man everything he needs: food, clothing, fuel, spiritual comfort, beauty. It is impossible not to agree with the author. Indeed, I believe that nature gives us so much that it is madness to demand anything more from it. We people often, in our blindness, think that we would arrange everything in the world better, we want to change everything: make rivers flow backwards, or we strive to “remake” the human body. But these attempts do not lead to anything good. In my reasoning, I would like to refer to the story by M.A. Bulgakov “ Heart of a Dog" His hero, Professor Preobrazhensky, strives to improve human nature and defeat death. As a result of the experiments, an “improved man,” the marginalized Sharikov, appears. So, as a result, the professor’s work was not only useless, but also dangerous. I base my position on personal experience. There was an episode in my life that convinced me that nature is not the point of application of our ambitions, but our cradle... Thus, it seems to me that we can conclude that we must treat nature with care, respect and care. This is exactly what the author wants to tell us with his story.
19 The formulations given in the table, of course, are not the only possible ones. To each point on initial stage When preparing for the Unified State Exam, it is advisable to select several cliche options. 1. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM As a last resort, you can use such clichés (as a last resort, because it is better to formulate the problem in the form of a question or argument). In the text that I read, the author raises a problem Among the problems raised by the author in this text, the most important (interesting, topical, topical, pressing, significant) seems to me. In the proposed text, the author raises a whole series problems, but it seems to me that the most important (interesting) of them is It is difficult to overestimate the importance of all the problems that the author raises in this text, but it seems to me the most significant (acute, curious) 2. COMMENT
20 Firstly, this is a description of the problem, and secondly, an explanation of how it is covered in the text. The first part of the commentary There is no doubt that it is difficult to argue with the fact that There is hardly any need to prove that Of course, this problem is relevant, important, ambiguous, of great importance, makes everyone think, is of great importance, No one will stand before each of us to argue with what worries many Or maybe “too little attention is paid to this problem”? Then the second part of the comment. The author shows it (the problem) with an example. In the text it is shown with an example. The author speaks about this with bitterness, depicting. We immediately understand this when we read in the text about how 3. AUTHOR’S POSITION The author expresses his opinion on this issue quite clearly. Quite obviously that the author’s position on this issue is that the author’s voice sounds with bitterness and anger when he says that the author, of course, does not hide his negative attitude towards The question is quite clear: Of course, instead of “author” you can write the surname of the author of the text everywhere.
21 4. MY OPINION I agree with the author that How can one disagree with the author that I am sure that the author is absolutely right in asserting that I myself have thought a lot on this topic and came to (almost) the same opinion, as the author of the text Life often makes us think about this. It seems to me that anyone would come to the same conclusion as the author. It is difficult to argue with the author on this issue. I largely agree with the author, although I would agree with the author on this issue, but with one caveat. It seems to me that the author is right in many respects, except that I partially agree with the author. On the one hand, it is difficult to disagree with the author as far as But what I would argue with is that 5.6. OPTIONS FOR INPUT OF ARGUMENTS As an argument, I can cite an episode from the work I would like to refer to the work To illustrate my opinion, I would like to cite as an example an episode I base my opinion on an episode from the work In my reasoning, I am based on As an argument, I would like to refer There was also an episode in my life that can illustrate my opinion. My life experience also convinces me that And I also remember a story told to me by a friend. She, I think, proves my point. The material was prepared by Elena Valerievna Safonova, teacher of the highest qualification category, State Educational Institution SKOSHI 31, Moscow
22 An example of an essay based on the text by T. Zharova [Unified State Examination in the Russian language] The problem of preserving the language Journalist Taisiya Zharova in the proposed text* reflects on the fate of the Russian language. Main task passage to draw attention to the changes that are taking place in the Russian language. How do they affect vocabulary? Is language the history of a people? Do borrowed and slang words decorate our speech? These questions are formulated in sentences. Reflection of the culture of a people in language is an interesting and important problem. This is certain. T. Zharova explains the topic in a reasoned manner using examples of understanding words in speech (sentences 5-8). But
23, the text also raises the problem of using jargon and words that come from criminal vocabulary in speech (sentence 13). The author does not give a direct answer to the question of how these words appeared in the speech of society. It is clear this way: from the criminal environment. How did such a vocabulary become familiar to most young people and not only? The answer is simple: from detective series, which are shown with enviable consistency by many television channels. With great concern and even pain, the journalist asks the question: why does untranslatable folklore become an integral part of our speech? (Proposition 16). The author's position is formulated at the conclusion of the text. According to Zharova, every member of society must fight for the purity of the language. Everyone should remember that our language is the mirror of the soul, it is still “great and powerful.” The journalist believes that language is a living organism that cannot be humiliated and insulted with vulgar words, “other people’s rubbish” (sentence 19). One cannot but agree with the author of these lines. Vulgar, rude words clog and impoverish the language. Moreover, the overuse of borrowed words and jargon can cause misunderstanding of each other. Mikhail Zoshchenko has a wonderful story “Monkey Language”, in which the satirist makes fun of people who use foreign words and do not understand their meaning. Let's remember the classics: in Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit" there are also similar examples of "mixing French with Nizhny Novgorod." There is also an example in Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” when Anna Scherer and Anatole Kuragin insert French expressions out of place, putting themselves in an awkward position. In modern life, the use of borrowings also occurs. Thus, at the dawn of perestroika, one could see a sign with the inscription “Commercial store”. The owners of the establishment probably had no idea that “commerce” is anything other than trade. In a word
24 “supermarket” is now called almost every store. In general, it turns out like in the famous poem by the satirist Pyanov: “The colloquium was stormy. The disputants grappled. One said: - Marketing! Another snapped: - Briefing! And the third one barked: “Clearing!” I agree with Zharova’s position: the language must be protected and enriched. I think that borrowing words within reasonable limits will significantly increase vocabulary. But they should be used only in accordance with the situation. And, of course, we need to focus on the majority, so that those around us understand what we are talking about. Teacher's comment When starting your essay, carefully read the text and determine the topic. Sometimes it can be “hidden” in the middle of the text. Decide what you will write about once you understand the meaning of the text. You can start with information about the author, if provided. Formulate the author's position and support it with an example from the text. Express your point of view by agreeing or disagreeing with the author’s opinion. Next, proceed to reveal the main idea: use sentences from the text for argumentation, give an example from a work of fiction, journalistic literature and/or from your own experience. At the end of the essay, you can summarize your thoughts about the problem. The material was prepared by Larisa Gennadievna Dovgomelya *Original text: (1) What a mirror of life our language is! (2) No, he is truly great, remaining free and truthful to this day. (3) He accepts everything, responds to everything, like a Pushkin echo; moreover, he will take in foreign words and teach them to produce new forms (not clone!) from outdated and borrowed words. (4) The only trouble is that all this sometimes happens in an ugly, illiterate mixture. (5) Thus, in a short period of time, words that are familiar in sports have managed to become Russified and even differentiated in meaning,
25 as “fanatic” and “fan”, and now “fan”, and even religious fanaticism takes on a different color. (6) There were once “fans”, even theatrical “claquers” (French), but now fanatics have separated themselves from “fans”. (7) There are also football fans (not “fans”), pop fans. (8) even the old-fashioned “private”, once rarely encountered in everyday speech, in V. Dahl’s dictionary interpreted as “private”, “personal”, “ special”, “home” (“privat-docent”, “private conversation”), we managed to nationalize it so much that the word “privatization”, even in everyday language, always sensitive to nuances, acquired a disparaging sound, becoming “privatization”. (9) But it is known that a word, a hero, a phenomenon that fell into vernacular, into folklore, anecdote, they are already becoming “ours”, “ours”, like witty words from the films of Danelia, Ryazanov, Gaidai. (10) Linguistic diversity is everywhere. (11) What a field for observation of linguists, writers, actors! (12) But how unusually and spiritually ancient words sound in our super-busy speech, which are gone temporarily, but live on the pages of the classics and await bright days. (13) In no case should we turn a blind eye to the fact that, in addition to foreign words, We are also overwhelmed by criminal language. (14)Where did these “cool”, “cool”, “roofy”, “cool” come from? (15) Their source is clear. (16) But why do they flourish among quite decent young people, sound from the screen, and are full of prints? (17) This conversation can be continued by anyone who cares about our language. (18) Even now he is “great, powerful, truthful and free.” (19) We only spoil it ourselves, forgetting that it is alive, so there is no need to offend it with vulgarity, other people’s rubbish, profanity, clerical delights, and incompatible mishmash. (According to T. Zharova)
26 An example of an essay based on the text by E.Yu. Shim [Unified State Examination in the Russian language] The problem of the influence of the beauty of nature Eduard Yuryevich Shim, Russian writer-playwright. Each of his works is imbued with an awareness of what he writes about. Observing the life around him, the writer chooses those events that are somehow different from others or highlights them himself. So in the proposed text, he argues that, despite the difficult conditions of the siege, hunger, devastation, people continue to live, loving beauty, believing that beauty will save the world. This main idea excerpt. And I couldn't agree more. The word “beauty” contains a whole universe of feelings and emotions. This is a force that can both destroy and give hope. Margarita Aliger wrote in one of her poems: “The stronger and purer a person is, the more beauty there is in the world.” These lines perfectly confirm the final lines of our passage. But let's return to the text. The text begins with a description of the hero's return home from work through the streets of post-war Leningrad. In these first lines, the writer colorfully talks about what he sees former soldier around you, so you can unmistakably conclude that main topic excerpt. This is a beauty theme. A meeting with a woman carrying a bouquet of bird cherry trees (sentences 9-12), then the tree itself with blossoming flowers (sentences 14-23), prompt the hero to think. He wonders:
27 Why did this old tree, but so luxurious in the spring, survive during the harsh time of trials? How did people, who were so in need of warmth, not cut down and turn into firewood the bird cherry tree that was growing right on the street? In his thoughts about this, the writer thinks about the attitude of people in the besieged city towards bird cherry. He is delighted that the people of Leningrad, in a hungry and cold city, managed to preserve this tree as a symbol of faith in the future, in a peaceful life. E. Shim’s position, it seems, is clear: 900 days of the blockade were survived only because people managed to maintain spirituality, faith in beauty, hope for a peaceful life and Victory. The writer is convinced that a person’s soul is alive as long as he is able to appreciate beauty. I agree with the author, only the best human qualities help to overcome difficulties and give strength to live. One more example can be given to confirm that the writer is right. In Olga Berrgolts’s poem “The Blockade Swallow,” this first spring bird became a symbol for Leningraders, expressing their faith in the best, in victory over the enemy. O. Berrholz emphasizes that it is faith that helps to overcome daily difficulties and becomes a beacon that calls forward with its light. There are many examples in history of how beauty helped people in difficult situations. For example, my grandmother told me how she first started working during the Great Patriotic War. She was still very young then, of course she was tired, working two or three shifts. And when she was completely desperate and had no strength, she and her friends went to the same clearing in the forest. There was a stream flowing there, somewhat reminiscent of a small waterfall. They just watched the water flowing among the stones and grass and falling down somewhere. And birds chirped around. It seemed to them then that the old pre-war life was continuing, and from somewhere the strength appeared to go to work and fulfill several norms per shift. Grandmother said that after these short trips to the forest, life became easier and I believed in
28 a quick victory. To conclude my discussion about the problem of beauty in the control passage, I would like to once again agree with the opinion of the writer and playwright Eduard Shim, the main thing is not to lose the ability to see beauty, to believe in its inspiring power, because it can help a person when his life is in danger, it fills the soul warmth and light. Teacher's comment: What should you pay attention to first? At the beginning of the essay, it is important to select at least one problem that is available in the test text. Determine the author’s position in relation to the problem raised, and also determine your attitude to the issue. In order not to be mistaken in identifying the problem, isolate “ keywords”, or the main ones (in our version, what the hero of the work thinks about when he sees a blooming bird cherry). Limit yourself to one problem, do not look for others in the passage. When commenting on the text, do not get carried away with simple retelling. Delve into the content and feel the author’s attitude to the problem raised. Simply paraphrasing is unacceptable in an essay. It is important to state the main points. The introduction to the problem (the beginning of the essay) can be written in different ways: start with a question, or quote from the proposed text, or give a definition of the problem. In the main part of the essay, show that you understand the problem, the author’s position, and provide examples from the text. In the same part, give your own opinion and arguments confirming your rightness. In conclusion, formulate a conclusion that resonates with the main idea of the text. Be sure to write first in a draft to carefully check for errors. Leave enough time to rewrite the essay from the draft so that you have time to check the essay again. Good luck!
29 Material prepared by Larisa Gennadievna Dovgomelya Source text for analysis: (1) The first post-war spring came to Leningrad. (2) One day I was walking home from the factory. (3) A long sunset smoked over the city. (4) The rain had just started pouring, drops were still rattling, falling from the eaves, and the blue puddles on the pavement were smoking with steam. (5) I remembered how I returned to Leningrad before the end of the war and did not recognize it: the streets seemed deserted and dead, not a single lamp was on, not a single window was lit; in place of lawns and flower beds there was black bare earth, divided into tiny crooked beds; Last year's leaves scraped and rustled along the paths of dug up city gardens (6) I walked slowly, putting my face under the drops and smiling at my own thoughts. (7) That first spring after the war we had a lot of work; We defended one and a half to two shifts and walked around angry and sleep-deprived. (8) And now the fever is over, and you can rest. (9) A woman came across me. (10) She carried a bouquet of yellowish bird cherry. (11) I didn’t have time to step aside, and rough soft leaves touched my face. (12) For a moment I felt a half-forgotten smell, so fresh, cooling, as if from an icicle placed on the tongue. (13) And unexpectedly I met her. (14) Old, spreading, it grew at the end of a quiet street, reaching third floors. (15) From a distance it seemed as if a clear summer cloud had descended between the houses. (16) Approaching, I stopped at the bent branches. (17) Brushes of large flowers swayed overhead. (18) You could touch them with your hands. (19) They could have been torn off. (20) I extended my hand. (21) These flowers will be at my house today
30 (22) As the branch broke, it crunched loudly. (23) I hastily put it behind my back. (24) Tapping with a stick, a stooped, thin old man approached the bird cherry tree. (25) Taking off his hat, he leaned against the trunk and seemed to doze off. (26) I could hear him breathing, snoring like an old man. (27) I moved away and then noticed two more people. (28) They stood huddled together, a young guy and a girl. (29) They didn’t notice either me or the old man. (30) And I also saw windows. (31) The windows in the neighboring houses are wide open. (32) It seemed that the houses were also breathing, greedily and deeply (33) I imagined those who live on this street, and thought: how did they manage to preserve the bird cherry? (34) I don’t know from words myself: in the terrible blockade winter, when the water freezes in the rooms and frost settles on the walls, what would you not sacrifice for the sake of a crumb of warmth, for the sake of a weak flame in the stove? (35) But the huge old tree survived. (36) Not in the garden, not in the park right on the street, not guarded by anyone (37) Did people really care about beauty and wait for spring on the threshold of their death? (According to E. Shim) How to write an essay on literary text in the Unified State Exam in Russian? (exercise
31 25) Writing an essay is the most complex look work on the Unified State Exam in the Russian language, especially if a literary text is proposed for analysis. Unlike a journalistic piece, in such a passage you will not find the author’s reasoning or direct assessment. Nevertheless, detecting the problem and finding the author’s position in such a text is quite simple. Let's see how this can be done. Let's start with the formulation of the problem of the text. Let me remind you that a problem is a question that the text itself (or rather, its author) must answer. Often, several issues are raised in works. Therefore, it is important to determine which one you will take for consideration. The author's position is the answer to the problem. The essay must answer a problematic question and determine the author’s attitude to the problem. In a journalistic text, everything is simple; the author’s position and the main problems are clearly formulated. It is more difficult to work with a literary text, since the author often “hides” the problem. Let's try to identify the problems raised by the writer and his position using an example from an excerpt from Kachalkov's stories. “(1) Sergei Nikolaevich Pletenkin returned home, as usual, at half past eight. (2) He worked in a service workshop in the very center of the city. (3) To justify the fuel, on the way home he made a stop near the central market and, if, of course, he was lucky, he picked up a fellow traveler. (4) Today he was incredibly lucky, his soul sang with joy, and he barely
32 took off his shoes, without even washing his hands, and immediately rushed to the kitchen to tell about the amazing incident. (5) The wife stood near the sink and washed the dishes. (6) The daughter finished her tea with a dissatisfied look and, capriciously sticking out her lower lip, asked: (7) Mom, why not? (8) Because the mother answered irritably. (9) Ask your father for time off! (10) Pletenkin impatiently waved his hand, asking for silence, and, squealing with joy, which always irritated his wife, he began to tell. (11) Imagine, I’m driving past the central market today, some woman slows me down (12) She asks me to give her a lift to the factory management. (13) I look: a leather coat, stylish boots, well, and her face looks so well-groomed (14) I immediately told her: three hundred!.. (15) She even opened her mouth. (16) Well, it’s okay, she sat down, and I took her to the department. (17) She comes out and gives me five hundred rubles (18) I’m like: “Okay, but I don’t have change!” (19) She looked at me, shrugged her shoulders and said: “Okay, keep the change!” (20) Imagine how lucky you are! (21) Yes! (22) If only all passengers were like this! the wife said. (23) You go wash your hands and let’s sit down to dinner (24) Pletenkin locked himself in the bathroom and began to soap his hands, replaying the details of everything that happened again and again. (25) Thick black hair, thin fingers with wedding ring, slightly detached look (26) This look happens to people who have lost something, and now look to where the missing thing should lie, knowing full well that it will not be found there. (27) And suddenly he remembered her! (28) It was Natasha Abrosimova, she studied in a parallel class. (29) Of course, she has changed: she was an invisible ugly girl, and now she has become real
33 lady, but the sad disappointment in her eyes remained. (30) Once in the eleventh grade, he volunteered to accompany her, leading her through quiet streets so that they would not be seen together. (31) Her eyes shone with happiness, and when he asked her to write an essay for him for the competition “You and Your City,” she immediately agreed. (32) Pletenkin took first place and received free trip to St. Petersburg, and after that he no longer paid attention to the bespectacled plain girl. (33) And only at the prom, after drinking champagne, in a fit of tearful sentimentality, he tried to explain something to her, and she looked at him with the same tired melancholy with which she looked today. (34) Well, it turns out that I deceived you! (35) Me? she smiled. (36) Did you deceive me? (37) And who! he said and grinned stupidly. (38) She left silently. (39) Pletenkin gloomily soaped his hands. (40) He thought that he would definitely meet her and return her two hundred, no, not two hundred, but all five hundred rubles (41) But he realized that he would never do this. (42) Why are you stuck there? (43) Everything is getting cold on the table! Having lost patience, my wife shouted from the kitchen. (44) “Did you deceive me?” he remembered again, and he trudged off to eat the cooling soup.” After carefully reading the proposed passage, you will be convinced that it most likely raises the problem of the inadmissibility of deception and responsibility for what a person once did, not only to people, but to himself and his conscience. This problem can be formulated in different ways, for example, in the form of a rhetorical question: is it correct to use all means to achieve one’s goal? Do the feelings of those who are deceived matter? Kachalkov's hero realized late that deception did not bring him happiness, but only disappointment. The problem may be
34 is also formulated in the form of a saying or proverb, but this is absent from our text. It could also be a quote from a test. So, after the twice repeated question “Did you deceive me?”, the conclusion emerges that the hero most likely deceived himself. When writing an essay, it is very important to correctly formulate the problem. Many people make the mistake of analyzing this option and call the problem of self-deception the main one. If we talk about our hero, then this is not about him. Self-deception is the belief in something that actually does not exist. Pletenkin deliberately deceives the girl to achieve his goal. He assigns the essay to participate in the competition. In order to more clearly show the commercialism and spiritual emptiness of the hero, it is necessary to select suitable examples (from life, from literary works). To analyze our text, we can use as an example the description of the duel between Pechorin and Grushnitsky from “A Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov to prove the idea that sometimes deception can lead to more tragic consequences than in our text. After all, Grushnitsky, wanting to deceive Pechorin, himself fell victim to his own deception. A good argument would be an example from V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov”. One lie leads to another and develops into betrayal. At first, it seemed to Rybak that he could help Sotnikov with his lies, but in the end, becoming more and more entangled in his lies, he becomes a participant in Sotnikov’s execution. And nothing can be fixed. Likewise, Pletenkin, who deceived Natasha for the sake of his ambitions, cannot return his school years. The good thing is that his deception did not turn into a tragedy. Let's return to the text. Natalya’s words: “Did you deceive me?” cause Pletenkin to “stupidly grin”, and only in the evening,
35 when he again remembers this unexpected meeting, they somehow influenced Pletenkin, and he “travelled” to eat the soup. That is, he began to understand that you cannot build a life on petty deception, it will not bring happiness and success. After all, until now he considered the greatest success to be the ability to take from random fellow travelers more money. This is what he tells his wife about, “squealing with joy.” But for Natasha, this deception rather became a lesson. She, apparently, became successful. No less important aspect in the essay is the formulation and definition of the author’s position. In a journalistic text, the author’s position is easy to read. In a literary text it is usually veiled and, in order to find it, you need to pay attention to the ways of describing the characters and take into account what means of expression the writer uses. To describe the author’s attitude, it is best to use quotations from the text, since giving examples with reference to the numbering of sentences destroys the composition of the essay. Formulating the writer’s attitude to the problem of deception in Kachalkov’s text, it is better to say that the author believes that the hero is experiencing pangs of conscience and has suffered a moral defeat. This is conveyed through a contrasting description of Pletenkin’s mood at the beginning of the story and at the end. Using the metaphor “the soul sang with joy,” the writer conveys the hero’s joy from petty deception. At the end, the same means of expression “gloomily”, “trudged”, with “desperation” convey a depressed state. When arguing your own attitude to the problem, try not to step aside and not mix all the problems into one. And of course, your opinion should not be a repetition of the author’s attitude. Try to remember something from life and formulate your attitude. The material was prepared by Larisa Gennadievna Dovgomelya
36 Example of an essay [Unified State Examination in the Russian language] based on the text by F.A. Vigdorova What is cowardice? Self-preservation instinct or vice? What feelings does a person experience who has deviated from generally accepted moral norms and committed an act of which he is ashamed in the future? It is these questions that F.A. Vigdorova ponders. The author raises the problem of cowardice in his text. The writer illustrates the relevance of this problem. To do this, she quotes the Decembrist poet Ryleev, who wrote that “we are not afraid to die on the battlefields, but we are afraid to say a word in favor of justice.” The author is surprised how many actions people sometimes fail to commit precisely under the influence of momentary cowardice. Examples of such behavior are contained in the sentences of the text. The worst thing, according to the journalist, is to experience cowardice and betrayal in everyday life. A broken window, the accidental loss of something, or a perceived injustice. How scary it is sometimes to make a confession about even a minor offense! The author believes that cowardice can only be countered by courage. You need to learn to take responsibility for your actions, and for this you need to “always overcome the monkey within you.” It is impossible not to agree with the opinion of F. Vigdorova. To
37 make a truthful confession, you need to be brave and strong man. We are well aware of examples from A.S. Pushkin’s story “ Captain's daughter" Shvabrin, throughout almost the entire work, commits cowardly acts: he lies, dodges, becomes a traitor, caring only about his own good. Pyotr Grinev, on the contrary, maintains dignity in any circumstances. So, the main character, risking his life, declares that he will not swear allegiance to Pugachev. We see another evidence of cowardice in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". Grushnitsky, shooting with Pechorin, knew perfectly well that the latter did not have a loaded pistol, but, nevertheless, he shot at a practically unarmed man. Fate cruelly punished meanness young man, killed in this duel. Perhaps Lermontov wanted to express his position on this issue in this way. Cowardice is the quality of a scoundrel, unworthy to live. Cowardice and betrayal always went hand in hand. I believe that we cannot be cowardly without committing betrayal towards those around us. Perhaps someone justifies their cowardice, but the mental trauma, the pain from the cowardly behavior of friends or those whom we considered friends, will be quite strong and will remain in the soul for a long time. Cowardice, and after it betrayal, not only destroys relationships between people, but also destroys the person himself. And Frida Abramovna Vigdorova is a thousand times right when she asserts in the final lines of the text that there is only one courage. It has no plural, while cowardice has many faces. Teacher's comment: An essay about cowardice and betrayal is easy to write for an adult. Based on your life experience, it is easier to distinguish between good and evil. How can a schoolchild who has...
38 shoulders is only a short period of life, and everything is still ahead? How to find in the text the problem that he will write about? You can determine the topic by asking: what is the text about? And highlight the problem that you will discuss. She must be alone. Several of them may be reflected in the text. In the control version, the author clearly calls things by their proper names, so there cannot be any difficulties with choosing definitions. We can advise you this: decide that you will discuss cowardice and betrayal or courage. When you work on your essay, don't be shy about writing emotionally. Let your emotional impulses be reflected on paper. Because it is impossible to write about cowardice and betrayal in dry language. But don’t get carried away with excessive expression, don’t use big words. The essay is not a letter to your best friend, but a journalistic document. If you can't focus on examples from life, remember the literature. You can find many examples on this topic in works of art. And be sure to make a plan, determine in what sequence you will write. Source text for writing an essay: (1) I knew wonderful writer. (2) Her name was Tamara Grigorievna Gabbe. (3) She once told me: There are many trials in life. (4) You can’t list them. (5) But here are three, they occur often. (6) The first test of need. (7) The second is prosperity, glory. (8) And the third test is fear. (9) And not only with the fear that a person recognizes in war, but with the fear that overtakes him in ordinary, peaceful life. (10) What kind of fear is this that does not threaten either death or injury? (11) Isn’t he a fiction? (12) No, it’s not fiction. (13) Fear has many faces, sometimes it affects the fearless.
39 (14) “It’s an amazing thing,” wrote the Decembrist poet Ryleev, “we are not afraid to die on the battlefields, but we are afraid to say a word in favor of justice.” (15) Many years have passed since these words were written, but there are persistent illnesses of the soul. (16) The man went through the war as a hero. (17) He went on reconnaissance, where every step threatened him with death. (18) He fought in the air and under water, he did not run from danger, he fearlessly walked towards it. (19) And now the war is over, the man returned home. (20) To my family, to my peaceful work. (21) He worked as well as he fought: with passion, giving all his strength, not sparing his health. (22) But when, due to the libel of a slanderer, his friend, a man whom he knew as himself, of whose innocence he was convinced as his own, was removed from work, he did not stand up. (23) He, who was not afraid of bullets or tanks, was scared. (24) He was not afraid of death on the battlefield, but was afraid to say a word in favor of justice. (25) The boy broke the glass. (26)Who did this? asks the teacher. (27) The boy is silent. (28) He is not afraid to ski down the most dizzying mountain. (29) He is not afraid to swim across an unfamiliar river full of treacherous funnels. (30) But he is afraid to say: “I broke the glass.” (31) What is he afraid of? (32) Flying down the mountain, he can break his neck. (33) Swimming across the river, you can drown. (34) The words “I did it” do not threaten him with death. (35) Why is he afraid to say them? (36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “It was scary, very scary.” (37) He spoke the truth: he was scared. (38) But he knew how to overcome his fear and did what his duty told him: he
40 fought. (39) In peaceful life, of course, it can also be scary. (40) I’ll tell the truth, but I’ll be expelled from school for it (41) If I tell the truth, I’ll be fired from my job (42) I’d rather remain silent. (43) There are many proverbs in the world that justify silence, and perhaps the most expressive: “My hut is on the edge.” (44) But there are no huts that would be on the edge. (45) We are all responsible for what is happening around us. (46) Responsible for all the bad and all the good. (47) And one should not think that a real test comes to a person only in some special, fatal moments: in war, during some kind of catastrophe. (48) No, not only in exceptional circumstances, not only at the hour mortal danger, human courage is tested under a bullet. (49) It is tested constantly, in the most ordinary everyday affairs. (50) There is only one courage. (51) It requires that a person always be able to overcome the monkey within himself: in battle, on the street, at a meeting. (52) After all, the word “courage” does not have a plural form. (53) It is the same in any conditions. (According to F.A. Vigdorova *) * Frida Abramovna Vigdorova () Soviet writer, journalist. (From Open Bank FIPI) Material prepared by Dovgomelya Larisa Gennadievna
41 Commentary on the commentary Let's talk about another very important criterion for assessing task 25, namely K2 commentary on the text. You can get 2 points for it. But getting them, as practice shows, is not so easy. Let's first define what a commentary in an essay is. A comment is an indicator that you correctly understood the text (the “agree to disagree” position is your assessment, but only AFTER you understand the author!) In other words, in the comment you do not need to describe your opinion on the highlighted issue, you will still have time to do so express, In the commentary it is necessary to show how the author himself reveals the problem. You must understand the author's assessment of what he writes about. There are two types of commenting: textual and
42 conceptual. Textual involves “following” the author’s thought, but there should be no retelling. Conceptual is a consideration of the problem in connection with broader contexts: the author's biography, other problems, time, tradition, and so on. Let's turn to the demo version and see how to create a textual (it's simpler) and conceptual commentary. To make a good comment you need to answer the questions. What aspects of the problem does the author pay attention to? On what material does it reveal it? How does he argue if there is argumentation? How does one feel about what is depicted? For conceptual: What type of problem is this? (social, philosophical, moral, eternal, temporary, etc.) Why did this problem attract the author, how is it related to his biography and work? Is it relevant today? Who else has addressed this problem, are there any traditions in literature and science associated with it? Does this problem affect each of us, do we often encounter it? How does the reader perceive the author’s reasoning? Does this problem worry us or leave us indifferent? You can use cliches, original “markers” that will indicate that this is a comment. For example:
43 The author asks a question For us to understand how important this is, the author tells The author confirms, comprehends, critically evaluates. The author gives an example of how Reflecting on a problem, the author gives arguments (quoting) You can generally use a template for a comment: In this text (passage, article) the author asks a question (PROBLEM!). This problem affects us all to a greater or lesser extent because... And it is relevant (today, always). Reasoning (describing, narrating), the author gives his assessment of what is happening, wanting to make the reader his like-minded person. His story about () is emotional, his arguments (.) are convincing, he resorts to (fictional narration, monologue, colorful description, excited dialogue of characters, dispassionate description, etc.) in the end he comes to the conclusion (The author’s thought is: the author's position is rather hidden, not in plain sight, but clearly understandable) Yes, writing according to a template is somehow not very good, maybe it’s bad form, but! Fatigue, stress, are you sure you will have the strength to be creative? If you write a few according to the template, it will be easier to make the comment “your own.” Checked! And remember, you need to start the exam with an essay for two reasons: 1. Before you get tired. 2. The draft should “rest”, lie down so that you can see mistakes, clumsiness, blunders, everything that you don’t need at all. Therefore, the order is as follows: essay for a draft, test for a draft, checking the essay and rewriting, checking the test and finally filling out the form. Try it and you will succeed! The material was prepared by Karelina Larisa Vladislavovna, teacher of the Russian language of the highest category, honorary worker of general education of the Russian Federation
44 Classical chria, or thanks to the ancient Greeks Second the most important criterion Essay grades are K4. This is an argument for your own position. Most often, graduates lose points here because they have no idea how to correctly prove their position. Classical khria is a system of evidence that came to us from Ancient Greece along with rhetoric, which the Greeks paid great attention to great attention. Therefore, you don’t need to invent anything, but you need to learn to use this very thing. But more on that a little later. First, in general, about the essence of the proof, since very often it is the argumentation that fails the authors of generally good essays. What is proof?
45 Take, for example, the following thesis. New Year is my favorite holiday. Let's prove it: New Year is my favorite holiday, because I love it. This is not proof, as you may have guessed. New Year is my favorite holiday because it is good. And this is not proof. What's the proof? New Year is my favorite holiday because people give me gifts. Or: because the whole family gathers at the table in New Year's Eve, and I feel like a member of a close-knit community where everyone loves each other. In other words, evidence answers the question WHY, not HOW. Another common mistake in argumentation is replacing the thesis with illustration. For example, New Year is my favorite holiday. This evening everyone gathers at the table, have fun and congratulate each other. At midnight they listen to the President and drink champagne. They take to the streets and complete strangers smile at you. This is an illustration: it shows HOW good and fun it is
46 holiday. The conclusion is missing: I feel part of the family, city, country, I rejoice with everyone, that’s why I love this holiday. This error is most often made in an argument related to literature. We will discuss this argument below. Classical chriya, or variants of proof The Greeks defined five types of proof: cause; "from the opposite"; reliance on everyday or reading experience; argument-comparison; reliance on authoritative opinion. The last two are difficult, they must be used wisely and only if you are very familiar with the problem and see ways to solve it. Therefore, we will leave them aside. How to proceed? Ask questions again. Let's try. State your thesis and ask yourself: Do I agree? If so, why? (this is the first type of argument). Second type: imagine if this were not so? What would happen? Third type: in what texts (and you can also use
47 journalistic and scientific literature) I encountered the same problem and how was it solved? Do I agree with this decision? If you don't agree, then why? What conclusion does this illustrate? Here it is IMPORTANT to use the text as an illustration, and draw the conclusion “on your own.” Now to the demo: the problem of true heroism. Arguments: why do you agree? A true hero is one who does things that... ordinary life are unusual for humans, and only outstanding people, like the hero of the story, are capable of feats. Where have we encountered the same problem? In the novel “War and Peace”, in the poem “Vasily Terkin”, the story “Sotnikov” by Vasil Bykov. It’s better to take “War and Peace” or “Sotnikov”, because there are also opposite examples: the hero Tushin does “his job” because he is driven high goal, the hero Sotnikov dies because he has an inflexible spirit. Dolokhov commits an outstanding act, but for the sake of selfish interests, the physically strong and dashing Rybak broke down, since he did not have inner strength. Conclusion: a hero is one who not only does something beyond human capabilities, but is also driven by a high purpose and nobility. Argument “from the opposite”: (there is another remark of the author in the text in our country there are thousands of heroes, that’s why the war was won) if there were no such people, then there would be no examples that inspired, inspired others to great deeds, and drive out the invaders from it would be more difficult for our land. As you can see, the evidence does not repeat each other, and this error occurs very often, and there is even one “spare” one. Let's summarize: 1. Let's highlight the problem.
48 2. Let’s select arguments using the chart, ask questions, answer them, and select illustrations. 3. “We describe” the arguments. And a little bit of purely everyday life Help an expert! He, poor thing, checks up to 60 works a day, and his eyes get blurry. Actively use the words “problem”, “question”, “what the author wants to discuss”, “idea”, “author’s position”, “conclusion”, “main idea”, “firstly”, “secondly” Well tired Marya Ivanna will not persistently search for something in your favor (no, of course, she will, but at the 30th essay she will not be so diligent). So don't tempt fate. If you can write originally, write, but! Not everyone has this gift, and therefore write simply, clearly, accessiblely, and in CLEAR handwriting! Even if you have it in the “cursive” style, try, because you need it, not an expert. But there is NO criterion for “originality”, so there is no need to “give it away,” it’s easy to slide not into originality, but into empty chatter. So it’s better to step on the throat of your own loud song for the sake of a point. But in general, long live the friendship between graduates and experts, because we are sides of the same coin. The material was prepared by Karelina Larisa Vladislavovna, teacher of the Russian language of the highest category, honorary worker of general education of the Russian Federation
49 Expert advice For almost 7 years now, as an expert, I have been checking Unified State Exam essays. During this time I read everything, both beautiful and terrible. Some write interestingly, some strictly, and some don’t write at all. Sometimes I am amazed at some of the sites on the Internet that offer ready-made essays. Well, think for yourself: write it off, get your A now, but what will be left in your head for, so to speak, a long-term investment in the form of the Unified State Exam? That's it, nothing. Maybe, while there is still time, prepare and find the strength and intellectual capabilities in yourself, learn to write essays? You just have to work a lot and diligently, and those who want to play in the Field of Miracles in the Land of Fools need not read further. For which you can lose a lot of points. Of the 12 criteria, 7 evaluate the content of the essay. They are the most “expensive” in terms of the final score, and they are difficult to deal with. And, as you might guess, the graduate makes the largest number of mistakes in this “zone.”
50 Mistakes can be called “fateful.” This is criterion 1 definition of the problem and criterion 4 argumentation of the position. Moreover, if the problem is incorrectly defined, ALL 4 subsequent criteria will be scored 0 points. Do we need it? What is the problem, exactly? Defining a problem is not easy. And all because we most often cannot understand WHAT the author wants to talk to us about. What QUESTION does he ask himself and us? This question is the problem. For example, there are texts about how a person should relate to nature. This seems to be a problem, but! It is absolutely clear to EVERYONE that nature must be treated with care, and this is no longer discussed today, but how to cultivate this attitude and understanding of the value of all life on earth is a problem. From classical literature, I will give as an example the story of my beloved Bunin “ Sunstroke" (If you haven’t read it, then run to the book, and in general everything “ Dark alleys"read this about love!). How many copies my students broke in class, proving that cheating on the heroine’s husband is bad, ah-ah-ah! The heroine is an immoral woman, etc. etc. They branded them as best they could. But! There is no problem of betrayal! It simply talks about love, which can be very different. The problem of the story can be formulated as follows: “What faces can love take? What place does love occupy in a person’s life? ”, and then the story becomes clear, both the behavior of the characters, and their meeting and parting. And the ardent debaters were simply wasting their time.
51 Now let's look at the text posted in the demo version of the Unified State Examination. (1) Vasily Konakov, or simply Vasya, as we called him in the regiment, was the commander of the fifth company. (2) The site of its defense was located at the very foot of the Mamayev Kurgan, the height dominating the city, for the capture of which the bloodiest battles took place over the course of all five months. (3) The area was difficult, absolutely flat, unprotected by anything, and most importantly, with disgusting approaches that were shot right through by the enemy. (4) During the day, the fifth company was actually cut off from the rest of the regiment. (5) Supply and communication with the rear occurred only at night. (6) All this made the defense of the site very difficult. (7) Something had to be done. (8) And Konakov decided to make a communication route between his trenches and the railway embankment. (9) One night he came to my dugout. (10) With difficulty he squeezed his massive figure into my cell and squatted down at the entrance. (11) A dark, curly-haired guy, with thick black eyebrows and unexpectedly blue eyes, considering his overall blackness. (12) He sat with me for a short time, warmed himself by the stove, and in the end asked for some tolu, “otherwise, if something was wrong, he would break all the shovels on this damn soil.” (13) Okay, I said. (14) Send soldiers, I’ll give you as much as you need. (15) Soldier? he smiled slightly at the corner of his lips. (16) I don’t have enough of them to drive back and forth. (17) Give it to me, I’ll carry it myself. (18) And he pulled out a huge bag from the bosom of his padded jacket.
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Part one, edifying
Today I entered “argument, problem of memory, Unified State Exam, Russian language” into the Yandex search bar and saw hundreds of pages offering arguments for every taste, color, problem and essay. Wow! Cool! And you don’t need to think - I wrote it off, enjoy life and the score from Marya Ivanna!
But! Let's figure it out, do you need this and what are the consequences? Because it is fraught with no options.
So, you need to write an essay in the format of task No. 25. For the sake of fairness, it must be said that the problems in the texts are repeated, this is what ready-made arguments are designed for: the problem of memory, the problem of moral choice, the problem of attitude towards nature, and so on.
And yet, there is no need to focus on the ready-made. And here's why.
Firstly, different texts may cover different aspects of the problem. Thus, the problem of love can have so many aspects that choosing the right argument will be problematic both in time and in meaning. For example, in the poem “I loved you,” love is a noble, lofty feeling, and in “Oh, how murderously we love!” F.I. Tyutchev's love is a wonderful and terrible feeling at the same time. Are you sure you won't make a mistake?
As an example, I’ll give you a real essay by one of my students who doesn’t like to bother himself; you’ll immediately see what his mistake is.
Text by V. Belov about memory as a link between the past and the future (see previous article)
The student identified the problem correctly. Wrote a decent comment. Then I found arguments, on the Internet, of course:
A. Tvardovsky wrote:
The war has passed, the suffering has passed,
But pain calls to people.
Come on people, never
Let's not forget about this.
The works of many poets are dedicated to the people's feat in the Great Patriotic War. The memory of what we experienced does not die. A.T. Tvardovsky writes that the blood of the fallen was not shed in vain: the survivors must maintain peace so that descendants live happily on earth:
I bequeath in that life
You should be happy
And to my native fatherland
Thanks to them, the war heroes, we live in peace. The Eternal Flame burns, reminding us of the lives given for our homeland.
What happened? Yes, it’s just a text about one memory, personal, human, and the arguments are about historical memory, and even with quotes that are a problem to learn by heart. The second mistake is that my friend did not understand that there is essentially one argument! That's the whole story: 0 points for the second block of criteria. Even if he had simply written one phrase about how memory can be historical, and it is no less important to remember not only our ancestors, but also those who saved our future, the essay would not have looked so clumsy.
Secondly: are you sure you can remember ALL the arguments? You won’t be able to carry the spur accurately, but what do you think you’ll do during the exam? Is it worth spending precious time learning a huge number of arguments by heart? Maybe it’s easier to learn how to write them yourself (see articles on the site)? I assure you, it’s easier than putting unprocessed information into your already full brain.
Do you need it?
Part two, theoretical
Let's see from which works you can find a large number of arguments for your essay.
Of course, in the classics. Why? Yes, because the classic differs from any other book in that there is not one, but dozens of problems, and for each there is some kind of solution.
For example, this is Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment”, Tolstoy’s “War and Peace”, Chekhov’s stories and “The Cherry Orchard”, Pushkin’s lyrics and “Eugene Onegin”, also “Fathers and Sons”, “Oblomov”, “Quiet Don”, poetry Alexander Blok and so on.
Let's take "War and Peace" as an example.
Problems:
- The problem of war as “the most terrible thing in the world.”
- The problem of the liberation war. Thesis: the war of liberation is a just cause, it unites all the people in the struggle for the Fatherland
- The problem of heroism. Thesis: a hero is one who does not think about heroism as a way to obtain benefits. The hero performs an “ordinary feat”; he is driven by other goals: nobility, decency, patriotism.
- The problem of patriotism. Thesis: patriotism is not in calls to fight for the liberation of the Fatherland and not in false love for everything Russian, but in real deeds, the unity of the people.
- The problem of man's spiritual quest. Thesis: a person can fall to the very bottom in life, he can rise up, but he just doesn’t stop, he must develop.
- Family problem. Thesis: a family is not just people living nearby, a family is united by a sense of love, responsibility and raising children.
- The problem of moral choice. Thesis: a person makes a moral choice at moments when he experiences enormous stress, when history demands a decision from him. moral choice speaks about the inner content of a person.
- The problem of the role of personality in history. Thesis: personality does not play any role in history, and “the king is a slave of history.”
- The problem of the people. Thesis: the people are the main driving force of historical events.
- The problem of egoism and individualism. Thesis: selfishness and individualism are the most disgusting qualities of a person; they prevent a person from realistically assessing everything that happens around him, leading to delusions and spiritual death.
And this is only part of what can be found in the novel!
Part three: what to do?
- Take the above works and find the problems there.
- For each, formulate a thesis, as I showed you above.
- Think about what material or image the writer uses to reveal this problem.
- Write down the argument itself. If you write it down yourself, your hand and brain will automatically remember it!
Example: the problem of love. What should love be like?
Let's take the wonderful “Cloud in Pants” by Vladimir Mayakovsky.
Thesis: love should not only be bright and sincere, but also lift a person above the ground, not bound by any social shackles.
Illustration: In the poem “A Cloud in Pants” by V. Mayakovsky, the lyrical hero, after parting with his beloved, understands that her and his love, so beautiful, bright, huge, were stolen. It was stolen by a society that dictates its own laws of life and love, conventions. The hero does not accept vulgarity; the news of the heroine’s future marriage causes anger, pain, and rage in him. As the hero is, so is his love: he experiences a “fire of the heart” and does not want to be different. And if society is like that, then “Down with your love!”
This is how you work. I would like to write: “The Internet can help you,” but in this case it’s the other way around.
The material was prepared by Karelina Larisa Vladislavovna, teacher of the Russian language of the highest category, honorary worker of general education of the Russian Federation