Reading the text made me think about such an issue as the importance of preserving historical memory. Why is it so important to preserve and pass it on from generation to generation? Why doesn’t a person have the right to simply erase unpleasant events from his memory? Vasily Bykov thinks about these questions.
Discussing the problem of preserving historical memory, Vasily Bykov draws our attention to the fact that despite the fact that the war is receding further into the past, “the scars from its terrible claws will no longer be visible...
in today's life." Indeed, we can often notice that the past influences our present day, and it is not surprising - after all, the present is a continuation of events that have already happened. It is no coincidence that the author notes that this "war taught history and humanity a number of lessons for the future, which would be unforgivable indifference to ignore." By this, V. Bykov shows that humanity can avoid repeating mistakes if it learns from the mistakes of the past.
According to the author, people should preserve and cherish the memory of important events our history. I cannot but agree with the writer on this, I also believe that it is important not to forget history and learn from the mistakes of the past in order to avoid their repetition.
Lots of people in different time thought about the meaning of memory in human life. Likhachev also reflects on this issue in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful.” He notes that nothing in this world passes without a trace, and even a simple piece of paper has memory: once crumpled, it will crumple along almost the same lines again if you compress it a second time. A person who does not want to remember his past is an ungrateful and irresponsible person, not realizing that nothing passes without a trace, that his actions will be preserved in the memory of other people. Memories are an integral part of our character and worldview; they help us understand and rethink various events.
Another work that addresses the issue of the importance of historical memory is the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Student". Main character In this story, upset, he meets on his way home a mother and daughter sitting by the fire. He approaches them to warm himself and tells the story of the apostle, which greatly touched the women. This event helps the protagonist of the story realize that everything in the world is inextricably connected: the past, the present, and the future. Understanding the relationship between events of the long past and the present gives the main character hope for a bright future and helps to overcome sad thoughts.
To sum it up, it is very important to preserve our memories. They play a huge role in shaping a person’s personality and worldview and help avoid repeating the mistakes of the past. That is why it is necessary to preserve the memory of various events and not let the memories disappear.
Updated: 2018-02-27
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(Our present is inseparable from the past, which constantly reminds us of itself, whether we want it or not).
· The published book “Memoirs of Children of Wartime Stalingrad” by Lyudmila Ovchinnikova became a real revelation not only for the current generation, but also for war veterans. The author describes the memories of children of wartime Stalingrad. The story of human grief and self-sacrifice shocked me. This book should be in every school library. The events of the heroic past are not allowed to be erased from human memory.
· The problem of historical memory is raised in his article “ Ancient Sparta» L. A. Zhukhovitsky. What memory did the great ancient states leave behind? For many centuries, along with the memory of military valor, achievements of science and works of art, reflecting the “intense spiritual life” of people, have been preserved; if Sparta left behind nothing but glory, then “Athens laid the foundation of modern culture.”
· In the novel-essay “Memory,” V. A. Chivilikhin tries to remember our historical past. At the center of the work is the Russian heroic Middle Ages, an immortal history lesson that must not be forgotten. The writer talks about how the predatory steppe army stormed the forest town of Kozelsk for 49 days and could not take it. The author believes that Kozelsk should go down in history on a par with such giants as Troy, Smolensk, Sevastopol, Stalingrad.
· Now many people are taking liberties with history. A.S. Pushkin also noted that “disrespect for history and ancestors is the first sign of savagery and immorality.”
· A. S. Pushkin’s poem “Poltava” is a heroic poem. In its center is the image of the Poltava battle as a great historical event. The poet believed that the Russian people, following an original historical path, thanks to Peter’s reforms, embarked on the path of enlightenment, thereby ensuring for themselves the possibility of freedom in the future.
· The memory of the past is preserved not only by household items and jewelry, but also, for example, letters, photographs, and documents. In V. P. Astafiev’s story “The Photograph in which I am not”, the hero talks about how a photographer came to a rural school, but due to illness he was unable to take pictures. The teacher brought Vitka a photograph. Many years passed, but the hero saved this photo, despite the fact that he was not in it. He looks at her and remembers his classmates, thinks about their destinies. “Village photography is a unique chronicle of our people, its wall history.”
· The problem of historical memory is raised by V. A. Soloukhin in his journalistic works. “When we destroy the old, we always cut off the roots, but at the same time, like a tree in which every root hair counts,” in difficult times, those same roots and hairs create everything anew, revive and give new strength.”
· The problem of the loss of “historical memory” and the rapid disappearance of cultural monuments is a common matter, and it can only be solved together. In the article “Love, Respect, Knowledge,” Academician D. S. Likhachev talks about the “unprecedented desecration of a national shrine” - the explosion of a cast-iron monument to the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Bagration. Whose hand went up? Of course, not from someone who knows and honors history! “The historical memory of a people shapes the moral climate in which the people live.” And if memory is erased, then people, distant from their history, become indifferent to the evidence of the past. Therefore, memory is the basis of conscience and morality...
· A person who does not know his past cannot be considered a full-fledged citizen of his country. The topic of historical memory worried A. N. Tolstoy. In the novel “Peter I” the author portrayed a major historical figure. Its transformations are a conscious historical necessity, implementation economic development countries.
· Today, memory education is very important for us. In his novel “The Swarm,” S. A. Alekseev writes about the inhabitants of the Russian village of Stremyanki, who went to Siberia in search of better life. The new Stepladder has stood in Siberia for more than three-quarters of a century, and people remember it and dream of returning to their homeland. But young people do not understand their fathers and grandfathers. Therefore, Zavarzin has difficulty asking his son Sergei to go to the former Stremyanka. This meeting with his native land helped Sergei to see the light. He realized that the reasons for the failures and discord in his life were due to the fact that he did not feel support under him, he did not have his own Stepladder.
· When we talk about historical memory, A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem” immediately comes to mind. The work became a monument to all mothers who survived the terrible 30s, and their sons, victims of repression. A. Akhmatova sees her duty as a person and poet to convey to her descendants the whole truth about the era of Stalin’s timelessness.
· When we talk about historical memory, A. T. Tvardovsky’s poem “By the Right of Memory” immediately comes to mind. Memory, continuity, and duty became the main concepts of the poem. In the third chapter, the theme of historical memory comes to the fore. The poet speaks of the need for such memory in the spiritual life of the people. Unconsciousness is dangerous. It is necessary to remember the past so as not to repeat its terrible mistakes.
· A person who does not know his past is doomed to make new mistakes. He cannot be considered a full-fledged citizen if he does not know what kind of state Russia is, its history, the people who shed blood for us, for our descendants. The theme of the Great Patriotic War occupied a special place in our literature. We learn about real war from the story by B. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet.” The absurd and cruel death of female anti-aircraft gunners cannot leave us indifferent. At your own cost own life help Sergeant Major Vaskov detain the Germans.
· In the autobiographical story “The Summer of the Lord,” I. S. Shmelev turned to the past of Russia and showed how Russian holidays are woven into patriarchal life one after another. The hero of the book is the keeper and continuer of traditions, a bearer of holiness. Forgetting ancestors and forgetting traditions will not bring peace, wisdom, spirituality and morality to Russia. This is the main idea of the author.
· We cannot lose the memory of the war. Lessons from the past and books about war help us with this. The novel “The General and His Army” by the famous Russian writer Georgiy Vladimirov attracts our attention with the searing truth about the war.
The problem of ambiguity human nature.
· Can most people be considered unconditionally good, kind or unconditionally bad, evil? In the work “My Mars” I. S. Shmelev raises the problem of the ambiguity of human nature. The ambiguity of human nature manifests itself in different life situations; one and the same person is often revealed from different sides in everyday life and in a dramatic situation.
IY. Family problems.
The problem of fathers and children.
(Fathers and sons are an eternal problem that has worried writers of different generations).
· The title of the novel by I. S. Turgenev shows that this problem is the most important. Prominent representatives of the two ideological trends are Evgeny Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. The “fathers” adhered to the old views. Bazarov, a nihilist, represents the “new people.” The views of Bazarov and Kirsanov were completely opposite. From the first meeting they felt each other as enemies. Their conflict was a conflict between two worldviews.
· The image of Evgeny Bazarov from I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons” is central to the novel. But the images of his elderly parents, who dote on their son, are also important. It would seem that Evgeniy is indifferent to his old people. But at the end of the work we are convinced of how reverently Bazarov treats his parents. “People like them cannot be found during the day,” he says to Anna Sergeevna Odintsova before his death.
· One of the most important facets of the father-child problem is gratitude. Are children grateful to their parents who love and raise them? The topic of gratitude is raised in the story by A. S. Pushkin “ Stationmaster" The tragedy of a father who loved dearly only daughter, appears before us in this story. Of course, Dunya has not forgotten her father, she loves him, feels guilty before him, but still she left, leaving her father alone. For him, this act of his daughter was a big blow. Dunya feels both gratitude and guilt before her father; she comes to him, but no longer finds him alive.
Very often in literary works the new, younger generation turns out to be more moral than the older ones. It sweeps away the old morality, replacing it with a new one. Parents impose their morals and principles of life on their children. This is Kabanikha in A. N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm”. She orders to do only as she wants. Kabanikha is opposed by Katerina, who goes against her rules. All this was the cause of Katerina’s death. In her image we see a protest against parental concepts of morality.
· One of the clashes between fathers and children occurs in A. S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit.” Famusov teaches Chatsky to live, and expresses the same attitude towards life. Famusov, in deviating from the “testament of the fathers,” already imagines an attack on their entire way of life, even more - disrespect for moral covenants, an attack on moral principles. This conflict is irreconcilable because both sides are deaf to each other.
· The problem of mutual understanding between generations is reflected in the work of A. S. Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”. Representative of the “present century” Chatsky, an exponent of progressive ideas, comes into conflict with the reactionary Famusovsky society and its foundations of the “past century”.
· Each of the writers saw the conflict between fathers and sons in his own way. M. Yu. Lermontov saw the best in the outgoing generation that he did not find in his contemporaries: “I look sadly at our generation. His future is either empty or dark..."
· Sometimes, to resolve a conflict situation between fathers and children, one small step towards each other is enough - love. The misunderstanding between father and son is resolved in the most unexpected way in the work of V. G. Korolenko “Children of the Dungeon.” Vasya, the narrator of all events, deeply worries about the death of his mother. He loves and pities his father, but his father does not let him near him. A complete stranger, Pan Tyburtsy, helps them understand each other.
· The connection between generations should not be broken. If youthful maximalism does not allow youth to unite two generations, then the wisdom of the older generation should take the first step towards it. G.I. Kabaev writes in his poem: “We are connected by one fate, One family, one blood... Descendants will become you and me Hope, faith and love.
Text from the Unified State Examination
(1) I remember those April days 1961. (2) Stunning joy, delight... (3) People pouring out onto the streets of Moscow, music, happy and confused faces... (4) Incredible... unthinkable... can't believe it... (b) Man in space! (6) Ours! (7) Major Gagarin! (8) Vostok rocket! (9) Manned spaceship! (U) Fantastic! (I) Great! (12) Great! (13) Wow! (14) Hurray!
(15) The capital, which left schools and institutions, factory workshops and university classrooms, which canceled theater performances and film shows, raged in a paroxysm of spontaneous emotions. (16) Perhaps for the first time in all her eight centuries, truly sincere and pure. (17) Even the schoolboy’s joy over unexpectedly canceled lessons paled in comparison with this holiday, which burst into millions of hearts.
(18) And then, a few days later, he flew to Moscow. (19) Live report from Vnukovo. (20) A brand new TV “Start”, bought as if especially for such an occasion. (21) A tight circle of neighbors around a screen flickering with black and white pictures. (22) Here he is walking along the carpet... (23) Smiling... (24) “But handsome guy!” - the neighbors agree unanimously... (25) Here the lace comes untied... (26) Everyone gasps and freezes - he will fall, he will not fall... (27) Here he reports to the First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Khrushchev...
(28) Of course, you can’t understand a lot at eleven years old. (29) But we’ve already read “Aelita”, and “The Andromeda Nebula”, and “War of the Worlds”, and therefore we are aware of the emotional shock of a real human flight into outer space. (30) And the memory stores not so much visual images as sensations: joy, delight, celebration.
(31) Now we’re already used to it. (32) However, we got used to it a long time ago, since the names of the cosmonauts began to fade from memory, and the next flight into orbit or to a space station ceased to be an information event. (33) And no wonder - more than 500 people visited there, according to statistics. (34) Is it possible to remember everyone! (35) But the first ones are remembered. (36) And the dead are also remembered.
(37) Did Yuri Gagarin experience fear before flying, in the cockpit, when returning to Earth? (38) Of course, then, in 1961, such questions could not have occurred to me. (39) In the most natural way for a boy growing up in the USSR, I believed that Yuri Gagarin was happy before, during, and after. (40) And, of course, proud. (41) And not in any special way, but exclusively with legitimate pride. (42) Well, adolescence has its privileges, including the opportunity to be stupid with impunity.
(43) Now, from the height of his years, I understand: he was scared. (44) Very. (45) After all, he was flying into the unknown, into a black hole, and his chances of disappearing were almost greater than the chances of returning. (46) This hardly consoled or inspired confidence: “the support of millions”, “faith in the power of Soviet science”, “the leading role of the party”... (47) Of course, there was support, and faith in science, and the leadership of the party. (48) But death, like birth, is an intimate act, performed alone, even if relatives overwhelmed by grief are standing around. (49) The decision to risk life with minimal chances of not dying is made by a person without regard to the “support of millions.”
(50) It is in making such a decision that the greatness of this smiling and now forever young Russian guy lies. (51) He took a step towards death, revealing to us new era. (52) And now we carelessly skip information about the next flight into space, forget the names of other cosmonauts, considering all this as ordinary and ordinary events. (53) This is probably how it should be.(According to M. Belyash)
Introduction
Every year the history of mankind is filled with more and more new events glorifying civilization. The world does not stand still, the world moves forward. Developing and improving, finding new ways to exalt.
Who is responsible for progress? Of course, people. Some of them heroically rushed into the arms of the unknown, risking life and health for the sake of universal development. But over time, their exploits are forgotten, becoming commonplace, nothing more than a historical fact.
Problem
The problem of historical memory is raised in his text by M. Belyash, talking about the change in the attitude of Russian people towards Yuri Gagarin’s first flight into space.
A comment
The author recalls the distant year 1961, when the public was excited by the news of the first manned flight into space. Crowds of jubilant people in the squares of large cities, canceled classes in schools and abandoned workplaces, postponed performances and film screenings.
It was difficult for an eleven-year-old boy to understand the internal state of the hero at that time, during his flights. It seemed that Gagarin was driven by the desire to glorify his country, pride in his Motherland and fellow citizens, that he was simply happy during the most difficult moments of his flights and after them.
Decades later, it became clear that Yuri Gagarin experienced incredible fear when setting off on a journey that a larger share most likely it could have ended in his death rather than his return.
Despite the support of his compatriots, the state, and his family, it was impossible for Yuri Gagarin not to feel lonely, since the process of birth and death is so intimate that it is carried out in complete unity with himself. And the decision to take a mortal risk is made by a person independently, without regard to the opinions of millions.
In those distant times, when the first flight took place, the awareness of what had actually happened historical fact cemented in memory not so much the significance of the event as delight, joy and celebration. But gradually people got used to the flights, and the names of the astronauts are not only forgotten, but are no longer reported to the public with the same enthusiasm.
Author's position
According to the author, Gagarin’s greatness lies precisely in the fact that he consciously took risks, understanding the possible consequences of his actions. He went to his death to open up a new era of space exploration for humanity.
And now we perceive information about the next flight so easily, we perceive it as a meaningless, everyday event. The author assumes that this is how it should be. This is a kind of law of life, although a very sad one.
Your position
I cannot but agree with the author that life moves forward, and what was new and unusual ten or five years ago is now too familiar and ordinary. It can't be any other way. But what happened once, made us great and more developed, must still remain in our memory to serve as an example for future generations.
Argument 1
Reflecting on the problem of memory, I remember V. Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera.” Daria, a spiritually strong woman, protects the past by preserving abandoned houses and graves. These are unique symbols of memory. Wanting to save them during acts of vandalism, knowing that soon the entire island will go under water, she says goodbye to past generations, to those who lived here before her. As long as at least someone remembers the past, the thread connecting generations cannot be broken.
Argument 2
In the play by A.P. Chekhov " The Cherry Orchard“One of the main characters, Yasha, an uneducated lackey who imagines himself to be the best representative of modern thinking, admiring everything foreign, does not see the point of communicating with his own mother. He - shining example loss of memory, so his life seems meaningless, useless to anyone, and there is a complete absence of at least something spiritual and moral in it.
Conclusion
Memory is what keeps the usual course of time uninterrupted and eras smoothly replace each other. Without the memory of the past, we will not be able to build a worthy future, we will not be able to help the generations that replace us in building their new world.
The main problem posed by V. Astafiev in this text is the problem of memory, the problem of spiritual heritage, people’s respect for our past, which constitutes an inextricable part of our general history and culture. The author asks the question: why do we sometimes turn into Ivanovs who do not remember kinship? Where do the former life values of people, so dear to our hearts, go?
The problem identified by the writer is very relevant for our modern life. We often see how beautiful parks and alleys are cut down, and new houses are built in their place. People give priority not to the memory of their ancestors, but to the possibility of easy enrichment. Here we are involuntarily reminded of Chekhov’s “The Cherry Orchard”, where new life cut her way with an axe.
The author's position is clear. He looks with nostalgia into the past, feels a feeling of aching melancholy and anxiety. The author loves his village very much, which is his small homeland. He watches with alarm how people strive for easy money, how material values take over minds and hearts. In this case, there is a loss of everything truly important for a person, a loss of respect for the memory of ancestors, for one’s history. “Memories of a past life close to my heart disturb me, giving rise to a nagging longing for something irretrievably lost. What will happen to this small, familiar and dear world to me, who will preserve my village and the memory of the people who lived here? - V. Astafiev asks bitterly in the finale. All this characterizes this writer as a highly moral, thoughtful person who loves his Motherland, Russian nature, and has a genuine interest in Russian history and culture.
The text is very emotional, expressive, imaginative. The writer uses a variety of media artistic expression: metaphor (“walk through the sleeping streets”), epithet (“a clever man”), phraseological unit (“at least a tuft of wool from a black sheep”).
I completely agree with V. Astafiev. The problem of respect for the memory of our ancestors, for the history of old Russian cities and villages, the problem of preserving ancestral customs and traditions - all this is very important for us, because without the past there can be no future, a person cannot cut down his own roots. Another writer, V. Rasputin, raises similar problems in his work “Farewell to Matera.” The plot of the story is based on a true story.
During the construction of the Angarsk hydroelectric power station, nearby villages and churchyards were destroyed. Relocation to new places was a very dramatic moment for the inhabitants of these villages. They were forced to leave their homes, established households, old things, and parental graves. The writer’s image of the house becomes animated: the walls become blind, as if the hut also suffers from separation from its inhabitants. “It was uncomfortable to sit in an empty, ruined hut - it was guilty and bitter to sit in a hut that was left to die,” writes V. Rasputin. The heroine of the story, old woman Daria, remains with her native Matera until the very end. She bitterly complains that she did not have time to transport her parents’ graves. Saying goodbye to his hut, he touchingly tidies it up, as if seeing it off last way. The image of the old village, the image of the old woman Daria and the image of the hut symbolize the maternal principle in the story. This is the basis of life that has been undermined by man.
A person’s respectful attitude towards his native places and his history forms our historical memory. How important is a person's attitude towards small homeland, D.S. also reflects on the beauty of Russian cities and villages. Likhachev in “Letters about the good and the beautiful.” The scientist talks about “how to cultivate in yourself and in others” moral settlement“-attachment to one’s family, to one’s home, village, city, country”, to cultivate interest in one’s culture and history. This is the only way we will preserve our conscience and morality. To preserve and preserve memory is, according to D. Likhachev, “our moral duty before ourselves and before our descendants."
Thus, the guideline for V. Astafiev in resolving this problem is absolute moral values, love for the Motherland, respect for the memory of ancestors, for the history of one’s own country, city, village. This is the only way we can maintain self-respect. Our great poet said this wonderfully:
Two feelings are wonderfully close to us -
The heart finds food in them -
Love for the native ashes,
Love for fathers' coffins.
Based on them from time immemorial,
By the will of God himself,
Human self-reliance
And all its greatness.
1) The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past).
The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central issues in literature in the mid-20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in his poem “By Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in the poem by A.A. Akhmatova “Requiem”. Sentence state system, based on injustice and lies, is rendered by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”
2) The problem of preserving ancient monuments and caring for them.
Problem careful attitude To cultural heritage always remained the center of everyone's attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change political system accompanied by the overthrow of previous values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospect from being built up with standard high-rise buildings. The Kuskovo and Abramtsevo estates were restored using funds from Russian cinematographers. Tula residents also take care of ancient monuments: their appearance is preserved historical center cities, churches, Kremlin.
The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.
3) The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.
“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). Chingiz Aitmatov called a man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, a mankurt ( "Stormy Station"). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember his childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not recognize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous to society, the writer warns.
Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city whether they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought with, who G. Zhukov was... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, the Kursk Bulge...
The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history and does not honor his ancestors is the same mankurt. I just want to remind these young people of the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"
4) The problem of a false goal in life.
“A person needs not three arshins of land, not an estate, but the entire globe. All of nature, where in the open space he could manifest all the properties free spirit”, wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without a goal is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry". Its hero, Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Himalayan, dreams of purchasing his own estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. In the end, he reaches her, but at the same time almost loses his human appearance (“he’s grown fat, flabby... - and just behold, he’ll grunt into the blanket”). A false goal, an obsession with the material, narrow, and limited, disfigures a person. He needs it to live constant movement, development, excitement, improvement...
I. Bunin in the story “Mr. from San Francisco” showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and this god he worshiped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed the man by: he died without ever knowing what life was.
5) The meaning of human life. Searching for a life path.
The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life---. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children... But he did not have the strength to make these desires come true, so his dreams remained dreams.
M. Gorky in the play “At the Lower Depths” showed the drama “ former people”, who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, understand that they need to live better, but do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the play begins in a rooming house and ends there.
N. Gogol, an exposer of human vices, persistently seeks a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become “a hole in the body of humanity,” he passionately calls on the reader entering adulthood to take with him all “human movements” and not to lose them on the road of life.
Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “on official business,” asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are afraid of this road, they run to their wide sofa, because “life touches you everywhere, it gets you” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual self. One of them is Pierre Bezukhov, the hero of the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, and too easily succumbs to rude flattery, the reason for which is his enormous fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well?
What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I?” - these questions scroll through your head countless times until a sober understanding of life sets in. On the way to him, there is the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and man lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual self.
6) Self-sacrifice. Love for one's neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.
In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former siege survivor recalls that during a terrible famine, as a dying teenager, his life was saved by an elderly neighbor who brought a can of stewed meat sent by his son from the front. “I’m already old, and you’re young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved retained a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.
The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar region. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidiya Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When the fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But I didn’t save myself - I didn’t have time.
U. M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story “The Fate of a Man.” It talks about tragic fate a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person strength to live, strength to resist fate. Sonya Marmeladova.
7) The problem of indifference. Callous and soulless attitude towards people.
“People satisfied with themselves”, accustomed to comfort, people with petty proprietary interests are the same heroes Chekhov, “people in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in "Ionyche", and teacher Belikov in "Man in a Case". Let us remember how “chubby, red” Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides “in a troika with bells,” and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red,” shouts: “Keep it right!” “Keep the law” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. There should be no obstacles on their prosperous path of life. And in Belikov’s “no matter what happens” we see only an indifferent attitude towards the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals, but simply philistines, ordinary people who imagine themselves to be “masters of life.”
8) The problem of friendship, comradely duty.
Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; There is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. Literary examples there is plenty of that. In Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba” one of the heroes exclaims: “There are no brighter bonds than comradeship!” But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasilyev’s story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...” both the anti-aircraft gunner girls and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance and responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov’s novel “The Living and the Dead,” Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade from the battlefield.
9) The problem of scientific progress.
In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, a desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns around dire consequences: bipedal creature with " with a dog's heart“- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.
The press reported that the elixir of immortality would appear very soon. Death will be completely defeated. But for many people this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. How will this immortality turn out for a person?
10) The problem of the patriarchal village way of life. The problem of the charm and beauty of morally healthy village life.
In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the homeland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene and natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. Nekrasov in his poems and poems drew the reader’s attention not only to poverty peasant huts, but also on how friendly peasant families are, how hospitable Russian women are. Much is said about the originality of the farm way of life in Sholokhov’s epic novel “ Quiet Don" In Rasputin’s story “Farewell to Matera,” the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.
11) The problem of labor. Enjoyment from meaningful activity.
The theme of labor has been developed many times in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall I.A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stolts, sees the meaning of life not as a result of work, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor.” His heroine does not perceive forced labor as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.
12) The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.
Chekhov's essay “My “she”” lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people. Goncharov “Oblomov” (the image of Oblomov). The image of Manilov (Gogol “Dead Souls”)
13) The problem of the future of Russia.
The topic of the future of Russia has been touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol in lyrical digression The poem “Dead Souls” compares Russia with a “brisk, irresistible troika.” “Rus', where are you going?” - he asks. But the author does not have an answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in his poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn is rising, bright and hot. And it will be so forever and indestructibly. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible!” He is confident that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.
14) The problem of the influence of art on a person.
Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have different effects on nervous system, on the tonus of a person. It is generally accepted that Bach's works enhance and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion and cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.
Dmitri Shostakovich's seventh symphony is subtitled "Leningrad". But the name “Legendary” suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the residents of the city were greatly influenced by Dmitry Shostakovich’s 7th Symphony, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy. (compare with Bazarov’s attitude to art - “Fathers and Sons”).
Nekrasov “To whom in Rus'...” (chapter Rural Fair)
15) The problem of anticulture.
This problem is still relevant today. Nowadays there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. As another example, we can recall literature. The theme of “disculturation” is well explored in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time they dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature is revered.
16) The problem of modern television.
A gang operated in Moscow for a long time, which was particularly cruel. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior and their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film “Natural Born Killers,” which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the characters in this picture in real life.
Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts they became acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also the opposite cases, when a person became addicted to TV and had to be treated in special clinics.
17) The problem of clogging the Russian language.
I believe that the use foreign words in the native language is justified only if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers fought against the contamination of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to insert foreign words into a Russian phrase. There is no point in writing concentration when we have our own good word- condensation."
Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with a clumsy synonym he invented - a water cannon. While practicing word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested saying instead of alley - prosad, billiards - sharokat, replaced the cue with sarotyk, and called the library a bookmaker. To replace the word galoshes, which he did not like, he came up with something else - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation among contemporaries.
18) The problem of destruction of natural resources.
If the press began to write about the disaster threatening humanity only in the last ten to fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story “After the Fairy Tale” (“The White Ship”). He showed the destructiveness and hopelessness of the path if a person destroys nature. She takes revenge with degeneration and lack of spirituality. The writer continues this theme in his subsequent works: “And the day lasts longer than a century” (“Stormy Stop”), “The Block”, “Cassandra’s Brand”.
The novel “The Scaffold” produces a particularly strong feeling. Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed death wildlife from economic activity person. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with humans, predators look more humane and “humane” than the “crown of creation.” So for what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?
19) Imposing your opinion on others.
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower...” The main character, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest employee who has won a pleasure trip to nature.
20) The theme of war in literature.
Very often, when congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky above their heads. We don't want their families to suffer the ordeal of war. War! These five letters carry with them a sea of blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. People's hearts have always been filled with the pain of loss. From everywhere where the war is going on, you can hear the groans of mothers, the cries of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
Our country has suffered many trials during the war. IN early XIX century, Russia was shocked by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L.N. Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace.” Guerrilla warfare, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before us with our own eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of war. Tolstoy talks about how for many, war has become the most commonplace thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice it. For them, war is a job that they must do conscientiously. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield.
An entire city can get used to the idea of war and continue to live, resigning itself to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L. N. Tolstoy tells about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “ Sevastopol stories" Here the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is an eyewitness to them. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombing of the city did not stop. More and more fortifications were required. Sailors and soldiers worked in the snow and rain, half-starved, half-naked, but they still worked.
And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, and enormous patriotism. Their wives, mothers, and children lived with them in this city. They had become so accustomed to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to shots or explosions. Very often they brought dinners to their husbands directly to the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the entire family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in war happens in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloody to the elbows... busy near the bed, on which, with with open eyes and speaking as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words, lies wounded under the influence of chloroform.”
War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, no matter what goals it pursues: “...you will see war not in a correct, beautiful and brilliant system, with music and drumming, with waving banners and prancing generals, but you will see war in its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death...” The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they come to its defense. Sparing no effort, using any means, they (the Russian people) do not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But this will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers dedicated their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This hard times It is also characteristic that women fought in the ranks of the Red Army along with men. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They fought the fear inside themselves and did such heroic deeds, which seemed completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasiliev’s story “And the dawns here are quiet...”.
Five girls and their combat commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhin ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to railway, absolutely confident that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: they couldn’t retreat, but stay, because the Germans were eating them like seeds. But there is no way out! The Motherland is behind us! And these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. How carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, guns, shots, screams, moans... But they did not break and gave for victory the most precious thing they had - life. They gave their lives for their homeland.
But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without ever knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed in the fire of anger, everything is devalued: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, this is the last rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain...
People become weapons in the hands of power. Dividing into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become strangers forever. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others talk about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry.” The stories of “Cavalry” talk about a man who found himself on fire Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of Budyonny’s First Cavalry Army, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of the stories we do not feel the victorious spirit.
We see the cruelty of the Red Army soldiers, their composure and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but what is more terrible is that they can finish off their wounded comrade without a moment's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves it to his reader to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.
From the pages of their works we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeats, but war is harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Maybe the day will come when the moans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will cease on earth, when our land will meet a day without war!
The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the period Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from a skeleton and go with it against a fascist” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their resilience, courage, daily heroism - this is the real reason victory. In the novel Y. Bondareva “Hot Snow” the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein’s brutal tanks rush towards the group encircled in Stalingrad. Young artillerymen, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts.
The sky was bloody smoked, the snow was melting from bullets, the earth was burning underfoot, but the Russian soldier survived and did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, disregarding all conventions, without award papers, presented orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What I can, what I can...” he says bitterly, approaching the next soldier. The general could, but what about the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?