Literature in the 19th century in Russia is associated with the rapid flowering of culture. Spiritual upliftment and importance are reflected in immortal works writers and poets. This article is dedicated to representatives of the Golden Age of Russian literature and the main trends of this period.

Historical events

Literature in the 19th century in Russia gave birth to such great names as Baratynsky, Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Fet, Yazykov, Tyutchev. And above all Pushkin. Near historical events this period was marked. The development of Russian prose and poetry was influenced by Patriotic War 1812, and the death of the great Napoleon, and the passing of Byron. The English poet, like the French commander, for a long time dominated the minds of revolutionary-minded people in Russia. And Russian-Turkish war, as well as echoes french revolution, heard in all corners of Europe - all these events turned into a powerful catalyst for advanced creative thought.

While in Western countries were carried out revolutionary movements and the spirit of freedom and equality began to emerge, Russia strengthened its monarchical power and suppressed uprisings. This could not go unnoticed by artists, writers and poets. Literature of the early 19th century in Russia is a reflection of the thoughts and experiences of the advanced strata of society.

Classicism

This aesthetic direction is understood as artistic style, which originated in European culture in the second half of the 18th century. Its main features are rationalism and adherence to strict canons. Classicism of the 19th century in Russia was also distinguished by its appeal to ancient forms and the principle of three unities. Literature, however, in this artistic style began to lose ground already at the beginning of the century. Classicism was gradually replaced by such movements as sentimentalism and romanticism.

Masters artistic word began to create their works in new genres. Works in the style gained popularity historical novel, romantic story, ballad, ode, poem, landscape, philosophical and love lyrics.

Realism

Literature in the 19th century in Russia is associated primarily with the name of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Closer to the thirties, realistic prose took a strong position in his work. It should be said that the ancestor of this literary direction in Russia it is Pushkin.

Journalism and satire

Some features European culture The 18th century was inherited by the literature of the 19th century in Russia. We can briefly outline the main features of poetry and prose of this period - satirical nature and journalisticism. The tendency to depict human vices and shortcomings of society is observed in the works of writers who created their works in the forties. In literary criticism, it was later determined that the authors of satirical and journalistic prose were united. “Natural school” was the name of this artistic style, which, however, is also called “Gogol’s school.” Other representatives of this literary movement are Nekrasov, Dal, Herzen, Turgenev.

Criticism

Ideology " natural school" was justified by the critic Belinsky. The principles of the representatives of this literary movement. Characteristic feature became in their work social issues. The main genres are essay, socio-psychological novel and social story.

Literature in the 19th century in Russia developed under the influence of the activities of various associations. It was in the first quarter of this century that there was a significant rise in the journalistic field. Belinsky had a huge influence. This man had extraordinary ability feel the poetic gift. It was he who was the first to recognize the talent of Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev, Dostoevsky.

Pushkin and Gogol

The literature of the 19th and 20th centuries in Russia would have been completely different and, of course, not so bright without these two authors. They had a huge influence on the development of prose. And many of the elements that they introduced into literature have become classical norms. Pushkin and Gogol not only developed such a direction as realism, but also created completely new art types. One of them is the image “ little man", which later received its development not only in the works of Russian authors, but also in foreign literature nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Lermontov

This poet also had a significant influence on the development of Russian literature. After all, it was he who created the concept of “hero of time.” With him light hand it entered not only literary criticism, but also public life. Lermontov also took part in the development of the psychological novel genre.

The entire period of the nineteenth century is famous for the names of talented great personalities who worked in the field of literature (both prose and poetry). Russian authors at the end of the eighteenth century adopted some of the merits of their Western colleagues. But due to a sharp leap in the development of culture and art, it eventually became an order of magnitude higher than the Western European one that existed at that time. The works of Pushkin, Turgenev, Dostoevsky and Gogol have become the property of world culture. The works of Russian writers became the model on which German, English and American authors later relied.

1. “Anna Karenina” by Leo Tolstoy

Roman about tragic love married lady Anna Karenina and the brilliant officer Vronsky against the background of a happy family life noblemen Konstantin Levin and Kitty Shcherbatskaya. A large-scale picture of the morals and life of the noble environment of St. Petersburg and Moscow of the second half of the 19th century century, combining the philosophical reflections of the author's alter ego Levin with advanced psychological sketches in Russian literature, as well as scenes from the life of peasants.

2. “Madame Bovary” by Gustave Flaubert

The main character of the novel is Emma Bovary, a doctor's wife who lives beyond her means and starts extramarital affairs in the hope of getting rid of the emptiness and ordinariness of provincial life. Although the plot of the novel is quite simple and even banal, true value novel - in the details and forms of plot presentation. Flaubert as a writer was known for his desire to bring each work to perfection, always trying to find the right words.

3. “War and Peace” by Leo Tolstoy

An epic novel by Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy, describing Russian society during the era of the wars against Napoleon in 1805-1812.

4. “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” Mark Twain

Huckleberry Finn, who escaped from his cruel father, and the runaway black man Jim raft on the Mississippi River. After some time, they are joined by the rogues Duke and King, who eventually sell Jim into slavery. Huck and Tom Sawyer, who has joined him, organize the release of the prisoner. Nevertheless, Huck frees Jim from captivity in earnest, and Tom does it simply out of interest - he knows that Jim’s mistress has already given him freedom.

5. Stories by A.P. Chekhov

Over 25 years of creativity, Chekhov created about 900 various works(short humorous stories, serious stories, plays), many of which have become classics of world literature. Particular attention was paid to “The Steppe”, “A Boring Story”, “Duel”, “Ward No. 6”, “The Story of an Unknown Man”, “Men” (1897), “The Man in a Case” (1898), “In the Ravine” , “Children”, “Drama on the Hunt”; from the plays: “Ivanov”, “The Seagull”, “Uncle Vanya”, “Three Sisters”, “The Cherry Orchard”.

6. "Middlemarch" George Eliot

Middlemarch is the name of the provincial town in and around which the novel takes place. Many characters inhabit its pages, and their destinies are intertwined by the will of the author: these are the bigot and pedant Casaubon and Dorothea Brooke, the talented doctor and scientist Lydgate and the bourgeois Rosamond Vincey, the bigot and hypocrite banker Bulstrode, Pastor Fairbrother, the talented but poor Will Ladislav and many, many others. Unsuccessful marriages and happy marital unions, dubious enrichment and fuss over inheritance, political ambitions and ambitious intrigues. Middlemarch is a town where many human vices and virtues are manifested.

7. "Moby Dick" Herman Melville

"Moby Dick" by Herman Melville is considered the greatest American novel XIX century. At the center of this unique work, written contrary to the laws of the genre, is the pursuit of the White Whale. Captivating storyline, epic sea ​​paintings, descriptions of bright human characters in harmonious combination with the most universal philosophical generalizations make this book a true masterpiece of world literature.

8. Great Expectations by Charles Dickens

“In the novel” Great Expectations"" - one of latest works Dickens, the pearl of his work, tells the story of the life of young Philip Pirrip, nicknamed Pip in childhood. Pip's dreams of a career, love and prosperity in the “world of gentlemen” are shattered in an instant, as soon as he learns the terrible secret of his unknown patron, who is being pursued by the police. Money, stained with blood and marked with the seal of crime, as Pip is convinced, cannot bring happiness. And what is it, this happiness? And where will his dreams and great hopes lead the hero?

9. “Crime and Punishment” Fyodor Dostoevsky

The plot revolves around the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, in whose head a theory of the crime is ripening. Raskolnikov himself is very poor; he cannot pay not only for his studies at the university, but also for his own accommodation. His mother and sister are also poor; he soon learns that his sister (Dunya Raskolnikova) is ready to marry a man she does not love for money to help her family. This was the last straw, and Raskolnikov commits the deliberate murder of the old pawnbroker and the forced murder of her sister, a witness. But Raskolnikov cannot use the stolen goods, he hides them. From this time on, the terrible life of a criminal begins.

The daughter of a wealthy landowner and a big dreamer, Emma tries to diversify her leisure time by organizing someone else's personal life. Confident that she will never get married, she acts as a matchmaker for her friends and acquaintances, but life gives her surprise after surprise.

The ideas of great Russian literature and its humanistic pathos are close and understandable to the broad masses of readers in all corners of the globe.

Realizing the importance of poetic form, Russian writers of the 19th century. sought to strengthen artistic expression techniques used, but this did not become the end in itself of their creativity. Intensive cultivation artistic forms was carried out by writers on the basis of deep insight into the essence of the socio-economic and spiritual processes of life. This is the source of the creative insights of the leading writers of Russian literature. Hence its deep historicism, due primarily to the truthful depiction social contradictions, broadly revealing the role of the masses in historical process, the ability of writers to show the relationship social phenomena. Thanks to this, in the literature there are actually historical genres- a novel, drama, story - in which the historical past receives as truthful a reflection as the present. All this became possible on the basis of the widespread development of realistic trends dominant in Russian literature of the 19th century.

Realistic creativity of Russians writers of the XIX V. highly appreciated largest representatives Western European culture and art. P. Merimee admired the laconicism of Pushkin’s prose; G. Maupassant called himself a student of I. S. Turgenev; L. N. Tolstoy's novels made a strong impression on G. Flaubert and influenced the work of B. Shaw, S. Zweig, A. France, D. Galsworthy, T. Dreiser and other writers Western Europe. F. M. Dostoevsky was called the greatest anatomist" (S. Zweig) human soul, stung by suffering; the structure of a polyphonic narrative, characteristic of Dostoevsky’s novels, is used in many Western European prose and dramatic works XX century The dramaturgy of A.P. Chekhov with its gentle humor, subtle lyricism, and psychological overtones has become widespread abroad (especially in the Scandinavian countries and Japan).

Understanding the laws of life processes, advanced Russian writers of the 19th century. placed great demands on themselves. They are characterized by intense, sometimes painful thoughts about the meaning of human activity, about the relationship of surrounding phenomena with the spiritual impulses of the individual, about the secrets of the universe, about the purpose of the artist. Works of writers of the 19th century. is distinguished by its extreme saturation with socio-philosophical and moral problems. Writers sought to answer questions about how to live, what to do to bring the future closer, which was thought of as a kingdom of goodness and justice. At the same time, all major writers of Russian literature, despite individual differences in political and aesthetic views, were united by a decisive denial, sometimes sharp criticism of property, landownership and capitalist slavery.

Thus, the works of Russian literature of the 19th century, which captured “great impulses of the spirit” (M. Gorky), even today help to form an ideologically steadfast person who loves his Motherland, distinguished by nobility of moral motives, the absence of nationalistic prejudices, and a thirst for truth and goodness.

The richest experience of Russian literature XIX century in the image of a person and social life formed the enduring basis on which achievements were possible Soviet art in the formation of new ideals, the communist consciousness of the working masses. Best works Russian literature of the 19th century, distinguished by deep ideology, nationality, social activity, the desire to reveal life in its typical manifestations, contributed to the emergence of realism, which became the main creative method literature.

The development of Russian literature took place in difficult conditions, in the struggle against autocracy and the forces of reaction. However, the uncontrollable craving for freedom and the bright ideals of humanity gave her such impetuosity that already from mid-19th V. Russian writers were able to occupy one of the leading places in European literature. A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov received global recognition as artists of the first magnitude. And the point here is not only in the perfection of artistic forms or the unparalleled brightness of the depiction of human experiences, but also in the fact that socio-historical and moral problems, put forward by Russian writers, worried all progressive humanity. These are the problems of rebuilding life on new, democratic principles, liberating workers from suffering, and the despotism of the exploiting elite. Standing up for justice and freedom in all spheres of human relations, Russian literature thereby became a herald of the highest and most humane social ideals.

It is characteristic that some literary figures in the West have already emphasized in our time that “along with Tolstoy, Chekhov is, perhaps, precisely that pre-revolutionary writer, thanks to whom his people everywhere in the world began to better understand and love him more. Chekhov... helps us understand today's Russia. In the ways of the heart, Chekhov makes us feel how necessary the revolution was, that all living, suffering, thinking Russia…»

When determining the global significance of the works of the greatest Russian writers of the 19th century, we must remember that their work has always been a reflection of the struggle and clashes of progressive and conservative social forces. Russian literature of the 19th century. is one of the most authoritative literatures in the world. Interest in it grows as interest in the creative activities of the Soviet people building communism increases.

RUSSIAN LITERATURE. Literature of the late XIX early XX centuries.- The collapse of populism and the struggle between its epigones and Marxism appeared the most important events Russian public life end of the century and significantly influenced the course of the literary process. The formation of literature reflecting the characteristics of the third... ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary

RUSSIAN LITERATURE OF THE 19TH CENTURY and Lermontov. 1. Lermontov and Russian poetry of the 19th century. L. is the heir of the Pushkin era, who began directly from that milestone, which was designated in Russian. poetry by A. S. Pushkin. He expressed the new position of the letter, characteristic... ... Lermontov Encyclopedia

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Books

• Russian poets of the 19th century. Reader, . The proposed anthology aims to give students of historical and philological faculties and literature teachers the most complete understanding of the development of Russian poetry of the 19th century according to...
• Russian poets of the 19th century. The proposed anthology aims to give students of historical and philological faculties and literature teachers the most complete understanding of the development of Russian poetry of the 19th century according to...

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Presentation on the topic: Writers and poets of the 19th century

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Writers and poets of the 19th century 1. Aksakov S.T. 2. Ershov P.P. 3. Zhukovsky V.A. 4. Koltsov A.V. 5. Krylov I.A. 6. Lermontov M.Yu. 7. Marshak S.Ya. 8. Nekrasov N.A. 9. Nikitin I.S. 10. Prishvin M.M. 11. Pushkin A.S. 12. Tolstoy L.N. 13. Tolstoy A.K. 14. Tyutchev F.I. 15. Ushinsky K.D. 16. Fet A.A. 17. Chekhov A.P. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Lyalina, teacher primary classes, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod region

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Sergei Trofimovich Aksakov Famous Russian writer. Born into a noble family famous family Shimona. The future writer inherited his love of nature from his father. Peasant labor aroused in him not only compassion, but also respect. His book "Family Chronicle" was continued in "The Childhood Years of Bagrov's Grandson."

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Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov Born on March 6, 1815 in the Tobolsk province into the family of an official. Russian poet, writer, playwright. He was the initiator of the creation of an amateur gymnasium theater. He worked as a director in the theatre. He wrote several plays for the theater: “Rural Holiday”, “Suvorov and stationmaster" Ershov became famous thanks to his fairy tale “ Little Humpbacked Horse»

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Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky Born on January 29 in the village of Mishenskoye, Tula province. Father, Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin, landowner, owner of the village. Mishensky; his mother, Turkish Salha, was taken to Russia as a prisoner. At the age of 14, she was taken to Moscow and sent to the Noble boarding school. I lived and studied there for 3 years. Studied Russian and foreign literature. In 1812 he was in Borodino and wrote about the heroes of the battle. His books: Little Thumb, There is no dearer sky, The Lark.

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Alexey Vasilievich Koltsov A.V. Koltsov is a Russian poet. Born on October 15, 1809 in Voronezh, in merchant family. The father was a merchant. Alexey Koltsov delved into the various economic concerns of a rural resident from the inside: gardening and arable farming, cattle breeding and forestry. In the boy’s gifted, empathetic nature, such a life fostered a breadth of soul and versatility of interests, direct knowledge of village life, peasant labor and folk culture. From the age of nine, Koltsov studied reading and writing at home and showed such extraordinary abilities that in 1820 he was able to enter the district school, bypassing the parish school. Started writing at the age of 16. He wrote a lot about work, about the land, about nature: Mower, Harvest, etc.

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Ivan Andreevich Krylov I.A. Krylov is a great fabulist. Born on February 2, 1769 in Moscow in the family of a poor army captain, who received the rank of officer only after thirteen years of military service. Krylov was 10 years old when his father died and he had to work. Russian writer, fabulist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In St. Petersburg, in the Summer Garden, there is a bronze monument where the fabulist is surrounded by animals. His works: Swan, Pike and Cancer. Siskin and Dove. Crow and Fox.

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Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was born in Moscow in the family of captain Yuri Petrovich Lermontov and Maria Mikhailovna Lermontova, only daughter and the heiress of the Penza landowner E.A. Arsenyeva. Lermontov spent his childhood on Arsenyeva’s estate “Tarkhany” in the Penza province. The boy received a home education in the capital, and since childhood he was fluent in French and German languages. In the summer of 1825, my grandmother took Lermontov to the Caucasus; childhood impressions of the Caucasian nature and life of the mountain peoples remained in his early work. Then the family moves to Moscow and Lermontov is enrolled in the 4th grade of the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, where he receives a liberal arts education.

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Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak S.Ya. Marshak is a Russian poet. Born on October 22, 1887 in Voronezh in the family of a factory technician and a talented inventor. At the age of 4 he wrote poetry himself. Good translator English language, Russian poet. Marshak knew M. Gorky. Studied in England at the University of London. During the holidays, I traveled a lot on foot around England, listened to English folk songs. Even then he began working on translations of English works.

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Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a famous Russian poet. He came from a noble, once rich family. Born on November 22, 1821 in Podolsk province. Nekrasov had 13 brothers and sisters. The poet spent his entire childhood and youth on Nekrasov’s family estate, the village of Greshneva, Yaroslavl province, on the banks of the Volga. He saw people's hard work. They pulled barges across the water. He dedicated many poems to the lives of people in Tsarist Russia: Green Noise, Nightingales, Peasant Children, Grandfather Mazai and the Hares, Motherland, etc.

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Ivan Savvich Nikitin Russian poet, born in Voronezh to the sons of a wealthy merchant, owner of a candle factory. Nikitin studied at a theological school and seminary. I dreamed of graduating from university, but my family went broke. Ivan Savvich continued his education himself. He composed poems: Rus', Morning, Meeting Winter, Swallow's Nest, Grandfather.

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Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born on January 23, 1873 in the Oryol province near Yelets. Prishvin's father is from a native merchant family of the city of Yelets. Mikhail Mikhailovich is educated as an agronomist and writes a scientific book about potatoes. Later he leaves for the North to collect folklore from folk life. He loved nature very much. He knew the life of the forest and its inhabitants well. He knew how to convey his feelings to readers. He wrote: Protecting nature means protecting the Motherland! His books: Guys and Ducklings, Pantry of the Sun, Nature Calendar, etc.

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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich is a great Russian writer. He wrote the first ABC and four Russian books for reading for children. IN Yasnaya Polyana opened a school and taught the children himself. He worked hard and loved work. He plowed the land himself, cut the grass, sewed boots, and built huts. His works: Stories about children, Kids, Filipok, Shark, Kitten, Lion and dog, Swans, old grandfather and granddaughters.

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Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy A.K. Tolstoy was born in St. Petersburg, and the future poet spent his childhood in Ukraine, on the estate of his uncle. While still a teenager, Tolstoy traveled abroad, to Germany and Italy. In 1834, Tolstoy was assigned as a “student” to the Moscow archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1837 he served in the Russian mission in Germany in 1840. received service in St. Petersburg at the royal court. In 1843 - the court rank of chamber cadet. During Tolstoy's lifetime, the only collection of his poems was published (1867). Poems: The last snow is melting, Cranes, Forest Lake, autumn, etc.

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Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky was born on February 19, 1824 in Tula in the family of Dmitry Grigorievich Ushinsky, a retired officer, a small nobleman. Konstantin Dmitrievich's mother, Lyubov Stepanovna, died when he was 12 years old. Konstantin Dmitrievich was a teacher, he created books himself. He called them " Children's world" and "Native Word". He taught me to love my native people and nature. His works: The Scientist Bear, Four Wishes, Geese and Cranes, Eagle, How a Shirt Grew in a Field.

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Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich - Russian poet-lyricist, translator. Born in the Novoselki estate in the Oryol province. Since childhood I loved the poems of A.S. Pushkin. At the age of 14 he was taken to St. Petersburg to study. He showed his poems to Gogol. The first book was published in 1840. His poems: A Wonderful Picture, The Swallows Are Missing, Spring Rain. For the last 19 years of his life, he officially bore the surname Shenshin.

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Anton Pavlovich Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is an outstanding Russian writer, playwright, and doctor by profession. Born on January 17, 1860 in Taganrog, Ekaterinoslav province. Early childhood Anton's life took place in endless church holidays and name days. IN weekdays After school, I guarded my father’s shop, and at 5 a.m. every day I got up to sing in the church choir. At first, Chekhov studied at a Greek school in Taganrog. At the age of 8, after two years of study, Chekhov entered the Taganrog gymnasium. In 1879 he graduated from high school in Taganrog. In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharyin and others. His works: White-fronted, Kashtanka, In Spring, Spring Waters, etc.