Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.
1) According to Ryleev’s observations, people who have proven themselves on the battlefield as fearless warriors may be afraid to speak out in defense of justice.
2) The boy, fearlessly skiing down the mountains and swimming across unfamiliar rivers, could not admit that he had broken the glass.
3) A person who went through a war as a hero will always stand up for his friend who has been slandered, since he is not afraid of anything.
4) Fear has many faces, but it is truly scary only in war, in peaceful life there is nothing to be afraid of.
5) There are many trials in life, and the manifestation of courage is expressed in the ability to “overcome the monkey within oneself” not only in war, but also in peacetime.
Explanation.
Answer: 1, 2, 5.
Answer: 125
Relevance: Used since 2015
Difficulty: normal
Valentina Kozlova 28.05.2016 20:22
Option 2 is not suitable, since it is not clear to us from the text whether the young man really skied down the mountains and swam across the rivers. Sounds more like hyperbole than true story. A very controversial answer...
Maxim Medvedev 08.03.2019 19:48
Remove the second option.
Tatiana Statsenko
Let’s not take away: “(28) He is not afraid to ski down the most dizzying mountain. (29) He is not afraid to cross an unfamiliar river full of treacherous funnels. (30) But he is afraid to say: “I broke the glass.”
Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.
1) Sentences 3–9 present a narrative.
2) Sentences 12–13 contain answers to the questions posed in sentences 10–11.
3) Sentences 31–35 contain reasoning.
4) Sentences 40–42 present reasoning.
5) Sentences 50–53 provide a description.
In response, write down the numbers in ascending order.
Explanation.
Sentences 3-9 contain reasoning, not narrative.
Sentences 50-53 contain reasoning, not description.
Answer: 2, 3, 4.
Answer: 234
Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2016 in the Russian language.
Archie Gromov 29.03.2019 14:13
in sentences 40-42 there is a narrative and not a reasoning, in sentences 3-9 there is also a narrative. Correct answers 123. Correct this disgrace quickly
Tatiana Statsenko
No, you are wrong. Our answers are correct.
From sentences 44–47, write down antonyms (antonymic pair).
Explanation.
Sentence 46 contains antonyms (words with opposite meanings) “bad - good.”
Answer: bad is good.
Answer: badgood|goodbad
Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2016 in the Russian language.
Pavel Vasikov 18.10.2015 17:59
why no comma? in the explanation with a comma, but in the answer what?
Tatyana Yudina
There is nothing in the answers except hyphenated letters and numbers. Read the instructions before taking the test.
Among sentences 34–42, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun and lexical repetition. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).
Sentence 37 is connected to the previous one using the lexical repetition of “scary” and the personal pronoun “he”.
In 38 there is a repetition of the pronoun OH (in relation to 37), it is also a personal pronoun, the same can be said about the pronoun HIM.
Answer: 37 38.
Answer: 3738|3837
Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2016 in the Russian language.
Relevance: Current academic year
Difficulty: hard
Codifier section: Means of communication of sentences in the text
Rule: Task 25. Means of communication of sentences in the text
MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT
Several sentences connected into a whole by theme and main idea are called text (from the Latin textum - fabric, connection, connection).
Obviously, all sentences separated by a period are not isolated from each other. There is a semantic connection between two adjacent sentences of a text, and not only sentences located next to each other can be related, but also those separated from each other by one or more sentences. The semantic relations between sentences are different: the content of one sentence can be contrasted with the content of another; the contents of two or more sentences can be compared with one another; the content of the second sentence may reveal the meaning of the first or clarify one of its members, and the content of the third - the meaning of the second, etc. The purpose of task 23 is to determine the type of connection between sentences.
The task could be worded like this:
Among sentences 11-18, find the one(s) that is related to the previous one using demonstrative pronoun, adverbs and cognates. Write the number(s) of the offer(s)
Or: Determine the type of connection between sentences 12 and 13.
Remember that the previous one is ONE ABOVE. Thus, if the interval 11-18 is indicated, then the required sentence is within the limits indicated in the task, and answer 11 may be correct if this sentence is related to the 10th topic indicated in the task. There may be 1 or more answers. Point for successfully completing the task - 1.
Let's move on to the theoretical part.
Most often we use this model of text construction: each sentence is linked to the next one, this is called a chain link. (We will talk about parallel communication below). We speak and write, we combine independent sentences into text using simple rules. Here's the gist: two adjacent sentences must be about the same subject.
All types of communication are usually divided into lexical, morphological and syntactic. As a rule, when connecting sentences into a text, they can be used several types of communication at the same time. This greatly facilitates the search for the desired sentence in the specified fragment. Let us dwell in detail on each of the types.
23.1. Communication using lexical means.
1. Words of one thematic group.
Words of the same thematic group are words that have a common lexical meaning and denote similar, but not identical concepts.
Example words: 1) Forest, path, trees; 2) buildings, streets, sidewalks, squares; 3) water, fish, waves; hospital, nurses, emergency room, ward
Water was clean and transparent. Waves They ran ashore slowly and silently.
2. Generic words.
Generic words - words related by the relation genus - species: genus - more broad concept, the view is narrower.
Example words: Chamomile - flower; birch - tree; car - transport and so on.
Example sentences: It was still growing under the window birch. I have so many memories associated with this tree...
Field daisies are becoming rare. But this is unpretentious flower.
3 Lexical repetition
Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word in the same word form.
The closest connection of sentences is expressed primarily in repetition. Repetition of one or another member of a sentence - main feature chain connection. For example, in sentences Behind the garden there was a forest. The forest was deaf and neglected the connection is built according to the “subject - subject” model, that is, the subject named at the end of the first sentence is repeated at the beginning of the next; in sentences Physics is a science. Science must use the dialectical method- “model predicate - subject”; in the example The boat moored to the shore. The shore was strewn with small pebbles- model “circumstance - subject” and so on. But if in the first two examples the words forest and science stand in each of the adjacent sentences in the same case, then the word shore has different forms. Lexical repetition in Unified State Exam assignments repetition of a word in the same word form, used to enhance the impact on the reader, will be considered.
In texts of artistic and journalistic styles, the chain connection through lexical repetition often has an expressive, emotional character, especially when the repetition is at the junction of sentences:
Aral disappears from the map of the Fatherland sea.
Whole sea!
The use of repetition here is used to enhance the impact on the reader.
Let's look at examples. We are not yet taking additional means of communication into account; we are looking only at lexical repetition.
(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “ It was scary, very scary." (37) He spoke the truth: he it was scary.
(15) As a teacher, I had the opportunity to meet young people yearning for a clear and precise answer to the question about higher values life. (16) 0 values, allowing you to distinguish good from evil and choose the best and most worthy.
Please note: different forms of words refer to a different type of connection. For more information about the difference, see the paragraph on word forms.
4 Similar words
Similar words - words with same root and general meaning.
Example words: Homeland, be born, birth, generation; tear, break, burst
Example sentences: I'm lucky be born healthy and strong. The story of my birth unremarkable.
Although I understood that a relationship was necessary break, but couldn't do it myself. This gap would be very painful for both of us.
5 Synonyms
Synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are close in meaning.
Example words: be bored, frown, be sad; fun, joy, jubilation
Example sentences: In parting she said that will miss you. I knew that too I'll be sad from our walks and conversations.
Joy grabbed me, picked me up and carried me... Jubilation there seemed to be no boundaries: Lina answered, finally answered!
It should be noted that synonyms are difficult to find in the text if you need to look for connections only using synonyms. But, as a rule, along with this method of communication, others are also used. So, in example 1 there is a conjunction Same , this connection will be discussed below.
6 Contextual synonyms
Contextual synonyms are words of the same part of speech that are similar in meaning only in a given context, since they relate to the same object (feature, action).
Example words: kitten, poor fellow, naughty; girl, student, beauty
Example sentences: Kitty has been living with us for quite some time. My husband took it off poor fellow from the tree where he climbed to escape the dogs.
I guessed that she student. Young woman continued to remain silent, despite all efforts on my part to get her to talk.
These words are even more difficult to find in the text: after all, the author makes them synonyms. But along with this method of communication, others are also used, which makes the search easier.
7 Antonyms
Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.
Example words: laughter, tears; hot, cold
Example sentences: I pretended that I liked this joke and squeezed out something like laughter. But tears They choked me, and I quickly left the room.
Her words were hot and burned. Eyes chilled cold. I felt like I was under a contrast shower...
8 Contextual antonyms
Contextual antonyms are words of the same part of speech that are opposite in meaning only in a given context.
Example words: mouse - lion; home - work green - ripe
Example sentences: On work this man was gray with the mouse. At home woke up in it lion.
Ripe The berries can be safely used to make jam. But green It’s better not to put them in, they are usually bitter and can ruin the taste.
We draw attention to the non-random coincidence of terms(synonyms, antonyms, including contextual ones) in this task and tasks 22 and 24: this is one and the same lexical phenomenon, but considered under different angles vision. Lexical means can serve to connect two adjacent sentences, or they may not be a connecting link. At the same time, they will always be a means of expression, that is, they have every chance of being the object of tasks 22 and 24. Therefore, advice: when completing task 23, pay attention to these tasks. You will learn more theoretical material about lexical means from the reference rule for task 24.
23.2. Communication using morphological means
Along with lexical means of communication, morphological ones are also used.
1. Pronoun
A pronoun connection is a connection in which ONE word or SEVERAL words from the previous sentence are replaced by a pronoun. To see such a connection, you need to know what a pronoun is and what categories of meaning there are.
What you need to know:
Pronouns are words that are used instead of a name (noun, adjective, numeral), denote persons, indicate objects, characteristics of objects, the number of objects, without naming them specifically.
Based on their meaning and grammatical features, nine categories of pronouns are distinguished:
1) personal (I, we; you, you; he, she, it; they);
2) returnable (self);
3) possessive (my, yours, ours, yours, yours); used as possessives also forms of personal: his (jacket), her (work),their (merit).
4) demonstrative (this, that, such, such, such, so much);
5) definitive(himself, most, all, everyone, each, other);
6) relative (who, what, which, which, which, how many, whose);
7) interrogative (who? what? which? whose? which? how much? where? when? where? from where? why? why? what?);
8) negative (nobody, nothing, nobody);
9) indefinite (someone, something, someone, anyone, anyone, someone).
Don't forget that pronouns change by case, therefore, “you”, “me”, “about us”, “about them”, “no one”, “everyone” are forms of pronouns.
As a rule, the task indicates WHAT category the pronoun should be, but this is not necessary if in the specified period there are no other pronouns that act as LINKING elements. You need to clearly understand that NOT EVERY pronoun that appears in the text is a connecting link.
Let's look at the examples and determine how sentences 1 and 2 are related; 2 and 3.
1) Our school has recently been renovated. 2) I finished it many years ago, but sometimes I went in and wandered around the school floors. 3) Now they are some strangers, different, not mine....
There are two pronouns in the second sentence, both personal, I And her. Which one is the one paperclip, which connects the first and second sentence? If it's a pronoun I, what it is replaced in sentence 1? Nothing. What replaces the pronoun? her? Word " school" from the first sentence. We conclude: connection using a personal pronoun her.
There are three pronouns in the third sentence: they are somehow mine. The second is connected only by a pronoun They(=floors from the second sentence). Rest do not correlate in any way with the words of the second sentence and do not replace anything. Conclusion: the second sentence connects the third with the pronoun They.
What is the practical importance of understanding this method of communication? The fact is that pronouns can and should be used instead of nouns, adjectives and numerals. Use, but not abuse, since the abundance of words “he”, “his”, “their” sometimes leads to misunderstanding and confusion.
2. Adverb
Communication using adverbs is a connection, the features of which depend on the meaning of the adverb.
To see such a connection, you need to know what an adverb is and what categories of meaning there are.
Adverbs are unchangeable words that denote an action and refer to a verb.
Adverbs of the following meanings can be used as means of communication:
Time and space: below, on the left, next to, at the beginning, long ago and the like.
Example sentences: We got to work. In the beginning it was hard: I couldn’t work in a team, I had no ideas. After got involved, felt their strength and even got excited.Please note: Sentences 2 and 3 are related to sentence 1 using the indicated adverbs. This type of connection is called parallel connection.
We climbed to the very top of the mountain. Around There were only the treetops of us. Near The clouds floated with us. A similar example of a parallel connection: 2 and 3 are connected to 1 using the indicated adverbs.
Demonstrative adverbs. (They are sometimes called pronominal adverbs, since they do not name how or where the action takes place, but only point to it): there, here, there, then, from there, because, so and the like.
Example sentences: Last summer I was on holiday in one of the sanatoriums in Belarus. From there It was almost impossible to make a call, let alone surf the Internet. The adverb “from there” replaces the whole phrase.
Life went on as usual: I studied, my mother and father worked, my sister got married and left with her husband. So three years have passed. The adverb “so” summarizes the entire content of the previous sentence.
It is possible to use other categories of adverbs, for example, negative: B school and university I didn’t have good relationships with my peers. Yes and nowhere did not fold; however, I didn’t suffer from this, I had a family, I had brothers, they replaced my friends.
3. Union
Communication using conjunctions is the most common type of connection, thanks to which various relationships arise between sentences related to the meaning of the conjunction.
Communication using coordinating conjunctions: but, and, and, but, also, or, however and others. The assignment may or may not indicate the type of union. Therefore, the material on alliances should be repeated.
More details about coordinating conjunctions are described in a special section.
Example sentences: By the end of the day off we were incredibly tired. But the mood was amazing! Communication using the adversative conjunction “but”.
It's always been like this... Or that's how it seemed to me...Connection using the disjunctive conjunction “or”.
We draw attention to the fact that very rarely only one conjunction is involved in the formation of a connection: as a rule, lexical means of communication are used simultaneously.
Communication using subordinating conjunctions: because, so. A very atypical case, since subordinating conjunctions connect sentences within a complex sentence. In our opinion, with such a connection there is a deliberate break in the structure of a complex sentence.
Example sentences: I was in complete despair... For I didn’t know what to do, where to go and, most importantly, who to turn to for help. The conjunction for has the meaning because, because, indicates the reason for the hero’s condition.
I didn’t pass the exams, I didn’t go to college, I couldn’t ask for help from my parents and I wouldn’t do it. So There was only one thing left to do: find a job. The conjunction “so” has the meaning of consequence.
4. Particles
Particle Communication always accompanies other types of communication.
Particles after all, and only, here, there, only, even, same add additional shades to the proposal.
Example sentences: Call your parents, talk to them. After all It's so simple and at the same time difficult - to love....
Everyone in the house was already asleep. AND only Grandma muttered quietly: she always read prayers before going to bed, asking the heavenly forces for a better life for us.
After my husband left, my soul became empty and my house deserted. Even the cat, who usually rushed like a meteor around the apartment, just yawns sleepily and keeps trying to climb into my arms. Here whose arms would I lean on...Please note that connecting particles come at the beginning of the sentence.
5. Word forms
Communication using word form is that in adjacent sentences the same word is used in different
- if this noun - number and case
- If adjective - gender, number and case
- If pronoun - gender, number and case depending on the category
- If verb in person (gender), number, tense
Verbs and participles, verbs and gerunds are considered different words.
Example sentences: Noise gradually increased. From this growing noise I felt uneasy.
I knew my son captain. With myself captain fate did not bring me together, but I knew that it was only a matter of time.
Please note: the assignment may say “word forms”, and then it is ONE word in different forms;
“forms of words” - and these are already two words repeated in adjacent sentences.
There is a particular difficulty in the difference between word forms and lexical repetition.
Information for teachers.
Let's consider as an example the most difficult task of the real Unified State Exam 2016. Here is the full fragment published on the FIPI website in “ Guidelines for teachers (2016)"
Difficulties for examinees in completing task 23 were caused by cases where the task condition required distinguishing between the form of a word and lexical repetition as a means of connecting sentences in the text. In these cases, when analyzing language material, students should pay attention to the fact that lexical repetition involves the repetition of a lexical unit with a special stylistic task.
Here is the condition of task 23 and a fragment of the text of one of the versions of the Unified State Exam 2016:
“Among sentences 8–18, find one that is related to the previous one using lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer."
Below is the beginning of the text given for analysis.
- (7) What kind of an artist are you when you don’t love your native land, eccentric!
(8) Maybe that’s why Berg wasn’t good at landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.
(11) One day Berg received a letter from the artist Yartsev. (12) He called him to come to the Murom forests, where he spent the summer.
(13) August was hot and windless. (14) Yartsev lived far from the deserted station, in the forest, on the shore deep lake With black water. (15) He rented a hut from a forester. (16) Berg was driven to the lake by the forester’s son Vanya Zotov, a stooped and shy boy. (17) Berg lived on the lake for about a month. (18) He was not going to work and did not take oil paints with him.
Proposition 15 is related to Proposition 14 by personal pronoun "He"(Yartsev).
Proposition 16 is related to Proposition 15 by word forms "forester": prepositional case form, controlled by a verb, and non-prepositional form, controlled by a noun. These word forms express different meanings: the meaning is object and the meaning of belonging, and the use of the word forms in question does not carry a stylistic load.
Proposition 17 is related to sentence 16 by word forms (“on the lake - to the lake”; "Berga - Berg").
Proposition 18 is related to the previous one by personal pronoun "he"(Berg).
The correct answer in task 23 of this option is 10. It is sentence 10 of the text that is connected with the previous one (sentence 9) using lexical repetition (the word “he”).
It should be noted that among the authors of various manuals there are no consensus, What is considered a lexical repetition - the same word in different cases (persons, numbers) or in the same one. The authors of the books of the publishing house “National Education”, “Exam”, “Legion” (authors Tsybulko I.P., Vasilyev I.P., Gosteva Yu.N., Senina N.A.) do not give a single example in which the words V various forms would be considered lexical repetition.
At the same time very complex cases, in which words in different cases coincide in form, are treated differently in the manuals. The author of the books N.A. Senina sees this as a form of the word. I.P. Tsybulko (based on materials from a 2017 book) sees lexical repetition. So, in sentences like I saw the sea in a dream. The sea was calling me the word “sea” has different cases, but at the same time it undoubtedly has the same stylistic task that I.P. writes about. Tsybulko. Without delving into the linguistic solution to this issue, we will outline the position of RESHUEGE and give recommendations.
1. All obviously non-matching forms are word forms, not lexical repetition. Please note that we are talking about the same thing linguistic phenomenon, as in task 24. And in 24, lexical repetitions are only repeated words, in the same forms.
2. There will be no matching forms in the tasks on RESHUEGE: if the linguist specialists themselves cannot figure it out, then school graduates cannot do it.
3. If you come across tasks with similar difficulties during the exam, we look at those additional means of communication that will help you make your choice. After all, the compilers of KIMs may have their own, separate opinion. Unfortunately, this may be the case.
23.3 Syntactic means.
Introductory words
Communication with the help of introductory words accompanies and complements any other connection, adding shades of meaning characteristic of introductory words.
Of course, you need to know which words are introductory.
He was hired. Unfortunately, Anton was too ambitious. On the one side, the company needed such individuals, on the other hand, he was not inferior to anyone or anything, if something was, as he said, below his level.
Let us give examples of the definition of means of communication in a short text.
(1) We met Masha several months ago. (2) My parents had not seen her yet, but did not insist on meeting her. (3) It seemed that she also did not strive for rapprochement, which upset me somewhat.
Let's determine how the sentences in this text are connected.
Sentence 2 is connected to sentence 1 using a personal pronoun her, which replaces the name Masha in sentence 1.
Sentence 3 is related to sentence 2 using word forms she/her: "she" is a form nominative case, “her” is the genitive case form.
In addition, sentence 3 also has other means of communication: it is a conjunction Same, introductory word it seemed, series of synonymous constructions didn't insist on getting to know each other And didn't try to get closer.
Read an excerpt from the review. It discusses language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
"F. A. Vigdorova speaks about complex phenomena in our everyday life, it is no coincidence that the leading device in the text becomes (A)_________ (sentences 24, 29–30). Another technique helps the author to focus readers’ attention on important thoughts - (B)_________ (sentences 17–18, 28–29). The author’s sincere excitement and caring attitude towards the problem posed in the text are conveyed by the syntactic means - (B)_________ (“as yourself”, “as in your own” in sentence 22) and the trope – (D)_________ (“dizzy mountain” in sentence 28, “treacherous funnels” in sentence 29).”
List of terms:
1) book vocabulary
3) opposition
4) colloquial vocabulary
5) anaphora
6) personification
7) introductory word
8) synonyms
9) comparative turnover
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G |
Explanation (see also Rule below).
"F. A. Vigdorova talks about complex phenomena in our everyday life; it is no coincidence that the leading technique in the text is (A) CONTRASTITION (sentences 24, 29–30). Another technique helps the author to focus readers’ attention on important thoughts - (B) ANAPHOR (sentences 17–18, 28–29). The author’s sincere excitement and caring attitude towards the problem posed in the text are conveyed by the syntactic device - (C) Comparative phrases (“as in oneself”, “as in one’s own” in sentence 22) and trope - (D) EPITHETS (“dizzy mountain” in sentence 28, “treacherous funnels” in sentence 29).”
Anaphora - unity.
Epithet is a figurative definition.
Answer: 3, 5, 9, 2.
Answer: 3592
Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2016 in the Russian language.
Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression
ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF EXPRESSION.
The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing correspondence between the gaps indicated by letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write matches only in the order in which the letters appear in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put “0” in place of this number. You can get from 1 to 4 points for the task.
When completing task 26, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc. It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; secondly, figures of speech (some of them are called syntactic).
26.1 TROPIC WORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A FIGUREABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSIVENESS. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.
Note: The assignment usually states that these are TRAILS.
In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.
1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks an essential feature for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. From simple definition the epithet is different artistic expression and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.
Epithets include all “colorful” definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:
sad orphaned land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I.A. Bunin).
Epithets can also be expressed:
-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative characteristic of the subject: winter sorceress; mother is the damp earth; The poet is a lyre, and not just the nanny of his soul(M. Gorky);
-adverbs, acting as circumstances: In the wild north stands alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tensely stretched in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);
-participles: waves rush thundering and sparkling;
-pronouns, expressing superlative degree one or another state of the human soul:
After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, still which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);
-participles and participial phrases: Nightingales in vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of... greyhound writers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in their language except the words not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
2. Comparison is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binary: it names both compared objects (phenomena, characteristics, actions).
The villages are burning, they have no protection.
The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,
And the glow like an eternal meteor,
Playing in the clouds frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
Comparisons are expressed in various ways:
Instrumental case form of nouns:
Nightingale vagrant Youth flew by,
Wave in bad weather Joy fades away (A.V. Koltsov)
Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea and our cypress trees darker(A. Akhmatova);
Comparative phrases with conjunctions like, as if, as if, etc.:
How beast of prey , to the humble abode
The winner breaks in with bayonets... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
Using the words similar, similar, this is:
On the eyes of a cautious cat
Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);
Using comparative clauses:
Golden leaves swirled
In the pinkish water of the pond,
Exactly butterflies light flock
Flies breathlessly towards a star. (S. A. Yesenin)
3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason. Unlike a comparison, which contains both what is being compared and what is being compared with, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness in the use of the word. A metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love etc.
All metaphors are divided into two groups:
1) general language(“erased”): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, moving mountains, strings of the soul, love has faded;
2) artistic(individual author’s, poetic):
And the stars fade diamond thrill
IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);
Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);
AND blue, bottomless eyes
Bloom on far shore. (A. A. Blok)
Metaphor happens not just single: it can develop in the text, forming entire chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This extended, complex metaphor, a complete artistic image.
4. Personification- this is a type of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:
Rolling through the sleepy valleys, the sleepy mists lay down, And only the sound of a horse's tramp is lost in the distance. The autumn day has faded, turning pale, with the fragrant leaves curled up, and the half-withered flowers are enjoying dreamless sleep.. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
5. Metonymy(translated from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of connection:
Between action and the instrument of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He condemned him to swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin);
Between an object and the material from which the object is made: ... or on silver, I ate on gold(A. S. Griboyedov);
Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls... (Yu. K. Olesha)
6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) - this a type of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. Most often, transfer occurs:
From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not come... (A.S. Pushkin);
From part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)
7. Periphrase, or periphrasis(translated from Greek - a descriptive expression) is a phrase that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse
A. S. Pushkin - “Peter’s Creation”, “Beauty and Wonder of the Full Countries”, “The City of Petrov”; A. A. Blok in the poems of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.
8.Hyperbole(translated from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N.V. Gogol)
And at that very moment there were couriers, couriers, couriers on the streets... can you imagine, thirty five thousand only couriers! (N.V. Gogol).
9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)
And walking importantly, in decorous calm, the horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in large boots, in a short sheepskin coat, in large mittens... and from the nails myself!(N.A. Nekrasov)
10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which, outwardly positive assessment hidden mockery: Why, smart one, are you delirious, head?(I. A. Krylov)
26.2 “NON-SPECIAL” LEXICAL VISUATIVE AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF LANGUAGE
Note: In assignments it is sometimes indicated that this is a lexical device. Typically, in a review of task 24, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as a single word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these are the products most often needed find in task 22!
11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but identical or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or stylistic coloring (brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.
Synonyms can be contextual.
12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lie, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive capabilities.
Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.
Lies happen good or evil,
Compassionate or merciless,
Lies happen dexterous and awkward,
Prudent and reckless,
Intoxicating and joyless.
13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression
Phraseologisms ( phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in ready-made form, in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, bone of contention), have great expressive capabilities. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:
1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, sword of Damocles, Achilles heel);
2) the classification of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of linguistic means with a positive emotional-expressive connotation ( to store like the apple of your eye - trade.) or with a negative emotional-expressive coloring (without the king in the head - disapproved, small fry - disdained, worthless - despised.).
14. Stylistically colored vocabulary
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:
1) emotional-expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:
a) words with a positive emotional-expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Slavonicisms): inspiration, future, fatherland, aspirations, hidden, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, enchantment, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, brave; endearments: sunshine, darling, daughter
b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: speculation, bickering, nonsense; dismissive: upstart, hustler; contemptuous: dunce, crammer, scribbling; abusive/
2) functionally and stylistically colored vocabulary, including:
a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks
b) colloquial (everyday): dad, boy, braggart, healthy
15. Vocabulary of limited use
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:
Dialectal vocabulary (words that are used by residents of a particular area: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);
Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic connotation: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or beyond literary norm:beggar, drunkard, cracker, trash talker);
Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);
Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of youth slang: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; criminal jargon: bro, raspberry);
The vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they denote: boyar, oprichnina, horse-drawn horse; archaisms - outdated words, naming objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: forehead - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).
26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC DEVICES based on special combinations of words that go beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and figurativeness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.
Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format indicating these means: they are called syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expressiveness, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.
16.Rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer; it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, and to attract the reader’s attention to a particular phenomenon:
Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, with youth who has comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);
17.Rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in a message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:
That was on the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! oh sunshine! O fresh spirit of birch. (A.K. Tolstoy);
Alas! The proud country bowed to the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
18.Rhetorical appeal- this is a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but rather to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathosity of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:
My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like the soul, is uncontrollable and eternal (A.S. Pushkin);
Oh, deep night! Oh, cold autumn! Mute! (K. D. Balmont)
19.Repetition (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to attract special attention to them.
Types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and pickup.
Anaphora(translated from Greek - ascent, rise), or unity of beginning, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:
Lazy the hazy noon breathes,
Lazy the river is rolling.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds are melting lazily (F.I. Tyutchev);
Epiphora(translated from Greek - addition, final sentence of a period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:
Although man is not eternal,
That which is eternal - humanely.
What is a day or an age?
Before what is infinite?
Although man is not eternal,
That which is eternal - humanely(A. A. Fet);
They got a loaf of light bread - joy!
Today the film is good in the club - joy!
A two-volume edition of Paustovsky was brought to the bookstore. joy!(A.I. Solzhenitsyn)
Pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:
He fell down on the cold snow,
On the cold snow, like a pine tree,
Like a pine tree in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);
20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking next to) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, poetic lines, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:
I look at the future with fear,
I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
I was a ringing string for you,
I was your blooming spring,
But you didn't want flowers
And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)
Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country is for business, but business is for the country (from the newspaper).
21. Inversion(in translation from Greek - rearrangement, inversion) - this is a change in the usual word order in a sentence for the purpose of emphasizing semantic significance any element of the text (words, sentences), giving the phrase a special stylistic coloring: a solemn, high-sounding or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristic. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:
The agreed definition comes after the word being defined: I’m sitting behind bars in dungeon dank(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there were no swells running through this sea; the stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);
Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns come before the word to which they relate: Hours of monotonous battle(monotonous clock strike);
22.Parcellation(translated from French - particle) - stylistic device, which consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonational and semantic units - phrases. At the place of division of a sentence, a period, an exclamation point and question marks, ellipsis. In the morning, bright as a splint. Scary. Long. Ratnym. The rifle regiment was defeated. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why isn't anyone outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important areas of society! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary for the state to remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)
23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on deliberate omission, or, conversely, deliberate repetition of conjunctions. In the first case, when omitting conjunctions, speech becomes condensed, compact, and dynamic. The actions and events depicted here quickly, instantly unfold, replacing each other:
Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.
Drumming, clicks, grinding.
The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning,
And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)
In case multi-union speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and repeated conjunctions highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:
But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson
They grow in me while I grow... (P.G. Antokolsky)
24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of topic and intonational division into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) occurs with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a significant pause separating it, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:
If I wanted to limit my life to the home circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a husband, / If I were captivated by the family picture for even a single moment, then it’s true that I wouldn’t look for another bride besides you. (A.S. Pushkin)
25.Antithesis or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) is a turn in which opposing concepts, positions, images are sharply contrasted. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general linguistic and contextual:
You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet(A.S. Pushkin);
Yesterday I looked into your eyes,
And now everything is looking sideways,
Yesterday I was sitting before the birds,
All larks these days are crows!
I'm stupid and you're smart
Alive, but I'm dumbfounded.
O cry of women of all times:
“My dear, what have I done to you?” (M. I. Tsvetaeva)
26.Gradation(in translation from Latin - gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting of a sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in the order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a characteristic. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and impact of the text:
I called you, but you didn’t look back, I shed tears, but you didn’t condescend(A. A. Blok);
Glowed, burned, shone huge Blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)
Descending gradation is used less frequently and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:
He brought mortal resin
Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A.S. Pushkin)
27.Oxymoron(translated from Greek - witty-stupid) is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, usually contradicting each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence etc.); it turns out new meaning, and the speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);
Eat joyful melancholy in the red of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);
But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
28. Allegory– allegory, transmission of an abstract concept through a concrete image: Foxes and wolves must win(cunning, malice, greed).
29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the emotion of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was unspoken: But I wanted... Perhaps you...
In addition to the above syntactic means of expressiveness, the tests also contain the following:
-exclamatory sentences;
- dialogue, hidden dialogue;
-question-and-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;
-rows of homogeneous members;
-citation;
-introductory words and constructions
-Incomplete sentences– sentences in which any member is missing that is necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. Missing sentence members can be restored and contextualized.
Including ellipsis, that is, omission of the predicate.
These concepts are discussed in school course syntax. That is why, probably, these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.
Essay based on the text:
Why even the most courageous people capable of showing cowardice in everyday life? This is the question that Frida Abramovna Vigdorova is thinking about.
Reflecting on this problem, the author cites the words of the writer Tamara Grigorievna Gabbe that one of the main tests in a person’s life is fear. Fear that “overtakes... in ordinary, peaceful life” of each of us. It “does not threaten either death or injury,” however, the narrator notes with regret, it is capable of striking even the most courageous: a war hero who has looked death in the eye more than once, or a boy who easily swims across an unfamiliar river. People who are not afraid to sacrifice themselves in moments of danger are often timid in everyday situations. And the reason for this, F.A. Vigdorova is sure, is the fear of losing one’s well-being.
Rodion Raskolnikov, hero of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" - a brave man. One day he, risking own life, pulled two small children from a burning house. So why, having committed a crime, was the character so afraid to admit to what he had done? Is he a coward? Of course not. It was simply the fear of falling in the eyes of his loved ones that for a long time prevented Raskolnikov from taking the path of correction.
The hero of M. A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita” Pontius Pilate is a man who lived a life full of struggle and mortal danger a life in which only those who do not know pity win. However, during the sentencing of Yeshua, the procurator, convinced of the innocence of Ha-Nozri, did not say his word “in favor of justice.” I didn’t say it because I was afraid of losing my well-being...
Thus, even the most brave people sometimes they become timid in everyday situations for fear of losing their position, authority, or fortune.
Text by Frida Abramovna Vigdorova:
(1) I knew a wonderful writer. (2) Her name was Tamara
Grigorievna Gabbe. (3) She told me once:
– There are many challenges in life. (4) You can’t list them. (5) But here are three, they
meet often. (6) The first is the test of need. (7)Second –
prosperity, glory. (8) And the third test is fear. (9) And not only with the fear that a person recognizes in war, but with the fear that overtakes him in ordinary, peaceful life.
(10) What kind of fear is this that does not threaten either death or injury?
(11) Isn’t he a fiction? (12) No, it’s not fiction. (13) Fear has many faces, sometimes it affects the fearless.
(14) “It’s an amazing thing,” wrote the Decembrist poet Ryleev, “we don’t
We are afraid to die on the battlefields, but we are afraid to say a word in favor of
justice."
(15) Many years have passed since these words were written, but there is
persistent diseases of the soul.
(16) The man went through the war as a hero. (17) He went on reconnaissance, where
every step threatened him with death. (18) He fought in the air and under water, he did not run from danger, he fearlessly walked towards it. (19) And now the war is over, the man returned home. (20) To my family, to my peaceful work. (21) He worked as well as he fought: with passion, giving all his strength, not sparing his health. (22) But when, due to the libel of a slanderer, his friend, a man whom he knew as himself, of whose innocence he was convinced as his own, was removed from work, he did not stand up. (23) He, who was not afraid of bullets or tanks, was scared. (24) He was not afraid of death on the battlefield, but was afraid to say a word in favor of justice.
(25) The boy broke the glass.
- (26) Who did this? - asks the teacher.
(27) The boy is silent. (28) He is not afraid to ski off the very
dizzying mountain. (29) He is not afraid to cross an unfamiliar river full of treacherous funnels. (30) But he is afraid to say: “I broke the glass.”
(31) What is he afraid of? (32) Flying down the mountain, he can break his neck.
(33) Swimming across the river, you can drown. (34) The words “I did it” do not threaten him with death. (35) Why is he afraid to say them?
(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “It was scary, very scary.”
(37) He spoke the truth: he was scared. (38) But he knew how to overcome his fear and did what his duty told him to do: he fought.
(39) In peaceful life, of course, it can also be scary.
(40) I’ll tell the truth, and I’ll be expelled from school for it... (41) I’ll tell
the truth - they will fire you from your job... (42) I’d better keep silent.
(43) There are many proverbs in the world that justify silence, and perhaps the most expressive: “My hut is on the edge.” (44) But there are no huts that would be on the edge.
(45) We are all responsible for what is happening around us. (46) Responsible for all the bad and all the good. (47) And one should not think that a real test comes to a person only on some special days, fatal moments: in a war, during some kind of disaster. (48) No, not only in exceptional circumstances, not only in the hour of mortal danger, human courage is tested under a bullet. (49) It is tested constantly, in the most ordinary everyday affairs.
(50) There is only one courage. (51) It requires that a person be able to
always overcome the monkey within you: in battle, on the street, at a meeting. (52) After all, the word “courage” has no plural. (53) It is the same in any conditions.
(According to F.A. Vigdorova*)
Beginning of the form
(1) I knew a wonderful writer. (2) Her name was Tamara Grigorievna Gabbe. (3) She once told me: “There are many trials in life.” (4) You can’t list them. (5) But here are three, they occur often. (6) The first is the test of need. (7) Second - prosperity, glory. (8) And the third test is fear. (9) And not only with the fear that a person recognizes in war, but with the fear that overtakes him in ordinary, peaceful life.
(10) What kind of fear is this that does not threaten either death or injury? (11) Isn’t he a fiction? (12) No, it’s not fiction. (13) Fear has many faces, sometimes it affects the fearless.
(14) “It’s an amazing thing,” wrote the Decembrist poet Ryleev, “we are not afraid to die on the battlefields, but we are afraid to say a word in favor of justice.”
(15) Many years have passed since these words were written, but there are persistent illnesses of the soul.
(16) The man went through the war as a hero. (17) He went on reconnaissance, where every step threatened him with death. (18) He fought in the air and under water, he did not run from danger, he fearlessly walked towards it. (19) And now the war is over, the man returned home. (20) To my family, to my peaceful work. (21) He worked as well as he fought: with passion, giving all his strength, not sparing his health. (22) But when, due to the libel of a slanderer, his friend, a man whom he knew as himself, of whose innocence he was convinced as his own, was removed from work, he did not stand up. (23) He, who was not afraid of bullets or tanks, was scared. (24) He was not afraid of death on the battlefield, but was afraid to say a word in favor of justice.
(25) The boy broke the glass.
- (26) Who did this? - asks the teacher.
(27) The boy is silent. (28) He is not afraid to ski down the most dizzying mountain. (29) He is not afraid to cross an unfamiliar river full of treacherous funnels. (30) But he is afraid to say: “I broke the glass.”
(31) What is he afraid of? (32) After all, flying from the mountain, he can break his neck. (33) Swimming across the river, you can drown. (34) The words “I did it” do not threaten him with death. (35) Why is he afraid to say them?
(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “It was scary, very scary.”
(37) He spoke the truth: he was scared. (38) But he knew how to overcome his fear and did what his duty told him to do: he fought.
(39) In peaceful life, of course, it can also be scary.
(40) I’ll tell the truth, but I’ll be expelled from school for it... (41) If I tell the truth, I’ll be fired from my job... (42) I’d rather remain silent.
(43) There are many proverbs in the world that justify silence, and perhaps the most expressive: “My hut is on the edge.” (44) But there are no huts that would be on the edge.
(45) We are all responsible for what is happening around us. (46) Responsible for all the bad and all the good. (47) And one should not think that a real test comes to a person only in some special, fatal moments: in war, during some kind of catastrophe. (48) No, not only in exceptional circumstances, not only in the hour of mortal danger, human courage is tested under a bullet. (49) It is tested constantly, in the most ordinary everyday affairs.
(50) There is only one courage. (51) It requires that a person always be able to overcome the monkey within himself: in battle, on the street, at a meeting. (52) After all, the word “courage” does not have a plural form. (53) It is the same in any conditions.
(According to F.A. Vigdorova*)
* Frida Abramovna Vigdorova (1915–1965) – Soviet writer and journalist.
Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.
1) According to Ryleev, even among fearless people there are those who are afraid to say a word in favor of justice.
2) The boy, fearlessly skiing down the mountains and swimming across unfamiliar rivers, could not admit that he had broken the glass.
3) A person who went through a war as a hero will always stand up for his friend who has been slandered, since he is not afraid of anything.
4) Despite the fact that fear has many faces, real fear only occurs in war; in peaceful life there is nothing to be afraid of.
5) There are many challenges in life, but the hardest thing is to overcome the “monkey in you” and show courage in everyday affairs.
End of form
Beginning of the form
Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.
1) Sentences 3–9 present a narrative.
2) Sentences 12–13 contain the answer to the questions posed in sentences 10–11.
3) Sentences 31–35 contain reasoning.
4) Sentences 40–42 present reasoning.
5) Sentences 50–53 provide a description.
End of form
Beginning of the form
From sentences 44–47, write down antonyms (antonymic pair).
End of form
Beginning of the form
Among sentences 34–42, find one that is connected to the previous one using a personal pronoun and lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer.End of form
Beginning of the form
"F. Vigdorova talks about complex phenomena in our everyday life; it is no coincidence that the leading technique in the text becomes (A)__________ (sentences 24, 29–30). Another technique helps the author to focus readers’ attention on important thoughts - (B)__________ (sentences 17–18, 28–29). The author’s sincere excitement and caring attitude towards the problem posed in the text are conveyed by the syntactic device - (B)__________ (“as yourself”, “as in your own” in sentence 22) and the trope - (D)__________ (“dizzy mountain” in sentence 28, “treacherous funnels” in sentence 29).” List of terms:
1) introductory word
2) book vocabulary
3) anaphora
4) personification
5) opposition
6) colloquial vocabulary
7) synonyms
8) epithet
9) comparative turnover
End of form
Beginning of the form
Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).
Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points.
Write your essay neatly and in legible handwriting.
(1) I knew a wonderful writer. (2) Her name was Tamara Grigorievna Gabbe. (3) She told me once:
There are many challenges in life. (4) You can’t list them. (5) But here are three, they occur often. (6) The first is the test of need. (7) Second - prosperity, glory. (8) And the third test is fear. (9) And not only with the fear that a person recognizes in war, but with the fear that overtakes him in ordinary, peaceful life.
(10) What kind of fear is this that does not threaten either death or injury? (11) Isn’t he a fiction? (12) No, it’s not fiction. (13) Fear has many faces, sometimes it affects the fearless.
(14) “It’s an amazing thing,” wrote the Decembrist poet Ryleev, “we are not afraid to die on the battlefields, but we are afraid to say a word in favor of justice.”
(15) Many years have passed since these words were written, but there are persistent illnesses of the soul.
(16) The man went through the war as a hero. (17) He went on reconnaissance, where every step threatened him with death. (18) He fought in the air and under water, he did not run from danger, he fearlessly walked towards it. (19) And now the war is over, the man returned home. (20) To my family, to my peaceful work. (21) He worked as well as he fought: with passion, giving all his strength, not sparing his health. (22) But when, due to the libel of a slanderer, his friend, a man whom he knew as himself, of whose innocence he was convinced as his own, was removed from work, he did not stand up. (23) He, who was not afraid of bullets or tanks, was scared. (24) He was not afraid of death on the battlefield, but was afraid to say a word in favor of justice.
(25) The boy broke the glass.
- (26)Who did this? - asks the teacher.
(27) The boy is silent. (28) He is not afraid to ski down the most dizzying mountain. (29) He is not afraid to cross an unfamiliar river full of treacherous funnels. (30) But he is afraid to say: “I broke the glass.”
(31) What is he afraid of? (32) After all, flying from the mountain, he can break his neck. (33) Swimming across the river, you can drown. (34) The words “I did it” do not threaten him with death. (35) Why is he afraid to say them?
(36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “It was scary, very scary.”
(37) He spoke the truth: he was scared. (38) But he knew how to overcome his fear and did what his duty told him to do: he fought.
(39) In peaceful life, of course, it can also be scary.
(40) I’ll tell the truth, but I’ll be expelled from school for it... (41) If I tell the truth, I’ll be fired from my job... (42) I’d rather remain silent.
(43) There are many proverbs in the world that justify silence, and perhaps the most expressive: “My hut is on the edge.” (44) But there are no huts that would be on the edge.
(45) We are all responsible for what is happening around us. (46) Responsible for all the bad and all the good. (47) And one should not think that a real test comes to a person only in some special, fatal moments: in war, during some kind of catastrophe. (48) No, not only in exceptional circumstances, not only in the hour of mortal danger, human courage is tested under a bullet. (49) It is constantly tested,
in the most ordinary everyday affairs.
(50) There is only one courage. (51) It requires that a person always be able to overcome the monkey within himself: in battle, on the street, at a meeting. (52) After all, the word “courage” does not have a plural form. (53) It is the same in any conditions.
(According to F.A. Vigdorova*)
* Frida Abramovna Vigdorova (1915- 1965) - Soviet writer, journalist.
21. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.
- According to Ryleev, even among fearless people there are those who are afraid to say a word in favor of justice.
- The boy, fearlessly skiing down the mountains and swimming across unfamiliar rivers, could not admit that he had broken the glass.
- A person who has gone through a war as a hero will always stand up for his friend who has been slandered, since he is not afraid of anything.
- Despite the fact that fear has many faces, real fear only happens in war; in peaceful life there is nothing to be afraid of.
- There are many challenges in life, but the hardest thing is to overcome the “monkey in you” and show courage in everyday affairs.
Answer: _____________________________
22. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.
- Sentences 3 - 9 present the narrative.
- Sentences 12 - 13 contain the answer to the questions posed in sentences 10 - 11.
- Sentences 31 - 35 contain reasoning.
- Sentences 40 - 42 present the reasoning.
- Sentences 50 - 53 provide a description.
Answer: __________________________
23. From sentences 44 - 47, write down antonyms (antonymous pair).
Answer: _________________________________________
24. Among sentences 34 - 42, find one that is related to the previous one using a personal pronoun and lexical repetition. Write the number of this offer.
Answer: _________________________
25. “F.A. Vigdorova talks about complex phenomena in our everyday life; it is no coincidence that the leading technique in the text becomes (A) _____ (sentences 24, 29 - 30). Another technique helps the author to focus readers’ attention on important thoughts - (B) _____ (sentences 17 - 18, 28 - 29). The author’s sincere excitement and caring attitude towards the problem posed in the text are conveyed by the syntactic device - (B) ______ (“as in oneself”, “as in one’s own” in sentence 22) and the trope - (D) _____ (“a dizzying mountain” in sentence 28, “treacherous funnels” in sentence 29).”
List of terms:
- introductory word
- book vocabulary
- anaphora
- personification
- opposition
- colloquial vocabulary
- synonyms
- epithet
- comparative turnover
Russian language
21 of 24
(1) I knew a wonderful writer. (2) Her name was Tamara Grigorievna Gabbe. (3) She once told me: “There are many trials in life.” (4) You can’t list them. (5) But here are three, they occur often. (6) The first is the test of need. (7) Second - prosperity, glory. (8) And the third test is fear. (9) And not only with the fear that a person recognizes in war, but with the fear that overtakes him in ordinary, peaceful life. (10) What kind of fear is this that does not threaten either death or injury? (11) Isn’t he a fiction? (12) No, it’s not fiction. (13) Fear has many faces, sometimes it affects the fearless. (14) “It’s an amazing thing,” wrote the Decembrist poet Ryleev, “we are not afraid to die on the battlefields, but we are afraid to say a word in favor of justice.” (15) Many years have passed since these words were written, but there are persistent illnesses of the soul. (16) The man went through the war as a hero. (17) He went on reconnaissance, where every step threatened him with death. (18) He fought in the air and under water, he did not run from danger, he fearlessly walked towards it. (19) And now the war is over, the man returned home. (20) To my family, to my peaceful work. (21) He worked as well as he fought: with passion, giving all his strength, not sparing his health. (22) But when, due to the libel of a slanderer, his friend, a man whom he knew as himself, of whose innocence he was convinced as his own, was removed from work, he did not stand up. (23) He, who was not afraid of bullets or tanks, was scared. (24) He was not afraid of death on the battlefield, but was afraid to say a word in favor of justice. (25) The boy broke the glass. - (26) Who did this? - asks the teacher. (27) The boy is silent. (28) He is not afraid to ski down the most dizzying mountain. (29) He is not afraid to cross an unfamiliar river full of treacherous funnels. (30) But he is afraid to say: “I broke the glass.” (31) What is he afraid of? (32) Flying down the mountain, he can break his neck. (33) Swimming across the river, you can drown. (34) The words “I did it” do not threaten him with death. (35) Why is he afraid to say them? (36) I heard a very brave man who went through the war once say: “It was scary, very scary.” (37) He spoke the truth: he was scared. (38) But he knew how to overcome his fear and did what his duty told him to do: he fought. (39) In peaceful life, of course, it can also be scary. (40) I’ll tell the truth, but I’ll be expelled from school for it... (41) If I tell the truth, I’ll be fired from my job... (42) I’d rather remain silent. (43) There are many proverbs in the world that justify silence, and perhaps the most expressive: “My hut is on the edge.” (44) But there are no huts that would be on the edge. (45) We are all responsible for what is happening around us. (46) Responsible for all the bad and all the good. (47) And one should not think that a real test comes to a person only in some special, fatal moments: in war, during some kind of catastrophe. (48) No, not only in exceptional circumstances, not only in the hour of mortal danger, human courage is tested under a bullet. (49) It is tested constantly, in the most ordinary everyday affairs. (50) There is only one courage. (51) It requires that a person always be able to overcome the monkey within himself: in battle, on the street, at a meeting. (52) After all, the word “courage” does not have a plural form. (53) It is the same in any conditions. (According to F.A. Vigdorova*) * Frida Abramovna Vigdorova (1915–1965) - Soviet writer, journalist.
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The famous Russian writer F.A. Vigdorova in this text reflects on what courage is and whether there is a place for fear in the life of a courageous person.
Why is it so important to overcome fear in everyday situations? Here main problem, which is the focus of the author.
Reflecting on this problem, Vigdorova quotes the poet Ryleev: “It’s an amazing thing... we are not afraid to die on the battlefields, but we are afraid to say a word in favor of justice.” The writer develops this idea and gives two examples of the manifestation of cowardice in the peaceful life of people. The first is a man who went through the war. He was not afraid of war or death, “but when, due to the libel of a slanderer, his friend, a man whom he knew as himself, of whose innocence he was convinced as his own, was removed from work, he did not stand up.” The second is the boy who broke the glass at school. "He is not afraid to ski down the most dizzying mountain. He is not afraid to swim across an unfamiliar river full of treacherous funnels. But he is afraid to say: “I broke the glass.”
The author's position is clear to me. It lies in the fact that a person must be responsible for his every action and for everything that is happening around us. Vigdorova believes that there is only one courage, and it requires the ability to overcome fear in oneself everywhere and always.
I agree with the author's position. Indeed, each of us has encountered fear at least once in our daily lives. We are afraid to admit our involvement in a bad act, lest we be kicked out of school, scolded by our parents, fired from work, didn't change my opinion for the worse. We are afraid to stand up for someone so as not to receive