You look at the article (abstract): “ Zonal types of rural settlement"from discipline" Territorial organization of the population»
Abstracts and publications on other topics :The functional features of settlements and territorial settlement systems reveal their economic and social role, the nature of connections with the territory.
Settlement is historical process settlement of the territory, distribution of the population in the territory and its spatial organization. Resettlement follows the changing geography of production, but at the same time the orientation of production towards established settlement systems is also increasing.
Under the influence of the economic requirements of modern agriculture, various production types of settlement are emerging. Since differences in the use and specialization of agriculture are closely related to zonal characteristics natural conditions, then the prevalence of various industrial types of settlement has largely zonal features.
Thus, reindeer husbandry in the tundra zone, in the past associated with the nomadic life of the peoples of the North, is now based on relatively large and new permanent settlements, forming a very sparse network and supplemented by auxiliary or seasonally inhabited points on the main routes for moving herds and mobile dwellings of teams of reindeer herders (who have permanent houses in villages). Sea hunting and fishing in the same zone led to the creation of chains of permanent settlements, sometimes large, in the most convenient places for basing fishing vessels on the northern coasts.
In a number of areas, seasonal inhabited areas are being created - field camps in distant arable fields and hayfields, used during periods of the most intense agricultural work, “summer roads” and “winter roads” in areas of transhumance.
The taiga commercial economy of the North, which is based on hunting, river and lake fishing, requires small and medium-sized settlements located along the banks of rivers and lakes. When developing in areas with extreme conditions, shift camps are built, to which shift personnel are delivered by air or all-terrain ground transport. With the development of industrial and transport construction, mobile settlements appeared in sparsely populated areas for the temporary accommodation of builders, drilling crews and geological exploration expeditions. Timber settlement begins to penetrate into increasingly remote taiga areas.
Predominantly agricultural (for agriculture is always combined to one degree or another with agriculture) settlement created several different zonal production types. In the north of the forest belt, arable land forms rare inclusions, mainly in river valleys and on the shores of lakes, where settlements are concentrated (sometimes in “nests” and chains), creating pockets of settlement among vast forest spaces, burnt areas, swamps, etc.
In the southern part of the forest belt, agricultural use of land is much wider; “selective” development and settlement of the territory has long arisen here.
Special production types of settlement are characteristic of the southern regions of the most intensive labor-intensive agriculture. There are conditions here for the existence of large and very large rural settlements. Areas of this type of settlement, as a rule, are adjacent to semi-deserts and deserts, as well as large mountain systems.
In desert and semi-desert areas, the main production type of settlement is associated with distant-pasture livestock farming.
In the mountainous regions of the Ciscaucasia, some other types of settlement arose. The appearance of mainly large villages and auls in some valleys and intermountain basins is associated with the mountains. Such villages are the base for mountain livestock farming.
The formation of a unified settlement system is ensured by the interconnectedness of populated areas of the country as a whole and its individual regions. Scientific management of settlement systems requires solving a set of complex problems: the regulated growth of large cities and agglomerations, urbanized areas and zones, the development of small and medium-sized cities, the creation of new ones, the search for optimal city sizes in various conditions, etc.
The effect of concentration in one place large quantity people creating economic, scientific and intellectual potential major cities, very big. At the same time, certain disadvantages of large cities require reasonable measures to overcome them in each specific case.
The settlement system developing around a large city involves a significant number of small and medium-sized cities and rural settlements. In the future, settlement systems based on large and major city centers will expand. The largest social and urban settlement problem is the activation of small and medium-sized cities. In the future, some of them will move into the category of large and large cities and will either lead the development of new group settlement systems or will be involved in the development of existing systems.
Along with the development of existing cities, the problem of creating new cities arises, based on the general objectives of the development of the region, taking into account its natural and planning conditions. When optimizing the system of populated areas in a region, one of the key problems of settlement inevitably arises - the choice of an appropriate size of the city, in which the assessment of specific economic and geographical factors should be decisive. Features of the current stage of development of Russian cities require non-traditional approaches to their research and design.
In the process of settling a territory, a network is formed settlements-any place on earth's surface, where there is a person’s home; it is a place of concentration of residents, a center of production and consumption of material and spiritual values. Each settlement is characterized by 4 indicators: 1) EGP 2) economic functions 3) number of inhabitants 4) genesis. Between populated areas are installed communications: 1) labor 2) production 3) trade 4) cultural 5) information. There are several settlement forms : nomadic and semi-nomadic (North Africa, Asia) and about saddle, which is divisible by group and dispersed(scattered). Group divided into urban and rural, scattered-agrarian and service. When dividing into urban and rural, there are no uniform criteria in the world. Among them are crowded(according to the UN, the lower limit for a city is 20,000), employment (city - 85% are engaged in non-agricultural activities), administration, population density, rural settlements. Rural settlements divided according to population. For RB: sparsely populated, medium-populated and large-populated. Sparsely populated areas predominate. By functions of the national economy: 1)agricultural 2)non-agricultural: workers' villages, resort villages, service villages 3)c mixed(agricultural-industrial, settlements performing the functions of local administrative and cultural centers. By topographic position: riverine or floodplain, watershed, valley, terrace. According to layout: linear, random, quarterly. Separately, temporary rural settlements are distinguished: summer roads and winter roads.
Question 39: Urban settlements and their classification. City- a large populated area that is not associated with agriculture by the predominant occupation of its residents. The first cities arose during the period of the emergence of crafts and trade (Athens, Sparta, Babylon, Ancient Rome). At the present stage, the population of cities is growing due to internal migration. Classification of modern cities for the Republic of Belarus: by population: 1) small (up to 20,000); 2) average (20-100000); 3) large (more than 100,000); 4) the largest (Minsk). The largest cities in the world: Shanghai, Istanbul, Mumbai, Tokyo, Karachi, Buenos Aires, Delhi, Manila. By function. Function of the city-productive activity of its population in basic industries, aimed at connecting with outside world. A) according to the nature of the functions performed: 1) economic or production (industrial, transport functions) 2) non-economic (administrative, military, scientific). B)by number of functions performed: 1) monofunctional 2) polyfunctional B) according to planning: 1) European type 2) American type 3) Asian type 4) Arab and Latin American 5) cities of Central and South Africa. Parts of the city: core (central part), residential part, production part, sanitary part.
Question 40: Urbanization, its modern forms. Urbanization-concentration of population and production in cities; widespread urban lifestyle; growth of cities and urban populations. The highest rates of urban population growth in the 20th century were characteristic of developed countries. At the present stage - for a number of developing countries. In developed countries, the urbanization process stops at the level 80% (in the UK and Germany it exceeds 90%) and occurs suburbanization- relocation of part of the wealthy population from large cities to the suburbs (crisis of cities). The lowest levels of urbanization are in the countries of Chad 6% and Ethiopia 10%. The process of urbanization follows the path of merging large cities with smaller ones. This process forms agglomerations- clusters of cities into a single system various types communications. New forms of urbanization megacities. Factors urbanization: 1) natural increase 2) migration flow 3) territorial and administrative changes 4) legislative transformations
Question 41: agglomerations and megacities. Agglomeration-a cluster of cities united into a single system by various types of communications. Agglomeration composition: 1) main city (core) 2) periphery. Species agglomerations: monocentric and polycentric. The boundaries of an agglomeration are determined by the intensity of everyday and cultural connections between the core and the periphery: most often they do not go beyond a two-hour drive at a speed of 50-60 km/h. Agglomeration centers are the habitat of the poor part of the population, consisting of migrants. The agglomeration is characterized by constant pendulum labor migrations from the periphery to the core. Monocentric agglomerations on a homogeneous territory have the appearance of a starfish with rays - transport lines. They are located along river banks and have an elongated shape. The largest agglomerations in the world: Tokyo-Yokohama-Kawasaki (Japan), Mexico City (Mexico), New York-Newark-Paterson (USA), Seoul ( South Korea), Sao Paulo (Brazil). In industrialized countries, agglomerations are further connected into hyperurbanized territories and form megacities-the highest link in the urbanization process, a gigantic accumulation of agglomerations and cities that have merged with each other. Largest metropolitan areas: Tokaido (from Tokyo to Osaka), Bostwash (from Boston to Washington), Chipits (from Chicago to Pittsburgh), Sansan (from San Francisco to San Diego), English (London, Liverpool, Birmingham, Manchester), European Interstate (Paris, Amsterdam, Cologne).
Question 41: mechanical movement of the population. Migration- mechanical movement of the population. Migration-relocation (movement) of people across the borders of the state or within it, associated with permanent or temporary movement of residence. Classification of migration. A) in the direction of migration flows:1)c external(intercontinental and intracontinental) 2) internal(emigration, immigration). Re-emigration-return to the homeland. B )by duration: 1) permanent 2) temporary 3) seasonal 4) pendulum B) for reasons: 1) socio-economic migration 2) political 3) military 4) religious 5) environmental D) by implementation method: 1) voluntary 2) forced. To calculate migration, 2 categories of information are used: migration flows(migrations united in one direction) and cohorts(uniform time). Labor migration is highlighted separately. For the development of the economy and the world economy special role international labor migration plays a role: the labor force, moving, offers itself as a commodity. This process is regulated by the International Labor Market. Classification of labor migration: 1) contract workers 2) professionals with high level training with appropriate education and practical work experience 3) illegal immigrants 4) migrants 5) refugees. Basic directions migration flows: 1) migration from developing countries to industrialized ones 2) from developing to developing ones 3) within industrialized countries 4) migration from post-socialist countries 5) migration of scientists and qualified specialists from industrialized countries to developing ones. Basic labor force centers: 1) traditional (USA, Western Europe) 2) new (Australia, Oil-producing countries of the Middle East).
Question43: social structure and stratification of society. Employment I. Interaction in society usually leads to the formation of new social relations. The concepts of “social structure” and “social system” are closely interrelated. Social system-totality social phenomena and processes that are in relationships and connections with each other and form some integral social object. That., social structure society reflects the characteristics of social relations of classes, cultural, national-ethnic and demographic groups, which are determined by the place and role of each of them in the system of economic relations. stratification (from Latin layer, to do) social stratification-dividing society into social strata by combining different social positions. Social stratification can be called a "way" of viewing individuals as occupying a higher or lower social place in society. Thus, social structure arises in relation to public RT, and social stratification arises in relation to the social distribution of labor results, i.e. social benefits. 1) Employment of the population - labor activity of people living in a city, region, country. Employment includes not only work, but also study, military service, housekeeping, etc. 2) this is the activity of a part of the population for the production of a social product, generating income for it to ensure its livelihood.
Question 44: labor resources. Economically active population. Civil society. Labor resources are the part of the country's population that, based on physical development, acquired education and professional qualification level, is capable of engaging in socially useful activities. In the SEG, the labor force is women aged 16-54 and men aged 16-59. There are two types of labor resources: basic (people of working age, excluding people with disabilities) and additional (pensioners and teenagers). The economically active population is a category introduced by the UN - a group of people who are actively involved in the national economy and who want to work. Civil society is the sphere of self-expression of free citizens and voluntarily formed associations and organizations, independent of direct interference from outside state power. Civil society-concept, denoting the totality of non-political relations in society: economic, social, moral, religious and others.
Question 45: Geography of the population of the Republic of Belarus. As of October 1, 9,465,000 people lived in Belarus. Compared to January 1, the population decreased by 14,400 people. Population dynamics for the Republic of Belarus: 1918-3.8 million; 1897 -6.6 million; 1913-6.9 million; 1940-9 million; 1950-7.7 million; 1970-9 million, 1993-10.3 million; 1999-10,004 million; 2003-9.89 million; 2009-9.5 million. The population has been declining since 1993. The Republic of Belarus is characterized by narrowed population reproduction. The ratio of the male and female population: female 5.066 million or 53.4%, male -4.423 million or 46.7%. The urban population predominates. On average, there are 1145 women per 1000 men. Compared to 1999, the number of men decreased by 6.2%, and women by 4.9%. Average duration life as of 2009: 70.5 (increased). This is slightly higher than in Russia and Ukraine, but much lower than in European countries. For men -64.7 l, for women -75.6 l. The Gomel region has a population of 1,435,200 people. This is the first place in the republic. Minsk has a population of 1,837,000 people. The number is increasing - the Minsk agglomeration is being formed. There are 13 large cities in Belarus: Gomel, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Grodno, Brest, Bobruisk, Baranovichi, Borisov, Pinsk, Orsha, Mozyr, Soligorsk. Residents of Belarus live in cities. The urban population has increased and now stands at 7,065,000 or 74%. Every fifth resident of Belarus is over 60 years old. The number of elderly people predominates over children. In 2005, 17.2% were younger than the able-bodied population, 61.6% were able-bodied, 21.2% were older than the able-bodied population—the nation is aging. For the Gomel region, the ratio of men: 669,000, women -771,000. Belarus is characterized by a positive migration balance: 2.3 ppm. The average age of women giving birth is 24 years. The average population density is 49 people per 1 km2. The territory of the country is populated evenly, with the highest density in the central regions (82 people/1 km2 in the Minsk region) and quite low in the north of the Vitebsk region (10 people/km2).
Question 46: natural conditions and resources as a factor economic activity population, their classification. Natural resources are the natural resources of nature that people use in their economic activities; These are elements of nature used in the economy as a means of subsistence for human society. Resources can be classified: A) by genesis: 1) mineral raw materials 2) agroclimatic 3) biological (plant and animal) 4) water 5) resources of the World Ocean 6) land 7) recreational. B) by method of use: 1) used in material production 2) used in the non-productive sphere: recreational, biological. C) by nature of use: 1) exhaustible 2) inexhaustible 1.1) renewable 1.2) non-renewable. Soil cover belongs to the relatively renewable category (1cm-80-100 years). Based on this classification, the concept “ rational use natural resources." The use of natural resources is always expanding. Alone mineral resources influence the development of industry (mineral raw materials), others - the development of agriculture, others -on the sphere services (recreational) or for all areas of economic activity (water). Land resources. Land as a means of production is the basis of agriculture. Land resources are assessed as agricultural land used by humans to obtain food or raw materials for light industry. These include arable lands, meadows, and pastures. The world is dominated by meadows and pastures, which are concentrated in forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones. Forest resources characterized by the size of the forest area, forest cover, and standing timber reserves. In the world, forests form 2 forest belts: the northern forest belt (Russia, Canada, USA) and the southern forest belt (Congo, Amazon). Mineral resources, their classification: 1) combustible 2) metallic 3) non-metallic. Water resources. are important in the presence of fresh water used for drinking. Water reserves on Earth are concentrated unevenly: the Amazon, the Congo region, the Sunda Islands, New Zealand, Great Britain, Norway, deficit - Africa, desert areas of Asia. Australia. Water resources are expressed by the reserves of surface and groundwater on land. Resources of the World Ocean. First of all this water resources. sea water-valuable chemical substance. Biological resources the world's oceans - fish resources, pinnipeds, animals such as: crustaceans, malus, cephalopods, morephiles. Energy resources - mechanical energy of the ocean. Recreational resources are natural, cultural and historical objects and phenomena that can be used to organize treatment, recreation, tourism and sports. Divided into natural ( water bodies, landscapes, coastlines of seas and oceans) and cultural and historical objects.
Question 47: world economy, stages and conditions of its formation. The basis for the formation of the world economy is MRT. The world economy is a historically established system of interconnected economies of the countries of the world. Economy - all types of human activity in any country. The formation of the world economy went in parallel with the development of commodity production. Stages of formation of the world economy: 1) era of education ancient civilizations(limited external economic relations, the emergence of crafts and trade). 2) era geographical discoveries(establishment of regular trade and economic relations; in the 16th century the world market began to take shape; the struggle for sales markets) 3) industrial revolution (second half of the 18th century - first half of the 19th century; the emergence of manufactories, growth of industrial production - industrial production turned out to be dependent foreign trade because of raw materials) 4) the era of “free trade” (mid-19th century; the beginning of the formation of the world financial system, acceleration of the development of productive forces, major technical achievements have been made - the world market has finally formed, through which stable economic ties have developed between states and the world economy has emerged). Prerequisites for the formation of the world economy: the world market, the development of transport and intercontinental connections, the elimination of the economic peculiarities of the countries of the world. 5) mid-20th century after the 2nd World War (the colonial countries gained independence and gradually joined the world economic system - the world market expanded; the economy was divided into types: capitalist and socialist) 6) modern stage(change of direction economic development most countries; economic integration; creation of large market areas). The modern world economy operates and develops on the basis of cooperation and competition of the monetary system, international agreements and treaties. Exchanges play an important role: commodity, currency and stock exchanges. Commodities account for 30% of international trade turnover. The modern economy is characterized by a post-industrial type of economy: knowledge-intensive industries, a large role in research and development, and rapid growth in the productive sector, especially the business services sector. The modern world economy includes the exchange of capital and migration flows of labor.
Question 48: economic sector. Sectoral structure of the economy. Classification of economic sectors. A branch of the economy is a group of enterprises producing similar goods and services. The sectoral structure of the economy is divided into 2 areas: production and non-production. Manufacturing sector includes A) industry: mining, manufacturing and heavy. Heavy industry is divided into: 1) energy 2) mechanical engineering 3) forestry 4) chemical industry 5) metallurgy. B) agriculture B) transport. non-productive sphere (finance, management, healthcare, science, education, culture, trade, catering, recreation, sports),
Question 49: number of storeys in production. Intersectoral complexes. Floors of production - division of production vertically into main stages - “floors”: 1) extraction of natural materials (cultivation for agriculture) and their enrichment and refinement 2) production of construction materials (semi-finished products) 3) production of final (finished) products. The full number of storeys is presented in full cycle metallurgy. The sectoral structure of the national economy is characterized by inter-industry complexes and inter-industry production connections (which are constantly strengthened or expanded due to the integration of individual industries). Inter-industry complexes - complex combinations of interrelated industries that have a common development goal arise: 1) within a separate industry 2) as a result of the interaction of various industries: the agro-industrial complex, the construction and industrial complex. The military-industrial complex stands out separately. The military-industrial complex is a set of enterprises and institutions of the national economy, science and technology that provide the armed forces with everything necessary.
Question 50: economic sector. Sectoral structure of the economy. An economic sector is a group of industries united according to functional characteristics. There are sectoral and branch structure of the economy. Sectoral structure. It distinguishes the primary sector (hunting, fishing, gathering, agriculture, forestry, mining - the extraction of substances from nature); secondary sector (manufacturing industry, construction - processing of substances obtained by the primary sector); the tertiary sector (transport, communications, finance, services, management, trade - ensures the functioning of the primary and secondary sectors, as well as relationships with consumers of goods and services). In accordance with the sectoral structure of the economy, countries are divided according to their leading role in national economy any sector: agricultural, industrial and service society. In addition, from the point of view of dividing the structure of the economy into sectors, the following can be distinguished: 1) the sector of environmental management, environmental consumption (forestry complex), environmental restoration sector 2) the sector human capital(population reproduction, mechanical movement, healthcare, education, etc.) 3) management and infrastructure sector (government, external and internal security, transport, communications, trade) 4) technical capital sector (mechanical engineering, operation and repair of technosphere facilities, their capital construction).
Question 51: territorial structure of the economy. The territorial structure of an economy is a set of territorial elements mutually located in a certain way, which are in complex interaction with each other. Such elements are large urban agglomerations, industrial areas, and main transport routes, which primarily determine the geographic pattern of population settlement and economic activity. In economically developed countries, over a long period of time, a territorial structure of the economy has been formed, characterized by a high level of “maturity”. This means that their territory is saturated with industrial areas and centers, urban agglomerations, transport routes and highways, forming a kind of supporting frame of the entire territorial structure. In these countries, a system of economic regions of four main types has developed: 1) highly developed regions. They have the most favorable conditions for attracting knowledge-intensive industries: the state of California in the USA. 2) old industrial areas. They are characterized by such old industries as: coal, iron ore, shipbuilding, etc. 3) agricultural areas 4) areas of new development. Often inaccessible and sparsely populated due to extreme natural conditions, but rich in diverse natural resources: Northern Canada, Alaska, western Australia.
Question 52: economic growth and development of countries around the world. GDP and GNP. The most important characteristic of countries' economic growth is GDP. GDP is a general indicator of the results of the production of goods and services, which shows their value in final consumption prices in a specific territory of the country for a certain period of time. GDP allows you to estimate the rate of economic growth of an economy and characterize its structure. In per capita terms, it determines the level of economic development of countries and makes it possible to divide them by level of development. Economic growth is measured by the annual growth rate of GDP and economic policy states. GNP is the total value of the volume of products and services in the national economy, regardless of the location of national enterprises. It is also determined by the per capita level. GDP and GNP are generalized indicators of the results of the production of goods and services. The difference between them: GDP is calculated on a territorial basis (only on state-owned territory). GNP includes government enterprises abroad. For the economic assessment of the potential of countries, national wealth (WW) plays an important role. NB are the values accumulated in the country, which are intended to maintain the continuity and expansion of the process of economic growth and development. For economic growth, economic resources are important: material resources (raw materials and capital), human resources (labor). Indicators of the efficiency of social production are used as criteria for the level of economic development. They manifest themselves in labor productivity. EGP is important for international economic growth and development of countries (it allows you to receive additional income from the transit of foreign goods).
The entire territory of Russia, with the exception of some Arctic regions, is practically populated, but it is populated extremely unevenly. The average population density is 8.6 people per 1 sq. km (in the European part - 29 people per 1 sq. km, and in the Asian part - about 2 people per 1 sq. km). The highest population density (which decreases gradually to the north, south and east) is observed in. The highest population density (320 people per 1 sq. km) is in the Moscow region, and the lowest is in the Evenki Autonomous Okrug (0.03 people per 1 sq. km).
Forms of settlement and types of settlements
Lives in settlements, which are divided into:
- cities;
- urban-type settlements;
- workers' settlements;
- resort villages;
- rural areas (villages, hamlets, auls, villages).
A city in Russia is considered a settlement in which at least 12 thousand people live, provided that 95% of them are workers and employees, as well as members of their families.
An urban-type settlement is considered to be a populated area with a population of at least 3 thousand people and the share of people unemployed in agriculture is 85%.
Residents of cities and towns are considered the urban population.
In Russia there are over a thousand cities and about 2,200 urban-type settlements.
Cities are distinguished by their functions: industrial, transport, scientific centers, resort cities, etc., as well as by population: small (up to 20 thousand), medium (up to 100 thousand), large (up to 250 thousand), large (up to 500 thousand), largest (up to 1 million ) and millionaire cities.
Millionaire cities : Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Samara, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Perm.
Millionaire cities, as well as a number of the largest cities, together with adjacent smaller cities, form urban agglomerations . The largest agglomeration in Russia is Moscow (14 million people). Other large agglomerations: Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Ekatirinburg.
The next stage of urban development is megalopolises are not yet represented in Russia. The megalopolis Moscow – Vladimir – is in the process of formation. Nizhny Novgorod, the formation of a megalopolis on the Moscow-St. Petersburg axis is possible.
Rural settlement differs from the city in its smaller size and zonal specificity, i.e. The nature of the settlement of the rural population varies among natural zones depending on the conditions for economic activity, customs and traditions of the nationalities living in those regions.
In the tundra zone large permanent settlements predominate along the banks of rivers, where residents engage in hunting and fishing, which are combined with temporary points where reindeer herders stop when moving herds.
In the northern taiga settlements, medium in size, are also located along the banks of rivers and lakes, since timber is most often floated along them. Residents of these villages are engaged in logging and in flooded meadows.
In the southern taiga a network of small settlements is usually confined to highlands, where small agricultural lands intersperse with forests and swamps.
In the southern part of the forest zone agriculture is no longer focal, but selective (up to 40% of the area is plowed). The network of settlements here is very dense, but the number of inhabitants in them is small (on average 100 inhabitants). This is due to the low fertility of podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils.
In forest-steppe and steppe zones Where the most fertile soils are located, there is continuous agriculture. The network of settlements here is less dense than in the forest zone, but the settlements themselves are numerous.
In dry steppes and deserts Agriculture again acquires the features of a focal type, therefore rural settlements are large and located in river valleys and near pastures.
In mountainous areas settlement is subject to altitudinal zoning: in river valleys there are large settlements whose residents are engaged in farming, and higher up there are small settlements of livestock breeders.
Urbanization in Russia
In Russia, as in most developed countries of the world, paused: the ratio of urban and rural residents remained at the 1989 census level - 73% (or 106.4 million people) and 27% (or 38.8 million people), respectively.
Most of the urban population of Russia lives in large, largest cities and cities with millionaires. Moreover, almost a fifth of the country’s population lives in 13 cities with a population of over a million: The population of the two largest cities in Russia was: Moscow - 10.4 million people, - 4.7 million people. Capital Russian Federation is one of the 20 largest cities in the world. Among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the highest rates of urbanization (not counting the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg) are: Murmansk region (92%), Magadan region (92%) and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (91%). The lowest indicators are in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (0%), Koryak Autonomous Okrug (26%), Evenkiy Autonomous Okrug (33%), and the Chechen Republic (34%).
Among the regions, the highest rates are (78%), Central District (77%), and (76% each). Least urbanized (50%).
Population settlement zones in Russia
Based on the density and characteristics of human settlement, the predominant types of settlements and the degree of economic development in Russia, several zones are distinguished.
Main settlement zone
It includes almost the entire European part of Russia, southern Siberia and Far East and occupies 34% of the country's territory. Here is the zone of continuous settlement of the country and 93% of its population lives. Within this zone there is a high population density (50 people per 1 sq. km), a large number of large cities, urban agglomerations, and almost the entire manufacturing industry and agriculture (excluding reindeer husbandry) of the country are concentrated.
Far North Zone
It is located north of the main settlement zone and includes 64% of the country's territory. Dispersal within this zone is focal, i.e. individual settlements and their groups are scattered in islands across the vast expanses of tundra and taiga, near large resource bases, along river valleys and along transport routes. The population density here is very low - 0.9 people per sq km and only 11.5 million people live. Currently, there is an outflow of population from this area.
Arid zone
This zone is located in desert and semi-desert areas, where major cities are formed near deposits, and rural settlements are where water comes.