Currently, education in China is one of the priority areas. It's hard to believe that in the mid-20th century, more than 80 percent of the people in the country were illiterate.

Levels of education

The education system in China has three levels. Preschool education, as in our country, is presented here in the form of kindergartens. Children from the age of three can visit them. Preschool education in China lasts three years.

The second option is designed for six years of study at elementary school, then three years in junior high school.

Further education in China is intended for teenagers. After three years of education, they will be able to enter a university, then graduate school.

Vocational schools

Such education in China is presented in two varieties:

• for teenagers who have graduated from junior high school it is designed for 4 (or 3) years;
• For high school graduates who are 22 years of age, a two-year option is offered.

graduate School

Higher education in China (bachelor's degree) lasts 4-5 years. To become a professional doctor, you need to study for at least 7-8 years. Graduate schools in China prepare:

• masters (2-3-year option);
• Doctors of Science (3 years).

Masters must not be older than 40 years, and doctors must not be older than 45.

Preschool education

System preschool education in China involves private and public gardens. Here children from three to six years old prepare for school and master the school curriculum. In one preschool institution there are about 270 children, each group has 25-26 people. About five percent of children spend here not only the day, but also the night; the rest go home with their parents after 18-00. Each group has two qualified teachers and one assistant.

Secondary education

The basis of school education in China is nine years, and it is paid. Its purpose is to educate the working person, as well as to prepare him for subsequent obtaining higher education. In elementary school, children learn Chinese literacy for six years and receive basic knowledge about society and nature. Special attention Here, patriotic education, as well as physical education, are devoted.

From the third grade, in addition to Chinese, mathematics, physical education, music, ethics, children learn a foreign language. The peculiarities of education in China are that from the fourth grade, children work for two weeks in workshops and on the farm, and once a week they are engaged in social activities.

On weekdays, children have 6-7 lessons. China has strict discipline, so schoolchildren are prohibited from missing more than 12 classes without good reason. Each class has its own classroom.

After finishing seventh grade, children take exams in China. The subsequent fate of schoolchildren depends on the results they show. China also has a Unified State Exam, based on its results, the best students receive a “lucky ticket” to a higher education institution. Final exams take place in May.

What else is it characterized by? modern education? China has introduced certain rules for obtaining a certificate. To become the proud owner of the treasured document, you must pass exams in mathematics, physics, political science, history, chemistry, computer science, and languages.

Focus of vocational schools

What can you say about this education in China? Let us briefly note that vocational schools in this country are designed to train specialists in agriculture, legal sciences, and medicine. In addition, there are certain technical educational institutions that train workers for the steel, pharmaceutical, fuel, and textile industries. Among the prestigious areas in China, vocational agricultural education is highlighted. The course lasts only three years.

For children who came to China from other countries, the opportunity to receive an education in special private boarding schools is provided. After completing the course of study, the graduate receives an official diploma of secondary education.

Such a document most often has a double template. One is in Chinese and the other is in English. Boarding houses accept children from the age of nine. Such educational institutions make this country open to children from any country, including Russia.

The only Russian school in this country can be found only in Inin. It is an elementary version of education and does not have its own dormitory. In this regard, only children who live in Yining can study there. Lessons in this educational institution are conducted in Russian and Chinese. The program includes music, language literacy, physical culture, mathematics.

Vacation time

Chinese children have two types of holidays. Summer holidays last from mid-July to the end of August. Winter holidays are designed for the period from January to mid-February.

Unlike our country, throughout the holidays, children do a variety of homework. Not all students are sent abroad by their parents for two weeks to undergo internships in various academic disciplines.

Features of higher education

There are currently many academies and government institutions operating in the Celestial Empire. Some higher education institutions have huge campuses. After completing the academy, almost all graduates receive assigned jobs.

If they wish to obtain a Chinese diploma of higher education, they can also foreign citizens. To do this, it is necessary to translate all educational documents into Chinese and have them notarized. Some higher educational institutions in the Celestial Empire do not require notarization of documents; they are content with the signature on the materials of the vice-rector for international work, as well as their certification with the official seal.

The process of recognizing foreign higher education diplomas as equivalent (nostrification of Chinese and Russian documents) is carried out automatically. This is facilitated by the agreement that was signed in 1995. According to the document, citizens who received education in one country have the right to obtain a job in their existing specialty in another state where the agreement is in force.

If an agreement has not been signed with the country in which the specialist received his diploma, he will have to legalize his documents. For this purpose, special extraterritorial offices of state issuance have been created in China; in addition, such a procedure can be carried out in the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Students from Russia can receive education in 12 main specialties in China. In this eastern country, about five hundred universities are available to Russians and have the right to accept foreign students.

Students from the Russian Federation can study:

• military affairs;
• agronomy;
• engineering;
• natural sciences;
• history;
• management;
• pedagogy;
• medicine;
• philosophy;
• jurisprudence;
• economics;
• mathematics.

Chinese legal education is especially popular among foreign students. Training is provided in English and Chinese. These higher education institutions have their own language training centers, which are intended for foreign students. To do an internship at such a center, it is enough to have a minimum level of proficiency in Chinese.

Over two years of intensive education, foreign students sufficiently master the national language of the Celestial Empire and receive admission to study the chosen disciplines related to the specialty they like.

If a student demonstrates an excellent level of preparation in all subjects, he receives the right to an additional specialty. In this case, his diploma indicates the points for each specialty.

Conclusion

Currently, China has a well-thought-out, level education system. After completing a course of study at a higher educational institution, young graduates have the opportunity to undergo additional training in graduate school. It has a two-level option.

At the first stage, you can obtain a master's degree after completing a bachelor's degree.

Only those students who have successfully completed a master's course are accepted into doctoral studies in China. Postgraduate education is offered on both a paid and free (grant) basis. In order for a foreign student to be able to get into graduate school, he must speak Chinese at the 4th level of special qualifying exam. The program includes a variety of specialized lectures, passing exams, preparing a dissertation, and seminars. In China, there is a mandatory check of the defended dissertation for plagiarism. The uniqueness percentage must not be less than 85, otherwise protection will be prohibited.

In order for a student to count on receiving free education in the Middle Kingdom, he needs to win one of the grant programs.

Introduction

The Education system has become firmly established in our lives, because in order to achieve certain successes and goals, a self-respecting person must have a higher education.

The education system in each country has developed differently. Particularly rapid development in the field of education over lately happened in Asian countries.

Western Europe has already been swept by the “eastern” boom - young people are learning Chinese, Japanese, Mongolian languages, studying the culture and traditions of these countries. Moreover, the large Asian country China is our neighbor, and its influence in the world is growing every year. So the study of oriental languages ​​is becoming more and more relevant, and this is not only a tribute to fashion, but also a chance to get good job. In China, there are more than 2 thousand universities, colleges and vocational high schools, with about 9 million students. More than 5.5 million students study in bachelor's programs, about 300 thousand students study in master's and doctoral programs. More than 450 universities in the country have the right to accept foreign students ("laoweiliuxueshen") for study.

Features of the Chinese higher education system

The higher education system in China includes universities, colleges and vocational high schools. Most universities and colleges operate under the supervision of the country's Ministry of Education - an independent organization whose main task is to organize and conduct the first cycle of assessment based on the guidelines, regulations and assessment criteria of the Ministry of Education and other educational institutions. Currently, more than 20 similar agencies at the provincial (regional) level have been created.

Based on the results of the analysis of the higher education system of the PRC, it can be concluded that this is a carefully controlled and actively supported by the state strategic industry, which has received dynamic development in last decades reforms in the republic. Although there remain universities managed by provincial and city governments.

It is interesting to note that in China, universities are united through a so-called “merger”. So Peking University was merged with the medical one (Beijing Medical Academy). The merger of universities made it possible to implement profound changes in the education system, optimize and rationally allocate teaching resources, improve the quality of teaching and the level of the educational process.

The country's universities provide three levels of higher education:

The first stage involves 4-5 years of study and ends with a bachelor's degree.

The second is designed for 2-3 years of study and ends with the award of a Master's degree.

The third stage involves 3 years of study and ends with the award of a doctorate. Obtaining it involves passing exams in the main subjects of the curriculum and completing an independent research project.

Entering a university is a real holiday for a high school graduate: competitions for individual universities reach 200-300 people per place. Gifted children and young people in China, as a rule, enjoy various benefits - they have government scholarships, subsidies from enterprises, organizations, etc. Paid education predominates, but applicants apply to “paid places” on a general basis. Sometimes the company where the student worked pays for the training. However, the most gifted students still have the opportunity to receive higher education for free.

It is interesting that, depending on the results obtained in the unified final school exam (something like our Unified State Exam, which is held in the PRC simultaneously throughout the country in May), an applicant can apply for admission to the entrance exams only to the university that is in the category in the hierarchy of universities corresponds to the points scored, i.e. “highest category” or “provincial level category”, “city level”, etc.

The academic year at Chinese universities is divided into 2 semesters - autumn and spring. Autumn begins in September, spring - in March. Summer holidays are July and August, winter holidays are during the Chinese New Year (late January - February). Registration of candidates for the academic year takes place from February to June.

China's higher education system already boasts international prestige. Chinese graduates work in leading scientific institutions in North America, Europe, Japan, Australia and other countries. Every year, about 20 thousand graduates of Chinese universities continue their studies in graduate school and doctoral studies abroad. Many Chinese students work in Silicon Valley, Wall Street, and teach at world-class universities. The Chinese government has signed agreements on mutual recognition of diplomas with 64 countries and regions, including Russia, England, Germany, Italy and others.

For many decades, the development of the PRC higher education system has revealed its main feature - a significant predominance of natural, technical and applied disciplines in university programs, about 60% (for example, in the USA this figure is 14%, in Japan - 26%). Thus, if we compare China with developed countries, humanities majors make up a relatively small part of the student body, with the possible exception of sociologists. This fact can be explained mainly by the needs of the economy.

Another difference is the fact that almost all universities in the country train specialists in agriculture (about 10% of students). It is no coincidence that the whole world is talking about the successes of Chinese agricultural science.

The high level of education in leading universities in China is also recognized by the international community. Thus, the research structure of international higher education QS on September 8, 2010 published a new ranking of the world's leading universities, where Hong Kong University, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Chinese Language University and Peking University were in the top 50. Tsinghua University is ranked 54th, Taiwan University is ranked 94th. Hong Kong University surpassed Tokyo University for the first time and took first place among higher education institutions in Asia.

China education assessment graduate school

China still remains “mysterious” for many eastern country"with a rich history and culture. China is no less attractive in terms of education. Many parents want to send their children to this country for education, thanks to the fast technical and economic development countries. However, it is worth knowing some of the nuances of school education in the Middle Kingdom.

School education in China involves studying for 12 years. It includes three steps. Moreover, since 2008, the Chinese authorities decided to approve compulsory free 9-year school education. Whether to continue education in the last three grades is decided by parents and the students themselves.

Before entering first grade, future first-graders are tested. The next exams await children six years after completing primary school. The exam grading system is point based. To enter high school in China, you need to achieve a certain number of points. If a student scores high, he has a chance to enter a secondary school at a university, which will ensure his further admission to that university.

After 12 years of schooling, graduates take unified exams similar to our Unified State Exam. They are graduating from school and also entering university. To be admitted to different universities, you must achieve different minimum exam scores. The more famous the university, the more serious demands it places on the level of knowledge of applicants. An applicant can send an application for admission to two or three educational institutions simultaneously.

Features of studying at school in China

A distinctive feature of schools in China is the high workload on students compared to the workload in Russian schools. The main reason is that Chinese is a very difficult language. Schoolchildren have to memorize several thousand hieroglyphs during their studies. You need to not only remember them, but also learn to pronounce and write correctly. The number of students in a class is more than 30 people, and sometimes reaches 70-80 children.

In order not to overload children, a resolution was adopted to introduce school day lasting no more than eight hours. Classes in Chinese schools begin at 8 am. The number of physical education lessons is at least 70 minutes per week.

School education in China involves 5 days school week. Usually children study until 4 pm. The daily routine is as follows:

• From 8:00 to 11:30 – classes in basic subjects (mathematics, Chinese, foreign languages);
• From 11:30 to 14:00 – lunch break and day rest;
• From 14:00 to 16:00 – classes in secondary subjects (drawing, singing, physical education, works).

Taking into account extracurricular lessons and homework, students go to bed closer to midnight. And the morning rise usually occurs at 6:00, because at 7:30 you already need to be at school.

The academic year in a Chinese school includes two semesters. After completing the first and second semesters, students receive final grades of academic performance in points. A 100-point scale is used. Teachers record students' scores in class registers. Parents can always be aware of the progress of their children.

Strict discipline is maintained in training. If a student misses 12 classes without a valid reason, he will be expelled.

Secondary education in China is under the vigilant control of the state. All schools have government funding and receive funds from the treasury to upgrade equipment and repair premises.

Modern schools in China often consist of entire complexes of buildings, with long passages between them, and large sports grounds located in the inner part of the courtyard. Sometimes several thousand students study in one school.

Primary school in China

Children go to first grade at 6 years old. Classes of the first semester begin on September 1, the second semester starts on March 1. Summer holidays are in July and August, and winter holidays are in January and February.

In primary school in China, they study mathematics, Chinese, science, drawing, music, and children also receive basic knowledge of history, natural history and geography. Studying China and the peoples inhabiting it, as well as obtaining political information, is mandatory. In addition, schoolchildren actively participate in maintaining order and cleanliness in school premises.

Starting from grade 3, schoolchildren learn English. From the 4th grade, children also attend practical training, usually in workshops or on farms. Many choose their electives and sections to their liking.

Junior high school

High school in China is a three-year education. After it, the compulsory part of education will be completed. Teenagers study the following subjects: mathematics, Chinese, English, physics, computer science, biology, geography, music, physical education, ethics and morality.

Particular attention in China is paid to the development of political literacy and the introduction of ideology into young minds. Children also continue to study in sections and clubs chosen at the previous level of education.

Complete high school

During this period, students can choose one of the educational directions.

• The vocational and technical direction serves to prepare technical specialists who can find work in production sector or in agriculture. There are separate vocational, technical and agricultural schools here.
• The academic direction serves to prepare teenagers for admission to universities.

Studying at universities in China lasts 2-4 years and depends on the specialty. There is a system of distribution of graduates, so immediately after graduation they get a job.

Popular schools in China

The Beijing First of October School was opened more than 60 years ago. Location: Beijing city. Education is provided here from grades 1 to 12, enrollment is possible at any stage. The school maintains strict discipline. After several violations, expulsion follows.

It is possible to teach children from foreign countries. Chinese language lessons are held for them throughout the year. After obtaining the basics of the language, you must pass entrance exams in mathematics, English and Chinese. Foreign students are provided with boarding accommodation. Tuition fee: 28,500 yuan, living cost: 6,000 yuan.

Tatyana L. (mother of student Evgenia) says that at school they liked the informal attitude towards the girl, the help in solving everyday issues, and the individual approach.

The school at the People's University of China (Beijing) is considered one of the most popular high schools in China. It is possible to study foreign students in any grade - from 1 to 12. The university specializes in the field of social sciences and humanities, popular specialties: economics, journalism, law.

The school is famous for the high results of its graduates. Most of them go to the People's University or other prestigious universities in China. For students from other countries, a one-year Chinese language course is provided, after which they take exams for admission to school. Tuition fee: 25,000 yuan, living cost: 6,200 yuan.

School No. 2 of East China Normal University is located in Shanghai. It is considered one of the best schools in this city. It is possible to teach schoolchildren from other countries aged 12-18 years. A preliminary course in Chinese language is provided, as in other similar schools.

The school has an excellent material and technical base. This includes a laboratory, an indoor swimming pool, and numerous sports facilities. The dormitory has 400 rooms for students. Tuition fee: 35,000 yuan, living cost: 5,000 yuan.

Olga S. (mother of Liliya’s student) from Russia says that she can safely recommend this school to everyone. She liked the area, surrounded by greenery, modern buildings hostels and schools, as well as several excellent sports fields.

The school at Shanghai Jiaotong University is ready to accept foreign students aged 15-18 years old to study at graduating classes. First, students study the basics of the Chinese language for six months and only after that can move on to the main program. Here teenagers not only study basic disciplines, but also prepare for entering a university. Tuition fee: 34300 yuan, living cost: 4000 yuan.

Dilara says that her son is happy with his studies, he has made friends from different countries world, mastered Chinese and consolidated knowledge of the English language. Now he plans to enter a Chinese university.

As for Russian schools in China, we can recommend the school at the Russian Embassy in Beijing.

Documents for studying at a Chinese school

Every student from foreign country must have an official guardian in China. This can be any Chinese citizen or foreigner who has received official work and a residence permit in China. The guardian must write a written guarantee for the ward that the student will behave well and study successfully. And in case of violations, the guardian will be held accountable.

It is the guardian who the school administration turns to when problems arise with a student. Parents of a student usually have to pay several thousand yuan for guardianship. Some schools themselves act as a guardian.

Also, to go to study in China, you must have a foreign passport and a student visa, which is issued only after concluding an agreement with the school.

China still cannot compare in popularity with such leaders in the education market as the UK, USA and Germany, but the country’s huge potential, low cost of education and the opportunity to become a specialist with knowledge of an Eastern language open up great opportunities for building a career.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Pros

1. China is one of Russia’s important partners, and the country’s role on the world stage is only strengthening, so getting an education in China and learning the Chinese language is a very far-sighted step for young careerists.
2. Low cost of higher education and the opportunity to receive a scholarship.
3. Ample opportunities for those who want to build a career in business and for those who plan to engage in science.

Cons

1. Chinese education is not as prestigious as American and European ones.
2. To study in many programs, you need to have a good knowledge of the difficult Chinese language.
3. Bad environment in major cities and the peculiar Chinese culture.

The PRC's education system is completely controlled by the state, even at the level of private higher schools. The lower levels of the system were built on the Soviet model, right up to the beginning academic year in September.

Basic education

School education is divided into primary, incomplete secondary, and secondary. From primary school (grades 1-6), children move to secondary school automatically, without exams. A student will need another three years to complete an incomplete secondary education. After this, many schoolchildren finish their studies, starting to work, entering secondary technical schools and technical schools. Those wishing to receive a complete secondary education will have to study for three years and have a final exam. Secondary school programs are common throughout the country, as is the list of academic disciplines.

Not all high schools in the country are open to foreigners; their list is approved by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. The basis of education for industry was a huge network of vocational schools, technical schools, and specialized secondary colleges. They pay more attention to theoretical disciplines necessary for a specific specialty, practical training in the profession, and industrial internships. There are more than twelve thousand of all specialized secondary technical educational institutions, including vocational guidance schools.

Higher education in China

Unlike secondary school, higher education has been restructured according to international standards. The best universities provide training in English(in parallel with Chinese), Western professors are invited, modern techniques are used. Simultaneously with the restructuring of higher education, private higher schools were allowed, which short time More than one and a half thousand opened (more than 50% of the educational sector).

The best universities in the country include Peking University, the largest in China. The extensive structure of the university includes 12 faculties, 31 colleges, the total number of students exceeds 46,000. In various rankings, Peking University is placed first in Asia (shared with the University of Tokyo), and is among the world's twenty.

Shanghai University is slightly inferior to Beijing University in terms of the number of students (43,000), surpasses it in the number of faculties (23 faculties), and offers 59 doctoral programs and 148 master's degrees.

Shanghai is considered to have the best level of teaching in law, economics, government and management in the country.

Despite the absence of theoretical restrictions, not all universities in China accept foreigners. International students Only 450 of the two thousand state universities study.

All higher schools have tuition fees. By European standards, its cost is low - about 32,000 yuan per year (less than $5,000). In addition, the government allocates 10 thousand grants for foreigners. However, it is very difficult to enter the university - you need to pass exams in seven disciplines, among which the Chinese language becomes the most difficult for foreigners. To study in English you need an international certificate. University competitions are huge, reaching hundreds of applicants for one place.

The best route for admission is considered to be preliminary studies at the preparatory department, which is often resorted to before entering a master's program to continue education after a Russian university. There are also companies that offer training through grants, which greatly saves the budget and simplifies the admission procedure. The most famous is mychina.org.

The cost of living while studying is incomparable with American and European realities. Even in the most expensive cities Ten dollars a day is enough, but the possibilities of finding additional work are extremely limited.

Useful links

Education in China today

Let's take a quick look education in China today.

Right to education ordinary people received only since 1949, that is, since the formation of the PRC.

In ancient times, the main purpose of education was to educate officials, since people who passed exams were eligible to hold government positions.

Currently education is divided into several stages: primary education, secondary education, secondary vocational education and higher education.

According to the Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China (义务教育法), nine years of education are currently considered compulsory. It is worth noting that in the 80s, only 6-year primary education was considered compulsory.

Primary education (初等教育) in China involves 6 years of study. The course of study includes subjects such as mathematics, history, natural history, music, drawing, physical education, etc., and also instills in students love for their homeland and respect for socialism.

Secondary education(中等教育) consists of two stages (初中 and 高中), each lasting three years. To the above subjects are added a foreign language, politics, geography, physics, chemistry, etc.

Secondary vocational education(中等职业技术教育) is represented by vocational schools (中等专业学校), technical schools (技工学校) and vocational schools (职业学校). The duration of training is from 2 to 4 years, in some specialties up to 5 years (for example, medicine). The range of subjects studied depends entirely on the chosen specialty - finance, medicine, agriculture, culinary arts, technology, tourism, and so on. Upon completion, many graduates are assigned to various institutions, depending on the chosen specialty.

Higher education(高等教育) is built on the principle of the Bologna system, but China does not participate in this system. Duration of training – 4 years. Graduates graduate as bachelors. Master's degree - another two (or three) years (bachelor's degree - 本科, master's degree - 专科).

In China there is two levels of education for postgraduate students– postgraduate and doctoral studies. TO graduate students(candidates – 硕士) and to doctors(博士) have different requirements. Candidates must love the Motherland, be highly moral, speak one foreign language, and be able to conduct research activities. The duration of postgraduate study is 2-3 years. The requirements for doctors are somewhat the same as the requirements for graduate students, the only difference is that doctors must master two foreign languages ​​and conduct some kind of research activity.

According to the form of study, graduate students are divided into two types: off-the-job and on-the-job (work during the day, study in the evening and on weekends).

It is also worth identifying another type of education - advanced training or higher education for those already working (成人教育). In principle, this could also apply to the above graduate students. Due to the fact that they work during the day and study in the evenings and weekends, this type of education is also called 夜大学.

There are many online universities in China now. You can get a higher education without leaving your home.

IN recent years The state is paying more and more attention to education. Huge amounts of money are spent annually on its development.

StudyChinese.ru

Education can be one of the most influential forces in modern society. Good education, which nurtures intelligence and curiosity can influence children as soon as they enter school.

China, with the largest population in the world, provides its citizens with a diverse school system: public schools for students of all ages, special schools for the disabled, private schools and vocational schools, and many other educational institutions, including universities.

However, because it is influenced by a fundamentally different culture, some structural aspects of China's education system may appear strange to foreign eyes and analysis. Here are some comparisons between the education systems of China and America.

Education levels in China

China's education system consists of three main levels: primary, secondary and post-secondary. Primary education is what we usually call primary grades. The high school is divided into a lower level and an upper level. This is equivalent to high school. The division of these levels looks schematically: 6-3-3, where grades 1 to 6 will belong to a primary school, grades 7 to 9 will belong to another, and grades 10 to 12 will include a secondary school.

In the USA, for example, grades 1 to 8 are marked and relative to the years of study. They are built on the principle of “freshman”, “sophomore”, “junior” and “senior”. “China has each class with a name by rank in their educational subgroup. The seventh grade is known as 初一, the eighth is 初二 and the ninth is 初三. (“一”, “二”, and “三” mean “one”, “two” and “three” in Chinese.)

Education level required

Unlike the United States, where compulsory education laws require students to remain in school for 16 to 18 years, all students in China are required to complete at least nine years of education. or students can choose what they want to do in the future.

school day

In the United States, while students rush out of the classroom during recess, in China the teacher decides when you leave class. Unlike American schools, where education requires a choice of electives, choosing biology or chemistry, students in China do not choose the same classes until high school.

The school day schedule also varies. While in America, as a rule, school starts at 8 and ends somewhere around 3, then in China the option of evening sessions is offered during middle and high school.

When preparing for tests at universities, students often use this time to self-study or use tutors. The lunch period is also longer than in American schools; Some Chinese middle schools and high schools offer lunch breaks throughout the day, which can span up to two hours.

Secondary education in schools in China

Chinese secondary education is unique in that, in addition to traditional ones, they try to instill moral principles in children and help them unleash their creative potential.

In China, all children aged 6 must go to school. First, they study for six years in primary school, then another three years in junior high school. This is compulsory education for everyone. After graduating from a first-level secondary school, you can enter a higher-level secondary school, where you study for three years. True, for this you need to pass entrance exams.

Public schools in China cater to Chinese children, but some are allowed to accept foreign students as well.

In this case, tuition will be paid, about 5 thousand dollars per semester. Training is conducted in Chinese, so for admission you need to pass an exam in Chinese, English and mathematics.

In addition, foreign students will first have to study for a year in a preparatory program. It will cost, on average, 28 thousand yuan ($4,500) per semester. The cost of a semester of schooling after enrollment is the same.

Typically, Chinese schools with international branches for foreigners are located in major cities, especially Beijing and Shanghai. Mostly children of employees of international companies study there.

Among public schools China, accepting foreigners, Beijing First of October Middle School, People's University of China Middle School, Beijing No. 4 Middle School, East China Normal University No. 2 Middle School (Shanghai), Fudan University Middle School in Shanghai and Middle School Shanghai Jiaotong University.

Private schools

There are also private schools in China, and they are more popular among foreigners.

One of the best is the boarding school Beijing New Talent Academy. Children aged 18 months and older are accepted here (the school has kindergarten) up to 18 years old. You can study in Chinese together with Chinese children or in the existing Cambridge International Center in English according to the British educational program. To enter the school you need to pass exams in Chinese, English and mathematics. If a child enters the Cambridge International Centre, then he must pass an exam in English and mathematics in accordance with the requirements of the British program. Children who study in English still learn Chinese language and culture.

The cost of training at the Beijing New Talent Academy is 76 thousand yuan per year for studying in Chinese ($12 thousand) and 120 thousand yuan for an English-language program ($20 thousand).

If the American system is closer than the British one, you can choose Saint Paul American School in Beijing. Education there is conducted according to the American educational program with mandatory study of the Chinese language and culture.

In general, Chinese public and private schools that accept foreigners are aimed at children whose parents live in the country, although many schools offer boarding. Most students in international programs in Chinese schools are children of expats. Almost all schools require that a foreign child attending a Chinese school have an official guardian in the country (this can be a parent) - a Chinese citizen or a person permanently residing in China and holding a residence permit. The guardian is responsible for the student and is the point of contact in case problems arise.

In 1998, at the September meeting of the Standing Committee of the NPC, a new Law of the People's Republic of China on Higher Education was adopted. The law came into force on January 1, 1999.

General management of the field of higher education is carried out by the State Council through departments subordinate to it (currently 70% of 2,200 universities are under the purview of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, the rest are departmental). Permission to create or change the status of universities is carried out by the administrative bodies of the State Council, provinces, autonomous regions, centrally subordinate cities or other organizations on their behalf. At the same time, it is indicated that, along with the existence of universities of national and provincial subordination, the state “encourages, within the framework of the law, their creation and financing by professional, business organizations, public groups, other public organizations and citizens.” Thus, for the first time, the idea of ​​​​establishing and legalizing private universities is allowed in principle.

The law provides for three types of higher education: courses with special curricula (duration of study 2-3 years), bachelor's degree (4-5 years) and master's degree (additional 2-3 years). Three educational degrees are established: bachelor, master and doctor of science. The following job categories are provided: assistant, teacher (lecturer), associate professor and professor. A paid education system is being established. An exception is made only for students from needy families (preferential payment or free training). The best students can apply for scholarships and one-time financial incentives.

Apart from references to state and other local sources of funding, there is no indication of a formal ban on receiving funds from foreign counterparties, either on a regular or one-time basis (in practice, receiving sponsorship from foreign compatriots and Western donors is widely accepted in China; in the country There are several Master's degree-training business schools with foreign funding and teaching).

It is indicated that the cost of training, financing of the educational process and sources of funds are established by the administrative bodies of the State Council and the provinces, depending on the cost of training at each individual university. Tuition fees received must be used strictly in accordance with established rules and cannot be used for other purposes. The state provides appropriate benefits for the purchase of imported equipment and materials by universities.

It is emphasized that the purpose of creating a university should be to serve state and public interests, and not to make profit. At the same time, the law does not formally prohibit the fairly common practice today in the PRC of universities conducting commercial activities(rental of premises, publishing and printing services, etc.). Universities have created a number of enterprises for the development of high technologies in order to promote the development of R&D. As a result, a number of well-known competitive profitable companies have been formed. In 1997, the income of enterprises at Chinese universities amounted to 20.55 billion yuan, with income tax - 2.73 billion yuan. By the end of 1999, the gross output of these enterprises will reach 100 billion yuan.

The document states that foreigners, provided they meet the requirements, can study at Chinese universities, as well as conduct scientific or teaching work (today, about 30 thousand foreign teachers, mainly from the USA and Western Europe, work in Chinese universities).

The law allows the formation of student organizations at universities, the activities of which must be “regulated by internal regulations and coordinated with the educational administration.”

Generally new law significantly expands the opportunities for the participation of non-state actors in the development of higher education - an area considered a priority in China in the context of efforts to overcome the cultural and technological gap with advanced powers. At the same time, despite the state retaining traditional, ideological, political and administrative levers of control over the educational sphere, the law allows it to be weakened to a certain extent in the case of educational institutions created by others public structures. Unlike state universities, they are not obliged to work under the leadership of party committees, but “in accordance with the legislative provisions on public organizations". Compared to the past, significant emphasis is placed on the acquisition of deep specialized and professional knowledge, in particular, it is indicated that study is “the most important responsibility of students”, and their “participation in public life should not affect the performance of educational tasks.” the fact that in reality there is a significant redistribution of rights from the Center in favor of administrative bodies at the provincial level and the universities themselves, the importance of university science and its connections with the research institutes of the PRC Academy of Sciences system and industrial production is rising.

The adoption of the new law consolidates the rights and responsibilities of the teaching staff and students of Chinese universities, creates additional opportunities for the state-encouraged growth in the desire of Chinese youth to obtain higher education (annually only 1 million or 4% of Chinese youth in the corresponding age category can enter universities). Apparently, he will be able to raise the status of Chinese higher education and thus balance the trend, fashionable today in China, to obtain higher education abroad (in 20 years, 270 thousand people have gone to the West, primarily to the USA, to study).

It should be noted that the high prestige of Russian higher education in China remains high.

There is an agreement between Russia and China on the mutual recognition of educational documents and academic degrees. However, due to the lack of centralized government information and advertising support, the efforts of individual Russian universities to attract Chinese students on a commercial basis have not yet yielded effective results (40 thousand Chinese are studying in US universities, and 8 thousand in Russian universities).

The number of educational institutions is increasing, the activities of non-state educational institutions are expanding, the process of decentralization in the university management system begins, multidisciplinary universities and specialized institutes are being created.

Canceled since 1997 old order admission to universities, dividing students into a category admitted under a directive plan of the state and a category admitted under a regulated plan. All students are accepted in the same manner and must pay tuition fees. For those students who are experiencing financial difficulties, a bank loan is opened and scholarships and employment are provided.

Program 211 begins, according to which in the 100 most important universities, in a number of priority disciplines and specialties, teaching, research, management and economic activities should be brought to the highest level, so that in the 21st century these universities stand in line the best universities peace.

China has a long history of private education. The first institutions of private higher education - Shuyuan (academy) - arose 1,300 years ago. Modern private universities appeared in the early 90s of the twentieth century. Fadan University and China University were founded in 1905, followed by Xiamen University and Nankei University in 1919. During the first half of the twentieth century, the private sector was an important component of higher education. By 1949, 93 of the 223 universities that the Communists had taken control of were private institutions (Lin 1999, p. 88). Due to nationalization in the early 1950s, all private universities were closed or merged with public ones. Between 1952 and 1982, private higher education completely disappeared.

Private (minban) higher education re-emerged in China in 1982, as a consequence of the political reform of former leader Deng Xiao Ping. The development of private higher education during this period can be divided into three phases (Zha, 2001).

1. 1982–1986: Growth of private higher education.

In March 1982, after a thirty-year absence, the first private university, the China Social University, was reopened in Beijing. The amended constitution of 1982 stated: “The State shall encourage collective economic organizations, state-owned enterprises and other enterprises to establish various types of higher education institutions in accordance with the law” (Article 19). This provided a legal basis for the functioning of private universities. The same policy was defined in the document “Decision on Educational Reform” issued by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in 1985.

2. 1987–1992: Regulation of private higher education.

The rapid development has caused some problems such as poor management and malpractice. As a result, in 1987, a Temporary Decree on the functioning of higher educational institutions was proclaimed, in accordance with which social forces were supposed to solve these problems. A local ordinance regulated the opening and operation of private universities.

3. 1992–2002: New developments in private higher education.

In 1992, Deng Xiao Ping's "Southern Inspection Tour" and the introduction market economy laid the foundation for the establishment of a large number of private universities. In 1993, China's Educational Reform and Development Program for the first time established policies aimed at developing private education with "strong and active support, proper guidelines and skillful management." This idea was repeated in the Regulation on the Operation of Higher Education Institutions of 1997, and was confirmed by the Law on the Promotion of Private Higher Education of 2002.

The expansion of private higher education in China can be seen in Fig.

1. Over the past few years, more than a thousand private universities have operated. In 2002, 1 million 403 thousand 500 students were enrolled in private universities, which accounted for 9.60% of total number enrollment of 14 million 625 thousand 200 students (MOE, 2003). Most private colleges are located in large cities with developed economies. For example, as of 2002, there were 91 private universities in Beijing with 198 thousand students; in Shanghai there are 177 private universities with 173,703 students (China Education Daily, 2003a, b).

Rice. 1. Development of private higher education in China (

FEATURES OF SCHOOL EDUCATION IN CHINA

Verisova Anna Dmitrievna
Ural state university communication lines
Lecturer at the Department of Foreign Languages ​​and Intercultural Communications

Annotation
The article is devoted to the features of school education in China. “We learn while we are alive. And we will study until we die,” this is exactly the phrase you can hear from a Chinese high school student and it completely reflects reality. To achieve anything in a country with a population of more than one billion, you need to invest a lot in the child at the stage of school education. The entire education system in China is aimed at achieving high results.

SPECIFICS OF SCHOOLING IN CHINA

Verisova Anna Dmitrievna
Ural State University of Railway Transport
lecturer of foreign languages ​​and cross-cultural communications department

Abstract
The article is devoted to the specifics of schooling in China. "We are learning while we are alive. And we will learn until we won’t die" it is a phrase which you can hear from the Chinese high school student, and it fully reflects the reality. If you need to achieve something in a country with a population of over one billion, it is necessary to put a lot into the child on the school stage. The whole system of education in China aims at achieving a good result.

Over the centuries-old history, the Chinese have developed a special attitude towards enlightened people and education in general. Enlightenment played a significant role both in the development of China itself and other civilizations. Teacher's Day in China became the first holiday of a single profession and, probably, it is no coincidence that it began to be celebrated on the birthday of Confucius.

China's multi-million population requires a diverse and developed system education, because each student needs to find his own approach. Particular attention in this aspect is paid to schools. In 2008, a law was passed according to which school education became free and compulsory for everyone (the first 9 years of education).

Studying in Chinese schools has both its pros and cons.

Children in China go to school, as in Russia, at the age of 6-7 years. Education at the school is divided into three levels: primary school (the period of study lasts 6 years), secondary school (children also study here for 6 years) and high school (training lasts 3 years). The first nine years of school are free, parents pay for high school, but gifted children can receive a scholarship. It is very rare that the Chinese school combines all three stages at once; most often it is three different schools, having different names. The territory of Chinese schools is huge, consists of a complex of buildings and is a mini-town. This allows it to accommodate about 4 thousand students, and in one class the number of students sometimes reaches 90 people. Thus, it is very difficult to convey information to all students, an individual approach is lost, basically all tasks are completed by the choir.

The flag of the People's Republic of China is installed on the territory of each school, and every Monday children line up and participate in the flag-raising ceremony to the sounds of the national anthem, and so that all students really participate, the youngest are placed on stools. Every day they determine who will be responsible for raising the flag. Thus, they develop a sense of patriotism in children. Already in elementary school, students sincerely begin to love the party for its past and present merits and even know some ideological texts by heart.

School classes begin at 7-8 am and last until 4.30 am, so children spend about 9 hours at school. From 11.30 to 14.00 children rest, have lunch and sleep. It is believed that with such a load, sleep is very useful. The day is structured in such a way that more complex subjects come first, and after sleep, children study easier disciplines. School holidays take place twice a year: in summer and winter, but even during the holidays students do not rest; their parents take them to different clubs or send them abroad to improve their language skills.

Discipline in Chinese schools is no less strict. Respect for teachers and elders begins to be instilled in children from the first grade. Students greet and say goodbye to the teacher while standing. Students perform all actions only with the permission of the teacher; they cannot go to the toilet during a lesson, and if a student is not interested in the lesson, usually no one pays attention to it. In some schools, teachers may still hit children on the wrist for playing or talking in class, so the classroom is usually quiet. Among other things, a student who misses more than 12 lessons will be expelled. Such discipline helps schoolchildren in the future at work. Working in Chinese companies presupposes a strict hierarchy: the main thing is to keep a low profile and unquestioningly obey your elders (and those who are older in the company are most often also senior in rank), and thanks to the principles instilled in them from school, the Chinese do this brilliantly.

Chinese children have a special school uniform - they go to class in the same tracksuits, regardless of whether there is a physical education lesson that day.

Much attention is paid to Chinese language and mathematics in primary schools. This is no coincidence; it is believed that the Chinese language helps to develop a mathematical mindset, and mathematics, in turn, develops logic. Also in elementary school they study natural science, physical education, music, history, geography, fine arts, and in some schools they also add such a subject as ethics and morality (the works of Confucius begin to be read to children in kindergarten). Children are required to attend seminars where issues of political information are covered. During the lessons, children are introduced to Russian writers of the Soviet period, and they also read a lot about Lenin.

After primary school, students are required to go to secondary school, study there for 3 years, and this is where compulsory schooling ends.

Not the most pleasant moment in schooling– constant passing of exams. The child takes his first exams at the end of primary school. Every parent wants to send their child to the best school and the higher the level of the school, the more difficult the exams students will have to pass. What’s interesting is that most often exams are held in secret - no one knows the content of the exam and in what form it will be held, so parents are on duty near schools and ask those lucky ones who have already entered. But if a child passes the test successfully, this does not mean that the doors of the right school are open for him. The next step is to collect recommendations from previous teachers, but that's not all. Enrollment in a prestigious Chinese school is to some extent a lottery, because... the final decision is made by the computer. Another way to get into a prestigious school is by registration, but one of the mandatory conditions– You must live in such an apartment for at least three years. This trend is especially noticeable in Beijing. Exams for admission to high school more democratic: students know in advance what form and subject the test will be in.

After admission, tests and exams do not end in a child’s life. Every day there is a test at the last lesson. A huge number of tests in school develop logic in students, but do not reflect real knowledge at all.

The disciplines that students study in secondary school are no different from those in elementary school. In high school, children study “around the clock”: in addition to classes until 4.30, it involves a lot of homework in all subjects, additional clubs, tutors and very little free time.

At the age of 16, if students decide to continue their education, they enter high school, where the program is divided into two profiles: academic (the main emphasis is on preparing to enter a university) and vocational profile (on completion, students can work in technical specialties or in agriculture). In addition, there are schools in which the division occurs according to a different principle: in one department they prepare for passing the Chinese “gaokao” exam (something like our Unified State Exam), in another for admission to foreign universities. Recently, there are more and more schools with such a specialized division, since many parents, considering Chinese education not the best, they try to send their children to study abroad, and some simply bypass the gaokao in this way. “Gaokao” is taken at the end of 12th grade in all subjects and even teachers are afraid of it. While studying in a foreign department, students do not take the gaokao; they study in the 12th grade at an American school and are preparing to enter an American university. But they also have their own exams, such as TOEFL or SAT. Subjects in the foreign department are taught in English, and the learning process takes place in a more interesting and creative form. Foreign teachers, accustomed to a different teaching system, teach lessons more creatively: students prepare presentations and reports, and lead discussions in groups. But no matter which department the student chooses, he will still have to take the city department exam.

Upon admission to university great value given to where a person comes from. For example, a Beijinger who received 500 points for the “gaokao” can enter a very good university in Beijing, but a student from a small province with the same number of points will only be accepted at a Beijing technical school.

The school education system in China is a direct reflection of government policy. From school, children are taught to respect their elders (not only in age, but also in position) and to unquestioningly follow all instructions. A heavy workload, clubs, tutors, a lot of homework, in turn, also teach that in order to achieve something, you need to work hard, and in a country where the population is not even several million, but has already passed the one billion mark, this is important. Already at school, parents prepare their child to be a competitive individual, because in a country like China, the strongest “survive.” And what is most important is that from school they instill in children a love for the party, for the Motherland and the political course.