Arguments on the topic: “Experience and mistakes”
A Word about Igor's Campaign"
Work ancient Russian literature, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” has a relevant meaning in our 21st century. It raises so many problems, so much food for thought for the modern reader! Experience and mistakes. The hero of “The Lay...” - Prince Igor - makes a terrible mistake: he goes against the Polovtsians with a small squad, and most importantly, there was no need for his campaign, since a year before Kyiv prince Svyatoslav defeated the Polovtsians, discouraging them from raiding Rus' for a long time. vus.
Igor, guided primarily by his selfish interests (he wanted to prove to all the princes that he was brave, and his squad was also capable of defeating the enemy: “I want to break a spear in an unfamiliar Polovtsian field...”), destroys the squad, he himself is captured, and The Polovtsians, sensing the weakness of the Russian army, again resumed their raids. The cost of Igor's mistake is great. Yes, he gained experience in military operations and realized that the prince needed to think through his actions several steps ahead. However, the lives of the soldiers cannot be returned.
The author is trying to convey to the princes - people in power - that the fate of warriors is in their hands, that, first of all, intelligence, insight, and foresight should be characteristic of them in order to make fewer mistakes in their actions, and accumulate experience through victories and thoughtful actions.
A. S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”
The brilliant work of A. S. Griboyedov amazes with the variety of themes, problems, the brightness of the characters, and the importance of every detail. The theme of experience and mistakes also found its place in the play. Sophia, a young girl raised in French novels about love, does not see and does not understand that Molchalin’s feelings are false. She is still inexperienced, cannot understand where the true feeling is, and where is just a game of love, and even with far-reaching goals (Molchalin dreams of marrying Sophia in order to get married high society, move up the career ladder). “At my age one should not dare to have one’s own opinion,” this is Molchalin’s principle.
And Chatsky, and Liza, and even Famusov figured out Molchalin, only Sophia is blinded by her love and sees in her lover only positive qualities. (“...yielding, modest, quiet...”). Well, as she herself says, “ happy hours They’re not watching.”
An epiphany will come, she will understand her mistake, but it will be too late. What a pity that the heroine did not appreciate Chatsky’s feelings - sincere, real.
Who knows, maybe this bitter experience in the future will lead to her losing faith in love altogether. But for now she loves, not realizing that she is going to the abyss, because she chose such a low and vile person.
L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”
Favorite characters from the novel War and Peace! How beautiful they are! Natasha Rostova, Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov. The author showed them so real that for readers they became friends - their feelings and thoughts are so close and understandable. Heroes don't always follow a smooth road. Each of them makes their own mistakes in life. But that’s the beauty of it, that they are aware of them and are trying to correct them. They improve, strive to become better - and this attracts readers so much. Let us remember Andrei Bolkonsky at the beginning of the novel. How much egoism and selfishness there is in him, how he dreams of glory - at any cost, almost choosing Napoleon as his idol. But the wound at Austerlitz, the clear awareness of the finitude of life and the infinity of nature - all this helped Andrey realize how petty his dreams were, how insignificant. (“What a beauty! How did I not notice this before? We are nothing compared to the clear, blue, endless sky.”)
It will be difficult for him to find his way - from disappointment in life to the desire to be needed by everyone. (“No. Life is not over at the age of 31, Prince Andrei suddenly finally, without fail, decided. Not only do I know everything that is in me, it is necessary for everyone to know it too...”)
And in the end, the hero is with the people, defends his homeland, heroically fights at Borodino, having received a mortal wound. Through mistakes to understanding the highest meaning of life, which lies in love for loved ones, people, country - this is the path that Tolstoy’s hero goes through.
F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
A whole theory is created by Raskolnikov, the hero of F. Dostoevsky’s novel, according to which a person has the right to the death of people if he has a great goal. (Power is given only to those who dare to bend down and take it.”)
He wants to check who he is, whether he can decide the destinies of people. (“Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right?”)
However, I realized that I could not do this. The mistake, the ill-conceived nature of his theory, its cruelty and inhumanity - all this became a lesson for the hero. The hero crossed the line, alienated himself from people with a crime - murder old pawnbrokers and her set (“In everything there is a line beyond which it is dangerous to cross; for once crossed, it is impossible to go back”) However, he did not immediately realize his mistake. Sonya Marmeladova helped him with this. It was her love that resurrected the hero, he realized the horror of what he had done and took a different path, gaining bitter experience (“They were resurrected by love, the heart of one contained endless sources of life for the heart of the other.”)
M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “Gentlemen Golovlevs”
How many mistakes do the heroes of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin’s story “The Golovlevs” make in their lives! It was these mistakes that made their lives miserable. Golovleva’s mistakes lie in the wrong choice of moral values. She believed that money was the most important thing and did not give her children moral education. And when they grew up, she threw out a “piece” to each of them - part of the inheritance and thought that this was the end of her maternal mission. And in response I received the indifference and coldness of the children. She dies alone, abandoned and forgotten by everyone.
Judushka Golovlev. “Judas, Blood Drinker,” is what his mother called her son, Porfiry Petrovich. What a low figure! All his life he had been dodging, adapting, looking for benefits. He alienated everyone from himself, he doesn’t need anyone, because Judas subordinated his life to one thing - money. For their sake, for the sake of his fortune, he is ready to do anything. So, Porfiry persuaded his mother to deprive his older brother, Stepan, of his inheritance; He is also completely indifferent to the fate of his other brother, Pashka (this can be seen when he stands at the bedside of his dying brother, seems to be reading a prayer, but there is so much indifference and joy in him, because the entire inheritance will now go to him), and he has prepared a dumb life for his mother hangers; He also refuses to help his children, Volodenka and Petenka, dooming them to death. There is no sympathy or pity in the soul of this man.
And what kind of life did Judas come to? To the boring, lonely: “A series of sluggish, ugly days stretched out, one after another, drowning in the gray, gaping abyss of time”) And was it worth making so many mistakes in life for this?
But at the end of his life, he also has an epiphany. And even he is able to understand what a mistake his life was. (He became scared; he needed to suppress the sense of reality in himself to such an extent that even this emptiness did not exist)
And he goes to his mother’s grave to ask for her forgiveness. It's already late. On the way, the hero dies, also lonely, abandoned by everyone, unhappy. A difficult piece. Difficult fates The author showed people. But everything described is true. This is exactly how a person’s life can end if he chooses the wrong moral guidelines, if he moves away from loved ones and close people, subordinating himself to hoarding. For what? The bitter experience of disappointment will definitely await every such person. After all, the main thing in life is the people who love you, care about you, who need you and care about you. And if they are not there, then life is lived in vain and life experience will turn out to be a house of cards, because it, this mushroom, is false, and the road along which the person walked leads to disappointment and loneliness.
Arguments on the topic: “Friendship and enmity”
A.S. Pushkin “Dubrovsky”
The plot of A.S. Pushkin’s story “Dubrovsky” is based on the enmity between long-time old friends - Kirila Petrovich Troekurov and Andrei Gavrilovich
Dubrovsky. They once served together. Dubrovsky was a proud, decisive man and a good conversationalist. For this, Troekurov appreciated him and even missed him when he did not see his friend for a long time.
Many things brought the heroes together: age, similar fates - both were widowed early and had one child each. Even their neighbors were often jealous of their friendly relations. “Everyone envied the harmony that reigned between the arrogant Troekurov and his poor neighbor, and were surprised at the courage of this latter when, at Kiril Petrovich’s table, he directly expressed his opinion, not caring whether it contradicted the opinions of the owner.”
But was this friendship lasting? After all, it would seem that such a small misunderstanding led to enmity. Troekurov’s servant, one of the hounds, accidentally insulted Dubrovsky when he was inspecting Troekurov’s kennel: “... it would not be bad for another nobleman to exchange the estate for any local kennel. He would have been more nourished and warmer.” Dubrovsky was much poorer than Troekurov, he was hurt by such humiliation.
It would have been enough to simply apologize - and the conflict would have been settled. However, both landowners turned out to be stubborn. Nobody wanted to give in. And a legal battle began, which lasted for a long time, increasingly alienating the former friends from each other. The result is madness and the death of Dubrovsky.
How easily friendship turned into mortal enmity. Why did this happen? Most likely, there was no real friendship, there was only the appearance of it. True friendship will never be destroyed over trifles. The lordly arrogance of one, the temper, the unwillingness to give in to the other - this was enough for the friendship to fall apart like a house of cards. Friendship is based on stronger relationships and the desire for mutual understanding. But this did not happen between the heroes.
N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”
N.V. Gogol in the story “Taras Bulba” raises many important problems and topics. There is also a theme of camaraderie.
Camaraderie and friendship are two similar concepts. However, partnership includes, in addition to mutual understanding and support, the desire to be with a friend in difficult and happy moments, also joint activities. Often this is a fight for justice, a fight against enemies. Partnership is a broader concept that includes friendly relations.
The main character of the work, Taras Bulba, in front of decisive battle addresses his comrades with a speech about camaraderie. He recalls the entire history of the country, when enemies attacked it in ancient times. In difficult times, people shook hands with each other and were able to “become related by soul, and not by blood.” A partnership began to form.
“There were comrades in other lands, but there were no such comrades as in the Russian land,” Bulba emphasizes.
He condemns those who adopt the “Busurman” traditions,” puts wealth at the forefront, and can sell his own. The life of such people will be bitter, Taras believes. “And someday it will wake up, and he, the unfortunate one, will hit the floor with his hands, grab his head, loudly cursing his vile life, ready to atone for the shameful deed with torment.”
“Let them all know what partnership means in the Russian land!”
Such a speech inspired his comrades, they boldly went against the enemy, many died, like Taras Bulba himself, his son Ostap, but they remained faithful to the partnership to the end, did not betray their friends, and fought with the enemies to the end.
Bitter is the fate of those who take the path of betrayal. It was a shame that Taras’s son Andriy went over to the side of the enemy. Bulba kills him, a traitor to his comrades and the Motherland, although it was very hard on his father’s soul.
The work of N.V. Gogol has a great educational value and in our days. It teaches what kind of person you should be, what moral values to prioritize in your life, how important it is to be able to make friends and remain a decent person in any situation.
I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
Andrey Stolts and Ilya Oblomov are the two main characters of I. A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”. In many ways they are different in character, in views, and in actions. However, the heroes are drawn to each other, Stolz happily comes to Oblomov, and he meets him with no less pleasure.
Even in school, they spent a lot of time together, were inquisitive children, and dreamed of an active and interesting life. “...they were connected by childhood and school - two strong springs, then Russian, kind, fat affections, abundantly lavished in the Oblomov family on the German boy, then the role of the strong, which Stolz occupied under Oblomov both physically and mentally morally…»
Oblomov gradually faded away, desire and interest disappeared in him, but Stolz, on the contrary, moved forward, worked actively, strived for something.
No one could return Oblomov to active life. Even such an active, energetic person as Stolz could not do this. He wants to help his friend to the end: “You must live with us, close to us: Olga and I decided so, so it will be.
What have you become? Come to your senses! Have you prepared yourself for this life so that you can sleep like a mole in a hole? Remember everything...” But Oblomov doesn’t want to change anything in his life. Even friendship turned out to be not omnipotent if the person himself did not want to change.
In life, a person himself makes his choice. You cannot hope that someone will radically change your life without your own efforts. Yes, friends help a person and support him. But still, it is the person himself who must take decisive action and move forward. Readers come to this conclusion after reading the novel.
A. M. Gorky “Childhood”
Alexey Peshkov - main character A. M. Gorky's story “Childhood” - he was left without parents early. Life in the house of his grandfather Kashirin was difficult. " Strange life” here began to remind him of a “harsh tale”, “well told by a kind, but painfully truthful genius.” Constant hostility surrounded the boy in the house. “Grandfather’s house is filled with the hot fog of mutual enmity of everyone with everyone.” The relationship between the adults - Alyosha's uncles - and between their children was far from related and friendly. The uncles were waiting for their share of the inheritance, they were always quarreling, and the children were not far behind them. Constant complaints, denunciations, the desire to hurt someone else, the pleasure felt from the fact that someone feels bad - this is the environment in which the hero lived. There was no talk of any friendship with cousins.
However, here too there were people to whom Alyosha was drawn. This is the blind master Grigory, whom the boy sincerely pities, and the apprentice Tsyganok, for whom his grandfather prophesied a great future (Tsyganok died while carrying an unbearable cross to the grave of the boy’s grandfather’s wife), and Good Deed, who taught him to read.
His grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, a kind, intelligent, cheerful woman, became a true friend for Alyosha, despite hard life, because she was always beaten by her husband. Her eyes burned with an “unquenchable, cheerful and warm light.” It was as if he had been sleeping before her, “hidden in the dark,” and she woke him up, brought him into the light, and immediately became a friend for life, the closest, most understandable and dear person.
There was a lot of enmity around the boy. But there is also a lot of kindness and understanding. It was precisely his friendly relations with people that prevented his soul from hardening. Alyosha became a kind, sensitive, compassionate person. Friendship can help a person in difficult times to preserve the best moral human qualities.
It all starts from childhood. It is so important during this period that children are surrounded by kind, decent people, because it largely depends on them how the child will grow up. The author leads readers to this conclusion.
N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls”
The work “Dead Souls” is still interesting and relevant. It is no coincidence that performances are staged based on it, and multi-part series are created. feature films. The poem (this is the genre indicated by the author himself) intertwines philosophical, social, moral problems and topics. The theme of victory and defeat also found its place in it.
The main character of the poem is Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. He strictly followed the instructions of his father: “Take care and save a penny... You can destroy everything in the world with a penny.” Since childhood, he began saving it, this penny, and carried out more than one dark operation. In the city of NN, he decided on a grandiose and almost fantastic enterprise - to redeem dead peasants according to the “Revision Tales”, and then sell them as if they were alive.
To do this, it is necessary to be invisible and at the same time interesting to everyone with whom he communicated. And Chichikov succeeded in this: “... knew how to flatter everyone,” “entered sideways,” “sat obliquely,” “answered by bowing his head,” “put a carnation in his nose,” “brought a snuff-box with violets at the bottom.”
At the same time, he himself tried not to stand out too much (“not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin, one cannot say that he is old, but not that he is too young”)
Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov at the end of the work is a real winner. He managed to fraudulently make himself a fortune and left with impunity. It seems that the hero clearly follows his goal, follows the intended path. But what awaits this hero in the future if he chose hoarding as his main goal in life? Isn’t Plyushkin’s fate destined for him too, whose soul was completely at the mercy of money? Anything is possible. But the fact is that with every purchased “ dead soul“He himself is falling morally - this is certain. And this is defeat, because human feelings in him were suppressed by acquisitions, hypocrisy, lies, and selfishness. And although N.V. Gogol emphasizes that people like Chichikov are “a terrible and vile force,” the future does not belong to them, yet they are not the masters of life. How relevant are the words of the writer addressed to young people: “Take it with you on the road, coming out of the soft teenage years into stern, embittering courage, take with you all human movements, do not leave them on the road, you will not pick them up later!
I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
Victory over yourself, over your weaknesses and shortcomings. It is worth a lot if a person reaches the end, the goal he has set. Not like Ilya Oblomov, the hero of the novel by I. A. Goncharov. Sloth celebrates victory over his master. She sits so firmly in him that it seems that nothing can make the hero get up from his sofa, simply write a letter to his estate, find out how things are going there. And yet the hero tried to make an attempt to overcome himself, his reluctance to do something in this life. Thanks to Olga and his love for her, he began to transform: he finally got up from the couch, began to read, walked a lot, dreamed, talked with the heroine. However, he soon abandoned this idea. Outwardly, the hero himself justifies his behavior by saying that he cannot give her what she deserves. But, most likely, these are just more excuses. Laziness dragged him again, returned him to his favorite sofa. (“...There is no peace in love, and it keeps moving somewhere forward, forward...”) It is no coincidence that “Oblomov” became a common word, denoting a lazy person who does not want to do anything, nor not striving for anything. (Stolz’s words: “It began with the inability to put on stockings and ended with the inability to live.”)
Oblomov pondered the meaning of life, understood that it was impossible to live like this, but did nothing to change everything: “When you don’t know why you live, you live somehow, day after day; you rejoice that the day has passed, that the night has passed, and in your sleep you plunge into the boring question of why you lived this day, why you will live tomorrow.”
Oblomov failed to defeat himself. However, the defeat did not upset him so much. At the end of the novel, we see the hero in a quiet family circle, he is loved and cared for, as he once was in childhood. This is the ideal of his life, this is what he achieved. Also, however, having won a “victory”, because his life has become the way he wants it to be. But why is there always some kind of sadness in his eyes? Maybe because of unfulfilled hopes?
E. Zamyatin “We”
The novel “We,” written by E. Zamyatin, is a dystopia. By this, the author wanted to emphasize that the events depicted in it are not so fantastic, that under the emerging totalitarian regime something similar could happen, and most importantly, a person will completely lose his “I”, he will not even have a name - only a number.
These are the main characters of the work: he is D 503 and she is I-330
The hero has become a cog in the huge mechanism of the United State, in which everything is clearly regulated. He is completely subject to the laws of the state, where everyone is happy.
Another heroine of I-330, it was she who showed the hero the “unreasonable” world of living nature, a world that is fenced off from the inhabitants of the state by the Green Wall.
There is a struggle between what is allowed and what is forbidden. What should I do? The hero experiences feelings previously unknown to him. He goes after his beloved. However, in the end, the system defeated him, the hero, part of this system, says: “I am sure that we will win. Because reason must win." The hero is calm again, he, having undergone the operation, having regained calm, looks calmly as his woman dies under the gas bell.
And the heroine of I-330, although she died, remained undefeated. She did everything she could for a life in which everyone decides for themselves what to do, who to love, how to live.
Victory and defeat. They are often so close on a person's path. And what choice a person makes - to victory or defeat - depends on him too, regardless of the society in which he lives. To become a united people, but to preserve one’s “I” is one of the motives of E. Zamyatin’s work.
A Word about Igor's Campaign"
The main character of “The Word…” is Prince Igor Novgorod-Seversky. He is a brave, courageous warrior, a patriot of his country.
His cousin Svyatoslav, who ruled in Kyiv, in 1184 won a victory over the Polovtsy - the enemies of Rus', the nomads. Igor was unable to participate in the campaign. He decided to take a new campaign - in 1185. There was no need for it; the Polovtsians did not attack Rus' after the victory of Svyatoslav. However, the desire for glory and selfishness led to Igor opposing the Polovtsians. Nature seemed to warn the hero about the failures that would haunt the prince - it happened solar eclipse. But Igor was adamant.
Reason receded into the background. Feelings, moreover of an egoistic nature, took possession of the prince. After the defeat and escape from captivity, Igor realized the mistake and realized it. That is why the author sings glory to the prince at the end of the work.
This is an example of the fact that a person endowed with power must always weigh everything; it is reason, and not feelings, even if they are positive, that should determine the behavior of a person on whom the lives of many people depend.
I. S. Turgenev “Asya”
25-year-old N.N. he travels carelessly, albeit without a goal or plan, meets new people, and almost never visits sights. This is how I. Turgenev’s story “Asya” begins. The hero will have to endure a difficult test - the test of love. He had this feeling for his girlfriend Asya. She combined cheerfulness and eccentricity, openness and isolation. But the main thing is being different from others. Perhaps this is connected with her former life: she lost her parents early, the 13-year-old girl was left in the arms of her older brother, Gagin. Asya realized that she truly fell in love with N.N., that’s why she led acting unusually: either withdrawing, trying to retire, or wanting to attract attention. It’s as if reason and feeling are fighting in her, the impossibility of drowning out her love for N.N.
Unfortunately, the hero turned out to be not as decisive as Asya, who confessed her love to him in a note. N.N. also had strong feelings for Asya: “I felt some kind of sweetness - precisely sweetness in my heart: as if honey had been poured into me.” But he thought for too long about the future with the heroine, postponing the decision until tomorrow. And there is no tomorrow for love. Asya and Gagin left, but the hero was never able to find a woman in his life with whom he would throw in his lot. The memories of Asa were too strong, and only the note reminded her. So reason became the reason for the separation, and feelings turned out to be incapable of leading the hero to decisive actions.
“Happiness has no tomorrow, it doesn’t have yesterday, it doesn’t remember the past, it doesn’t think about the future. He only has the present. - And that’s not a day. Just a moment. »
A. I. Kuprin “Olesya”
"Love knows no boundaries." How often do we hear these words, and repeat them ourselves. However, in life, unfortunately, not everyone is able to overcome these boundaries.
How beautiful is the love of the village girl Olesya, living in the lap of nature, far from civilization, and the intellectual, city dweller Ivan Timofeevich! The strong, sincere feeling of the heroes is put to the test: the hero must decide to marry a village girl, and even a sorceress, as she is called around, to connect his life with a person who lives according to other laws, as if in another world. And the hero could not make a choice in time. His mind had dominated him for too long. Even Olesya noticed the insincerity in the character of the hero: “Your kindness is not good, not heartfelt. You are not master of your word. You love to have the upper hand over people, but although you don’t want to, you obey them.”
And in the end - loneliness, because the beloved is forced to leave these places, to flee with Manuilikha from the superstitious peasants. Her beloved did not become her support and salvation.
Eternal struggle mind and feelings in man. How often does it lead to tragedy. Preserving love without losing your head, understanding responsibility for your loved one - this is not given to everyone. Ivan Timofeevich could not withstand the test of love.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
1 slide
Slide description:
Final essay. Thematic direction Experience and mistakes. Prepared by: Shevchuk A.P., teacher of Russian language and literature, MBOU “Secondary School No. 1”, Bratsk
2 slide
Slide description:
List of recommended literature: Jack London “Martin Eden”, A.P. Chekhov “Ionych”, M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don", Henry Marsh "Do No Harm" M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.” A. Pushkin “The Captain’s Daughter”; “Eugene Onegin”. M. Lermontov “Masquerade”; “Hero of Our Time” I. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”; "Spring Waters"; " Noble nest" F. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment.” L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"; "Anna Karenina"; "Resurrection". A. Chekhov “Gooseberry”; "About love." I. Bunin “Mr. from San Francisco”; "Dark Alleys" A. Kupin “Olesya”; " Garnet bracelet" M. Bulgakov " Heart of a Dog"; "Fatal Eggs" O. Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray”. D.Keys "Flowers for Algernon." V. Kaverin “Two Captains”; "Painting"; “I’m going to the mountain.” A. Aleksin “Mad Evdokia”. B. Ekimov “Speak, mother, speak.” L. Ulitskaya “The Case of Kukotsky”; “Sincerely yours, Shurik.”
3 slide
Slide description:
Official comment: Within the framework of the direction, discussions are possible about the value of the spiritual and practical experience of an individual, a people, humanity as a whole, about the cost of mistakes on the path to understanding the world, gaining life experience. Literature often makes you think about the relationship between experience and mistakes: about experience that prevents mistakes, about mistakes without which it is impossible to move along the path of life, and about irreparable, tragic mistakes.
4 slide
Slide description:
Methodological recommendations: “Experience and errors” is a direction in which a clear opposition of two polar concepts is less implied, because without errors there is and cannot be experience. Literary hero By making mistakes, analyzing them and thereby gaining experience, he changes, improves, and takes the path of spiritual and moral development. By assessing the actions of the characters, the reader gains invaluable life experience, and literature becomes a real textbook of life, helping not to make one’s own mistakes, the price of which can be very high. Speaking about the mistakes made by heroes, it should be noted that it is incorrect decision made, an ambiguous act can affect not only the life of an individual, but also the most fatally affect the destinies of others. In literature we also encounter tragic mistakes that affect the destinies of entire nations. It is in these aspects that one can approach the analysis of this thematic area.
5 slide
Slide description:
Aphorisms and sayings famous people: You should not be timid for fear of making mistakes; the biggest mistake is to deprive yourself of experience. Luc de Clapier Vauvenargues You can make mistakes in different ways, but you can do the right thing only in one way, which is why the first is easy, and the second is difficult; easy to miss, difficult to hit the target. Aristotle In all matters we can learn only by trial and error, falling into error and being corrected. Karl Raymund Popper He is deeply mistaken who thinks that he will not make a mistake if others think for him. Aurelius Markov We easily forget our mistakes when they are known only to us. François de La Rochefoucauld Learn from every mistake. Ludwig Wittgenstein Shyness may be appropriate everywhere, but not in admitting one’s mistakes. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing It is easier to find an error than the truth. Johann Wolfgang Goethe
6 slide
Slide description:
As support in your reasoning, you can refer to the following works. F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Raskolnikov, killing Alena Ivanovna and confessing to what he had done, does not fully realize the tragedy of the crime he committed, does not recognize the fallacy of his theory, he only regrets that he could not commit the crime, that he will not now be able to classify himself among the chosen ones. And only in hard labor does the soul-weary hero not only repent (he repented by confessing to the murder), but embark on the difficult path of repentance. The writer emphasizes that a person who admits his mistakes is able to change, he is worthy of forgiveness and needs help and compassion. (In the novel, next to the hero is Sonya Marmeladova, who is an example of a compassionate person).
7 slide
Slide description:
M.A. Sholokhov “The Fate of Man”, K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". Heroes are so different works They are making a similar fatal mistake, which I will regret all my life, but, unfortunately, they will not be able to correct anything. Andrei Sokolov, leaving for the front, pushes away his wife hugging him, the hero is irritated by her tears, he gets angry, believing that she is “burying him alive,” but it turns out the other way around: he returns, and the family dies. This loss is a terrible grief for him, and now he blames himself for every little thing and says with inexpressible pain: “Until my death, until my last hour, I will die, and I will not forgive myself for pushing her away then!”
8 slide
Slide description:
Story by K.G. Paustovsky is a story about lonely old age. Grandmother Katerina, abandoned by her own daughter, writes: “My beloved, I will not survive this winter. Come at least for a day. Let me look at you, hold your hands.” But Nastya calms herself with the words: “Since her mother writes, it means she’s alive.” Thinking about strangers, while organizing an exhibition of a young sculptor, the daughter forgets about the only thing loved one. And only after hearing kind words gratitude “for caring for a person,” the heroine remembers that she has a telegram in her purse: “Katya is dying. Tikhon." Repentance comes too late: “Mom! How could this happen? After all, I have no one in my life. It is not and will not be dearer. If only I could make it in time, if only she could see me, if only she would forgive me.” The daughter arrives, but there is no one to ask for forgiveness. The bitter experience of the main characters teaches the reader to be attentive to loved ones “before it’s too late.”
Slide 9
Slide description:
M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". The hero of the novel, M.Yu., also makes a series of mistakes in his life. Lermontov. Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin belongs to the young people of his era who were disillusioned with life. Pechorin himself says about himself: “Two people live in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges him.” Lermontov's character is an energetic, intelligent person, but he cannot find use for his mind, his knowledge. Pechorin is a cruel and indifferent egoist, because he causes misfortune to everyone with whom he communicates, and he does not care about the condition of other people. V.G. Belinsky called him a “suffering egoist” because Grigory Aleksandrovich blames himself for his actions, he is aware of his actions, worries and does not bring him satisfaction.
10 slide
Slide description:
Grigory Alexandrovich is a very smart and reasonable person, he knows how to admit his mistakes, but at the same time wants to teach others to admit theirs, as, for example, he kept trying to push Grushnitsky to admit his guilt and wanted to resolve their dispute peacefully. But then the other side of Pechorin also appears: after some attempts to defuse the situation in the duel and call Grushnitsky to conscience, he himself proposes to shoot in a dangerous place so that one of them will die. At the same time, the hero tries to turn everything into a joke, despite the fact that there is a threat to both the life of young Grushnitsky and his own life.
11 slide
Slide description:
After the murder of Grushnitsky, we see how Pechorin’s mood changed: if on the way to the duel he notices how beautiful the day is, then after the tragic event he sees the day in black colors, there is stone on his soul. The story of Pechorin's disappointed and dying soul is set out in the hero's diary entries with all the mercilessness of introspection; being both the author and the hero of the "magazine", Pechorin fearlessly speaks about both his ideal impulses and dark sides your soul, and about the contradictions of consciousness. The hero is aware of his mistakes, but does nothing to correct them; his own experience does not teach him anything. Despite the fact that Pechorin has an absolute understanding of what he is destroying human lives(“destroys the lives of peaceful smugglers,” Bela dies through his fault, etc.), the hero continues to “play” with the destinies of others, thereby making himself unhappy.
12 slide
Slide description:
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". If Lermontov's hero, realizing his mistakes, could not take the path of spiritual and moral improvement, then Tolstoy's favorite heroes, the acquired experience helps them become better. When considering the topic in this aspect, one can turn to the analysis of the images of A. Bolkonsky and P. Bezukhov. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky stands out sharply from the high society environment with his education, breadth of interests, dreams of accomplishing a feat, and desires great personal glory. His idol is Napoleon. To achieve his goal, Bolkonsky appears in the most dangerous places of the battle. Harsh military events contributed to the fact that the prince was disappointed in his dreams and realized how bitterly he was mistaken. Seriously wounded, remaining on the battlefield, Bolkonsky experiences a mental crisis. At these moments it opens before him new world, where there are no selfish thoughts, lies, but only the purest, highest, fair.
Slide 13
Slide description:
The prince realized that there is something more significant in life than war and glory. Now the former idol seems small and insignificant to him. Having survived further events- the appearance of a child and the death of his wife - Bolkonsky comes to the conclusion that he can only live for himself and his loved ones. This is only the first stage in the evolution of a hero who not only admits his mistakes, but also strives to become better. Pierre also makes a considerable series of mistakes. He leads a riotous life in the company of Dolokhov and Kuragin, but understands that such a life is not for him. He cannot immediately correctly evaluate people and therefore often makes mistakes in them. He is sincere, trusting, weak-willed.
Slide 14
Slide description:
These character traits are clearly manifested in his relationship with the depraved Helen Kuragina - Pierre makes another mistake. Soon after marriage, the hero realizes that he was deceived and “processes his grief alone.” After breaking up with his wife, being in a state of deep crisis, he enters into Masonic lodge. Pierre believes that it is here that he will “find rebirth to a new life,” and again realizes that he is again mistaken in something important. The experience gained and the “thunderstorm of 1812” lead the hero to drastic changes in his worldview. He understands that one must live for the sake of people, one must strive to benefit the Motherland.
15 slide
Slide description:
M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don". Speaking about how the experience of military battles changes people, makes them evaluate their life mistakes, you can turn to the image of Grigory Melekhov. Fighting either on the side of the whites or on the side of the reds, he understands the monstrous injustice around him, and he himself makes mistakes, gains military experience and draws the most important conclusions in his life: “...my hands need to plow.” Home, family – that’s the value. And any ideology that pushes people to kill is a mistake. A person already wise with life experience understands that the main thing in life is not the war, but the son who greets him at the doorstep. It is worth noting that the hero admits that he was wrong. This is precisely the reason for his repeated darting from white to red.
16 slide
Slide description:
M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog". If we talk about experience as “a procedure for reproducing a phenomenon experimentally, creating something new under certain conditions for the purpose of research,” then the practical experience of Professor Preobrazhensky to “clarify the issue of the survival of the pituitary gland, and subsequently its influence on rejuvenation organism in humans” can hardly be called completely successful. From a scientific point of view, it is very successful. Professor Preobrazhensky performs a unique operation. The scientific result was unexpected and impressive, but in everyday life it led to the most disastrous consequences.
Slide 17
Slide description:
The guy who appeared in the professor’s house as a result of the operation, “ short and unattractive appearance,” behaves defiantly, arrogantly and insolently. However, it should be noted that the emerging humanoid creature easily finds itself in a changed world, but does not differ in human qualities and soon becomes a thunderstorm not only for the inhabitants of the apartment, but also for the residents of the entire house. Having analyzed his mistake, the professor realizes that the dog was much more “humane” than P.P. Sharikov.
18 slide
Slide description:
Thus, we are convinced that the humanoid hybrid Sharikov is more a failure than a victory for Professor Preobrazhensky. He himself understands this: “Old donkey... This, doctor, is what happens when a researcher, instead of going parallel and groping with nature, forces the question and lifts the veil: here, get Sharikov and eat him with porridge.” Philip Philipovich comes to the conclusion that violent intervention in the nature of man and society leads to catastrophic results. In the story “Heart of a Dog,” the professor corrects his mistake - Sharikov again turns into a dog. He is happy with his fate and with himself. But in real life, such experiments have a tragic effect on people’s destinies, warns Bulgakov. Actions must be thoughtful and not destructive. Main idea The writer is that naked progress, devoid of morality, brings death to people and such a mistake will be irreversible.
Slide 19
Slide description:
V.G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matera". When discussing mistakes that are irreparable and bring suffering not only to each individual person, but also to the people as a whole, one can turn to the indicated story by a twentieth-century writer. This is not just a work about the loss of one’s home, but also about how wrong decisions lead to disasters that will certainly affect the life of society as a whole. The plot of the story is based on true story. During the construction of the hydroelectric power station on the Angara, the surrounding villages were flooded. Relocation has become a painful experience for residents of flooded areas. After all, hydroelectric power stations are built for a large number of people.
20 slide
Slide description:
This is an important economic project, for the sake of which we need to rebuild, and not hold on to the old. But can this decision be called unambiguously correct? Residents of flooded Matera are moving to a village built inhumanely. The mismanagement with which huge amounts of money are spent hurts the soul of the writer. Fertile lands will be flooded, and in the village built on the northern slope of the hill, on stones and clay, nothing will grow. Gross interference with nature will certainly entail environmental problems. But for the writer it is not so much they that are important as the spiritual life of people. For Rasputin it is absolutely clear that the collapse, the disintegration of a nation, people, country begins with the disintegration of the family.
21 slides
Slide description:
And the reason for this is the tragic mistake that progress is much more important than the souls of old people saying goodbye to their home. And there is no repentance in the hearts of young people. The older generation, wise from life experience, does not want to leave their native island, not because they cannot appreciate all the benefits of civilization, but primarily because for these conveniences they demand to give Matera, that is, to betray their past. And the suffering of the elderly is an experience that each of us must learn. A person cannot, should not, abandon his roots. In discussions on this topic, one can turn to history and the disasters that human “economic” activity entailed. Rasputin's story is not just a story about great construction projects, it is the tragic experience of previous generations as an edification to us, people of the 21st century.
22 slide
Slide description:
Composition. “Experience is the teacher of everything” (Gaius Julius Caesar) As a person grows up, he learns by gaining knowledge from books, school activities, in conversations and relationships with other people. In addition, the environment, traditions of the family and the people as a whole have an important influence. While studying, a child receives a lot of theoretical knowledge, but the ability to apply it in practice is necessary in order to acquire skills, gain own experience. In other words, you can read the encyclopedia of life and know the answer to any question, but in reality, learning to live will only help personal experience, that is, practice, and without this unique experience a person will not be able to live a bright, full, rich life. The authors of many works of fiction depict characters in dynamics to show how each person develops his personality and goes through his own path.
Slide 23
Slide description:
Let us turn to Anatoly Rybakov’s novels “Children of the Arbat”, “Fear”, “The Thirty-Fifth and Other Years”, “Dust and Ashes”. Before the reader's gaze passes hard fate main character Sasha Pankratov. At the beginning of the story, he is a sympathetic guy, an excellent student, a school graduate and a first-year student. He is confident in his rightness, in his tomorrow, in the party, your friends, this open man ready to help those in need. It is because of his sense of justice that he suffers. Sasha is sent into exile, and suddenly he finds himself an enemy of the people, completely alone, far from home, convicted under a political article. Throughout the trilogy, the reader observes the development of Sasha’s personality. All his friends turn away from him, except for the girl Varya, who selflessly waits for him, helping his mother overcome the tragedy.
25 slide
Slide description:
Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables tells the story of the girl Cosette. Her mother was forced to give her baby to the family of the innkeeper Thenardier. They treated someone else's child very badly there. Cosette saw how the owners pampered and loved their own daughters, who were smartly dressed, played and were mischievous all day long. Like any child, Cosette also wanted to play, but she was forced to clean the tavern, go to the forest to get water from the spring, and sweep the street. She was dressed in miserable rags, and slept in a closet under the stairs. Bitter experience taught her not to cry, not to complain, but to silently carry out the orders of Aunt Thenardier. When, by the will of fate, Jean Valjean snatched the girl from the clutches of Thenardier, she did not know how to play, did not know what to do with herself. The poor child learned to laugh again, play with dolls again, spending his days carefree. However, in the future, it was this bitter experience that helped Cosette become modest, with a pure heart and an open soul.
26 slide
Slide description:
Thus, our reasoning allows us to formulate the following conclusion. It is personal experience that teaches a person about life. Whatever this experience, bitter or blissful, it is our own, lived through, and the lessons of life teach us, forming character and nurturing personality.
Final essay on the topic “Experience and mistakes.”
Works used in argumentation: L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”, F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
Introduction: Life develops in such a way that everything in it is intertwined with each other: love and hate, ups and downs, experience and mistakes... One is impossible without the other, and it seems that every person has once stumbled, understood the wrongness of their actions and learned important lessons for themselves .
The expression has been known since ancient times: a smart person learns from the mistakes of others, and a fool learns from his own. Most likely, this is indeed the case, because it is not in vain that many generations of ancestors sought to pass on their conclusions to their descendants, tried useful tips teach children to live correctly and write down the wisdom of bygone centuries in books.
Huge literary heritage, left by great writers and poets, is an invaluable treasure of life experience that can warn us against many mistakes. Let's look at just a few examples of how works of art The authors, through the actions of their characters, warn the reader about the danger of committing the wrong actions.
Arguments: In the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova, already being the bride of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, succumbs to temptation and becomes interested in Andrei Kuragin. The girl is still young, naive and pure in her thoughts, her heart is ready to love and give in to impulses, but the lack of life experience inclines her to a fatal mistake - running away with an immoral person, for whom all life consists of passions. An experienced seducer, who, moreover, was formally married, did not think about marriage, about the fact that he could simply disgrace the girl, Natasha’s feelings were not important to him. And she was sincere in her illusory love. Only by miracle the escape did not take place: Marya Dmitrievna prevented the girl from leaving her family. Later, realizing her mistake, Natasha repents and cries, but the past cannot be returned back. Prince Andrei will not be able to forgive ex-fiancée such betrayal. This story teaches us a lot: first of all, it follows that we cannot be naive, we must be more attentive to people, not create illusions and try to be able to distinguish lies from the truth.
Another example of the fact that the experience of other people is important for avoiding one’s own mistakes can be the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The title itself hints at the moral of the entire work: there will be retribution for misdeeds. This is what happens: Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, a poor student, comes up with a theory according to which people can be divided into “trembling creatures” and “those with the right.” People of the second category, in his opinion, should not be afraid to step over corpses in order to achieve great things. For the sake of verification own theory and instant enrichment, Raskolnikov commits a cruel crime - he kills an old pawnbroker and her pregnant sister with an ax. However, what is perfect does not bring what he wants: as a result of long reflections to which circumstances push him, the main character of the novel repents and accepts a well-deserved punishment, serving it in hard labor. The story presented is instructive in that it warns readers against fatal mistakes that could have been avoided.
Conclusion: Thus, it is safe to say that experience and mistakes in people's lives are inextricably linked. And in order to avoid fatal false steps, it is worth relying on the wisdom of the past, including the instructive plots of literary works.
Life - long haul to perfection. Everyone goes through it on their own. This means that he grows up on his own, gets acquainted with the changes that occur inside a person, gets to know the world with its unpredictable course of history, like the movement of atmospheric masses. But humanity does not want to learn from the mistakes of previous generations, and stubbornly steps on the same rake again and again.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don” took a painfully long time to create. Tragic story several generations of one family caught in a whirlpool of terrible destructive events gives an idea of the mistakes that lead to the collapse and death of almost all members of the Melekhov family. The explanatory dictionary gives the concept of the word error:
unintentional deviation from correct actions, actions, thoughts.
I think the key word in this definition is “unintentional.” No one wants to make mistakes on purpose, to spite everyone and everything. Most often, when a person makes a mistake, he is confident that he is right. This is what Grigory Melekhov does. Throughout the entire novel, he does everything somehow “out of his mind.” Against a reasonable, logical refusal of love for the married Aksinya, he achieves a reciprocal feeling:
He persistently, with brutal persistence, courted her.
When the father decides to marry his son to a girl from a wealthy family, without having any feelings for Natalya, only obeying the will of Pantelei Prokofich, Grigory makes another mistake. Returning to Aksinya, then abandoning her, returning to Natalya, Grigory rushes between two differently beloved women. The mistake ends in tragedy for both: one dies from an abortion, the other dies from a bullet. So it is in determining his path in the revolution: he seeks harmony, highest truth, truths, but does not find them anywhere. And the transition from the Reds to the Cossacks, and then to the Whites, new transition to the Reds also does not bring him freedom, justice, or harmony. “Blessed is he who visited our world in fatal moments,” F.I. Tyutchev once said. Gregory - a saint in a soldier's overcoat - a great warrior who so passionately desired peace, but did not find it, because such was his lot...
But the hero of the novel by A.S. Pushkin, Evgeny Onegin, acquired a wealth of experience in communicating with girls and women. “How early he could be a hypocrite, harbor hope, be jealous...” - and always achieve his goal. But experience played a cruel joke on him. Having met true love, he did not give in to the “dear habit”; he did not want to lose “his hateful freedom.” And Tatyana married someone else. Onegin, not finding a modest village girl in a society lady, saw the light! The attempt to return Tatyana ends in failure for him. And he was so confident in himself, in the correctness of his actions, his choice.
No one is immune from mistakes. As we live our lives, we will make mistakes again and again. And when we gain experience, perhaps we will lose all interest in life. Everyone makes their own choice: deliberately makes another mistake or sits quietly in their refuge and calmly enjoys the experience...
From 2014-2015 academic year the program of state final certification of schoolchildren includes a final graduation essay. This format differs significantly from the classic exam. The work is of a non-subject nature, relying on the graduate’s knowledge in the field of literature. The essay aims to reveal the examinee’s ability to reason on a given topic and argue his point of view. Mainly, the final essay allows you to assess the level of speech culture of the graduate. For exam paper Five topics from a closed list are proposed.
- Introduction
- Main part - thesis and arguments
- Conclusion - conclusion
The final essay 2016 requires a volume of 350 words or more.
The time allotted for the examination work is 3 hours 55 minutes.
Topics for the final essay
The issues proposed for consideration are usually addressed to inner world person, personal relationships, psychological characteristics and the concepts of universal morality. Thus, the topics of the final essay for the 2016-2017 academic year include the following areas:
- "Experience and mistakes"
Here are concepts that the examinee will have to reveal in the process of reasoning, referring to examples from the world of literature. In the final essay 2016, the graduate must identify the relationships between these categories based on analysis, building logical relationships and applying knowledge of literary works.
One of these topics is “Experience and Mistakes.”
As a rule, works from the course school curriculum in literature - this is a large gallery different images and characters that can be used to write a final essay on the topic “Experience and Mistakes.”
- Novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”
- Novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”
- Novel by M. A. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”
- Roman I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
- Novel by F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”
- The story of A.I. Kuprin “Garnet Bracelet”
Arguments for the final essay 2016 “Experience and mistakes”
- “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin
The novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” clearly demonstrates the problem of irreparable mistakes in a person’s life, which can lead to serious consequences. Thus, the main character, Evgeny Onegin, by his behavior with Olga in the Larins’ house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. The friends came together in a mortal battle, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not as agile a shooter as Evgeniy. Misbehavior and a sudden duel between friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the hero’s life. It is also worth referring here to love story Eugene and Tatiana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later does he realize what a fatal mistake he made.
- “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky
The central question for the hero of the work F . M. Dostoevsky begins to desire to understand his ability to act, to decide the destinies of people, neglecting the norms of universal morality - “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have the right?” Rodion Raskolnikov commits a crime by killing an old pawnbroker, and later realizes the full gravity of the committed act. The manifestation of cruelty and inhumanity, a huge mistake that led to Rodion’s suffering, became a lesson for him. Subsequently, the hero takes the right path, thanks to the spiritual purity and compassion of Sonechka Marmeladova. The crime committed remains a bitter experience for him for the rest of his life.
- “Fathers and Sons” by I.S. Turgenev
Essay example
On your own life path a person has to accept large number vital decisions, choose what to do in a given situation. In the process of experiencing various events, a person acquires life experience, which becomes his spiritual luggage, helping in later life and interaction with people and society. However, we often find ourselves in difficult, contradictory conditions when we cannot guarantee the correctness of our decision and be sure that what we consider correct now will not become a big mistake for us.
An example of the influence of the actions he has committed on a person’s life can be seen in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”. The work demonstrates the problem of irreparable mistakes in a person’s life, which can lead to serious consequences. Thus, the main character, Evgeny Onegin, by his behavior with Olga in the Larins’ house, provoked the jealousy of his friend Lensky, who challenged him to a duel. The friends came together in a mortal battle, in which Vladimir, alas, turned out to be not as agile a shooter as Evgeniy. Misbehavior and a sudden duel between friends, thus, turned out to be a big mistake in the hero’s life. It is also worth turning here to the love story of Eugene and Tatiana, whose confessions Onegin cruelly rejects. Only years later does he realize what a fatal mistake he made.
It is also worth turning to I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” which reveals the problem of errors in the unshakability of views and beliefs, which can lead to disastrous consequences.
In the work of I.S. Turgenev Evgeny Bazarov is a progressive-minded young man, a nihilist who denies the value of the experience of previous generations. He says that he does not believe in feelings at all: “Love is rubbish, unforgivable stupidity" The hero meets Anna Odintsova, with whom he falls in love and is afraid to admit it even to himself, because this would mean a contradiction to his own beliefs of universal denial. However, later he becomes fatally ill, without admitting it to his family and friends. Being seriously ill, he finally realizes that he loves Anna. Only at the end of his life does Eugene realize how greatly he was mistaken in his attitude towards love and nihilistic worldview.
Thus, it is worth talking about how important it is to correctly evaluate your thoughts and actions, analyzing actions that can lead to a big mistake. A person is constantly developing, improving his way of thinking and behavior, and therefore he must act thoughtfully, relying on life experience.
Still have questions? Ask them in our VK group: