Conceived a novel " Noble Nest"Turgenev back in 1855. However, the writer at that time had doubts about the strength of his talent, and the imprint of personal unsettlement in life was also imposed. Turgenev resumed work on the novel only in 1858, upon his arrival from Paris. The novel appeared in the January book of Sovremennik" for 1859. The author himself subsequently noted that “The Noble Nest” was the greatest success that had ever befallen him.
Turgenev, who was distinguished by his ability to notice and depict something new and emerging, reflected modernity in this novel, the main moments in the life of the noble intelligentsia of that time. Lavretsky, Panshin, Liza are not abstract images created by the head, but living people - representatives of the generations of the 40s of the 19th century. Turgenev's novel contains not only poetry, but also a critical orientation. This work of the writer is a denunciation of autocratic-serf Russia, a departure song for the “nests of the nobility.”
The favorite setting in Turgenev’s works is “noble nests” with the atmosphere of sublime experiences reigning in them. Turgenev worries about their fate and one of his novels, which is called “The Noble Nest,” is imbued with a feeling of anxiety for their fate.
This novel is imbued with the awareness that the “nests of the nobility” are degenerating. Turgenev critically illuminates the noble genealogies of the Lavretskys and Kalitins, seeing in them a chronicle of feudal tyranny, a bizarre mixture of “wild lordship” and aristocratic admiration for Western Europe.
Let's consider ideological content and the system of images of the “Noble Nest”. Turgenev placed representatives of the noble class at the center of the novel. Chronological framework novel - 40s. The action begins in 1842, and the epilogue tells about the events that took place 8 years later.
The writer decided to capture that period in the life of Russia when concern for the fate of themselves and their people grew among the best representatives of the noble intelligentsia. Turgenev decided on the plot and compositional plan of his work in an interesting way. He shows his characters at the most intense turning points in their lives.
After an eight-year stay abroad, Fyodor Lavretsky returns to his family estate. He experienced a great shock - the betrayal of his wife Varvara Pavlovna. Tired, but not broken by suffering, Fyodor Ivanovich came to the village to improve the life of his peasants. In a neighboring city, in the house of his cousin Marya Dmitrievna Kalitina, he meets her daughter, Lisa.
Lavretsky fell in love with her pure love, Lisa reciprocated his feelings.
In the novel "The Noble Nest" great place The author pays attention to the theme of love, because this feeling helps to highlight all the best qualities of the heroes, to see the main thing in their characters, to understand their soul. Love is depicted by Turgenev as the most beautiful, bright and pure feeling that awakens the best in people. In this novel, like in no other novel by Turgenev, the most touching, romantic, sublime pages are dedicated to the love of the heroes.
The love of Lavretsky and Lisa Kalitina does not manifest itself immediately, it approaches them gradually, through many thoughts and doubts, and then suddenly falls upon them with its irresistible force. Lavretsky, who has experienced a lot in his life: hobbies, disappointments, and the loss of all life goals, - at first he simply admires Liza, her innocence, purity, spontaneity, sincerity - all those qualities that are absent from Varvara Pavlovna, hypocritical, depraved Lavretsky's wife, who abandoned him. Lisa is close to him in spirit: “Sometimes it happens that two people who are already familiar, but not close to each other, suddenly and quickly become close within a few moments - and the consciousness of this closeness is immediately expressed in their glances, in their friendly and quiet smiles, in themselves their movements. This is exactly what happened to Lavretsky and Liza." They talk a lot and realize that they have a lot in common. Lavretsky is serious about life, about other people, about Russia, Liza is also deep and strong girl having its own ideals and beliefs. According to Lemm, Lisa’s music teacher, she is “a fair, serious girl, with sublime feelings"Lisa is being courted by a young man, a metropolitan official with a wonderful future. Liza's mother would be happy to give her in marriage to him, she considers this a wonderful match for Liza. But Liza cannot love him, she feels the falseness in his attitude towards her, Panshin - a superficial person, he values \u200b\u200bthe external brilliance in people, not the depth of feelings. Further events The novels confirm this opinion about Panshin.
Only when Lavretsky receives news of the death of his wife in Paris does he begin to admit the thought of personal happiness.
They were close to happiness; Lavretsky showed Lisa a French magazine, which reported the death of his wife Varvara Pavlovna.
Turgenev, in his favorite manner, does not describe the feelings of a person freed from shame and humiliation; he uses the technique of “secret psychology,” depicting the experiences of his heroes through movements, gestures, and facial expressions. After Lavretsky read the news of his wife’s death, he “got dressed, went out into the garden and walked back and forth along the same alley until the morning.” After some time, Lavretsky becomes convinced that he loves Lisa. He is not happy about this feeling, since he has already experienced it, and it only brought him disappointment. He is trying to find confirmation of the news of his wife's death, he is tormented by uncertainty. And his love for Liza is growing: “He did not love like a boy, it was not fitting for him to sigh and languish, and Liza herself did not excite this kind of feeling; but love for every age has its sufferings, and he experienced them fully.” The author conveys the feelings of the heroes through descriptions of nature, which is especially beautiful before their explanation: “Each of them had a heart growing in their chest, and nothing was missing for them: for them the nightingale sang, and the stars burned, and the trees whispered quietly, lulled by sleep, and the bliss of summer and warmth." The scene of the declaration of love between Lavretsky and Lisa was written by Turgenev in an amazingly poetic and touching way, the author finds the simplest and at the same time the most tender words to express the feelings of the characters. Lavretsky wanders around Lisa’s house at night, looking at her window in which a candle is burning: “Lavretsky thought nothing, did not expect anything; he was pleased to feel close to Lisa, to sit in her garden on a bench, where she sat more than once... " At this time, Lisa goes out into the garden, as if sensing that Lavretsky is there: "In a white dress, with unbraided braids on her shoulders, she quietly walked up to the table, bent over it, put a candle and then looked for something, turning around; Facing the garden, she approached the open door and, all white, light, slender, stopped on the threshold."
A declaration of love takes place, after which Lavretsky is overwhelmed with happiness: “Suddenly it seemed to him that some wondrous, triumphant sounds were flowing in the air above his head; he stopped: the sounds thundered even more magnificently; they flowed in a melodious, strong stream - and in them, it seemed that all his happiness spoke and sang." This was the music that Lemm composed, and it completely corresponded to Lavretsky’s mood: “Lavretsky had not heard anything like this for a long time: a sweet, passionate melody embraced the heart from the first sound; it was all shining, all languishing with inspiration, happiness, beauty, it grew and melted; she touched everything that is dear, secret, holy on earth; she breathed immortal sadness and went to die in heaven." The music foreshadows tragic events in the lives of the heroes: when happiness was already so close, the news of the death of Lavretsky’s wife turns out to be false, Varvara Pavlovna returns from France to Lavretsky, as she was left without money.
Lavretsky endures this event stoically, he is submissive to fate, but he is worried about what will happen to Lisa, because he understands what it is like for her, who fell in love for the first time, to experience this. She is saved from terrible despair by her deep, selfless faith in God. Lisa goes to the monastery, wanting only one thing - for Lavretsky to forgive his wife. Lavretsky forgave, but his life was over; he loved Lisa too much to start over again with his wife. At the end of the novel, Lavretsky, far from an old man, looks like an old man, he feels like a man who has outlived his time. But the heroes' love did not end there. This is a feeling that they will carry throughout their lives. Last meeting Lavretsky and Lisa testifies to this. “They say that Lavretsky visited that remote monastery where Lisa had disappeared - he saw her. Moving from choir to choir, she walked close past him, walked with the even, hasty, humble gait of a nun - and did not look at him; only the eyelashes of the eye turned towards him trembled a little, only she tilted her emaciated face even lower - and her fingers clenched hands, entwined with rosaries, clung to each other even tighter." She did not forget her love, did not stop loving Lavretsky, and her departure to the monastery confirms this. And Panshin, who so demonstrated his love for Liza, completely fell under the spell of Varvara Pavlovna and became her slave
A love story in the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "The Noble Nest" is very tragic and at the same time beautiful, beautiful because this feeling is not subject to either time or the circumstances of life, it helps a person to rise above the vulgarity and everyday life that surrounds him, this feeling ennobles and makes a person human.
Fyodor Lavretsky himself was a descendant of the gradually degenerating Lavretsky family, once strong, outstanding representatives of this family - Andrey (Fyodor's great-grandfather), Peter, then Ivan.
The commonality of the first Lavretskys is ignorance.
Turgenev very accurately shows the change of generations in the Lavretsky family, their connections with - different periods historical development. A cruel and wild tyrant landowner, Lavretsky’s great-grandfather (“whatever the master wanted, he did, he hung men by the ribs... he didn’t know his elders”); his grandfather, who once “flogged the whole village,” a careless and hospitable “steppe gentleman”; full of hatred for Voltaire and the “fanatic” Diderot - these are typical representatives of the Russian “wild nobility”. They are replaced by claims to “Frenchness” and Anglomanism, which have become part of the culture, which we see in the images of the frivolous old Princess Kubenskaya, who at a very old age married a young Frenchman, and the father of the hero Ivan Petrovich. Starting with a passion for the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Diderot, he ended with prayer services and baths. “A freethinker - began to go to church and order prayer services; a European - began to take a steam bath and have dinner at two o’clock, go to bed at nine, fall asleep to the chatter of the butler; statesman- he burned all his plans, all his correspondence, was in awe of the governor and fussed with the police officer." Such was the history of one of the families of the Russian nobility.
In the papers of Pyotr Andreevich, the grandson found the only old book, in which he wrote either “Celebration in the city of St. Petersburg of the peace concluded with the Turkish Empire by His Excellency Prince Alexander Andreevich Prozorovsky,” or a recipe for breast decoction with a note; "this instruction was given to General Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova from the protopresbyter of the church life-giving Trinity Fyodor Avksentievich," etc.; except for calendars, a dream book and the work of Abmodik, the old man had no books. And on this occasion, Turgenev ironically remarked: “Reading was not his thing.” As if in passing, Turgenev points to the luxury of the eminent nobility. So , the death of Princess Kubenskaya is conveyed in the following colors: the princess “flushed, scented with amber a la Richelieu, surrounded by little black girls, thin-legged dogs and noisy parrots, died on a crooked silk sofa from the time of Louis XV, with an enamel snuffbox by Petitot in her hands.”
Admiring everything French, Kubenskaya instilled the same tastes in Ivan Petrovich and gave him a French upbringing. The writer does not exaggerate the significance of the War of 1812 for nobles like the Lavretskys. They only temporarily “felt that Russian blood was flowing in their veins.” “Peter Andreevich dressed an entire regiment of warriors at his own expense.” But only. Fyodor Ivanovich's ancestors, especially his father, loved foreign things more than Russian ones. The European-educated Ivan Petrovich, returning from abroad, introduced a new livery to the servants, leaving everything as before, about which Turgenev writes, not without irony: “Everything remained the same, only the quitrent was increased in some places, and the corvee became heavier, yes the peasants were forbidden to address the master directly: the patriot really despised his fellow citizens.”
And Ivan Petrovich decided to raise his son using the foreign method. And this led to a separation from everything Russian, to a departure from the homeland. "An Anglomaniac played a bad joke on his son." Separated from his native people since childhood, Fyodor lost his support, his real cause. It is no coincidence that the writer led Ivan Petrovich to an inglorious death: the old man became an unbearable egoist, with his whims he did not allow everyone around him to live, a pathetic blind man, suspicious. His death was a deliverance for Fyodor Ivanovich. Life suddenly opened up before him. At the age of 23, he did not hesitate to sit on the student bench with the firm intention of mastering knowledge in order to apply it in life and benefit at least the peasants of his villages. Where does Fyodor’s isolation and unsociability come from? These qualities were the result of a “Spartan upbringing.” Instead of introducing the young man into the thick of life, “they kept him in artificial solitude,” protecting him from life’s shocks.
The genealogy of the Lavretskys is intended to help the reader trace the gradual retreat of the landowners from the people, to explain how Fyodor Ivanovich “dislocated” from life; it is intended to prove that the social death of the nobility is inevitable. The opportunity to live at someone else's expense leads to the gradual degradation of a person.
An idea of the Kalitin family is also given, where parents do not care about their children, as long as they are fed and clothed.
This whole picture is complemented by the figures of the gossip and jester of the old official Gedeonov, the dashing retired captain and famous gambler - Father Panigin, the lover of government money - retired General Korobin, the future father-in-law of Lavretsky, etc. By telling the story of the families of the characters in the novel, Turgenev creates the picture is very far from the idyllic image of “noble nests”. He shows a motley Russia, whose people face all kinds of hardships, from heading completely west to literally living in dense vegetation on their estate.
And all the “nests”, which for Turgenev were the stronghold of the country, the place where its power was concentrated and developed, are undergoing a process of disintegration and destruction. Describing Lavretsky's ancestors through the mouths of the people (in the person of the courtyard man Anton), the author shows that the history of noble nests is washed by the tears of many of their victims.
One of them is Lavretsky's mother - a simple serf girl, who, unfortunately, turned out to be too beautiful, which attracts the attention of the nobleman, who, having married out of a desire to annoy his father, went to St. Petersburg, where he became interested in another. And poor Malasha, unable to bear the fact that her son was taken away from her for the purpose of raising her, “meekly faded away in a few days.”
Fyodor Lavretsky was brought up in conditions of abuse human personality. He saw how his mother, the former serf Malanya, was in an ambiguous position: on the one hand, she was officially considered the wife of Ivan Petrovich, transferred to half of the owners, on the other hand, she was treated with disdain, especially by her sister-in-law Glafira Petrovna. Pyotr Andreevich called Malanya “a raw noblewoman.” As a child, Fedya himself felt his special position; a feeling of humiliation oppressed him. Glafira reigned supreme over him; his mother was not allowed to see him. When Fedya was eight years old, his mother died. “The memory of her,” writes Turgenev, “of her quiet and pale face, of her dull glances and timid caresses, is forever imprinted in his heart.”
The theme of the “irresponsibility” of the serf peasantry accompanies Turgenev’s entire narrative about the past of the Lavretsky family. The image of Lavretsky’s evil and domineering aunt Glafira Petrovna is complemented by the images of the decrepit footman Anton, who has aged in the lord’s service, and the old woman Apraxya. These images are inseparable from the “noble nests”.
In his childhood, Fedya had to think about the situation of the people, about serfdom. However, his teachers did everything possible to distance him from life. His will was suppressed by Glafira, but “... at times wild stubbornness came over him.” Fedya was raised by his father himself. He decided to make him a Spartan. Ivan Petrovich's "system" confused the boy, created confusion in his head, pressed it down. Fedya was taught exact sciences and “heraldry to maintain chivalric feelings.” The father wanted to mold the young man’s soul to a foreign model, to instill in him a love for everything English. It was under the influence of such an upbringing that Fedor turned out to be a man cut off from life, from the people. The writer emphasizes the wealth of spiritual interests of his hero. Fedor is a passionate fan of Mochalov’s playing (“he never missed a single performance”), he deeply feels music, the beauty of nature, in a word, everything that is aesthetically beautiful. Lavretsky cannot be denied his hard work. He studied very diligently at the university. Even after his marriage, which interrupted his studies for almost two years, Fyodor Ivanovich returned to independent studies. “It was strange to see,” writes Turgenev, “his powerful, broad-shouldered figure, always bent over his desk. He spent every morning at work.” And after his wife’s betrayal, Fyodor pulled himself together and “could study, work,” although skepticism, prepared by life experiences and upbringing, finally crept into his soul. He became very indifferent to everything. This was a consequence of his isolation from the people, from his native soil. After all, Varvara Pavlovna tore him not only from his studies, his work, but also from his homeland, forcing him to wander around Western countries and forget about the duty to your peasants, to the people. True, from childhood he was not accustomed to systematic work, so at times he was in a state of inaction.
Lavretsky is very different from the heroes created by Turgenev before The Noble Nest. They went to him positive features Rudin (his loftiness, romantic aspiration) and Lezhnev (sobriety of views on things, practicality). He has a strong view of his role in life - to improve the life of the peasants, he does not limit himself to the framework of personal interests. Dobrolyubov wrote about Lavretsky: “... the drama of his situation no longer lies in the struggle with his own powerlessness, but in the clash with such concepts and morals, with which the struggle, indeed, should frighten even an energetic and courageous person.” And further the critic noted that the writer “knew how to stage Lavretsky in such a way that it would be awkward to ironize him.”
With great poetic feeling, Turgenev described the emergence of love in Lavretsky. Realizing that he loved deeply, Fyodor Ivanovich repeated Mikhalevich’s meaningful words:
And I burned everything that I worshiped;
He bowed to everything he burned...
Love for Lisa is the moment of his spiritual rebirth, which occurred upon returning to Russia. Lisa is the opposite of Varvara Pavlovna. She could have helped Lavretsky’s abilities to develop and would not have prevented him from being a hard worker. Fyodor Ivanovich himself thought about this: “... she would not distract me from my studies; she herself would inspire me to honest, strict work, and we would both go forward, towards a wonderful goal.” Lavretsky's dispute with Panshin reveals his boundless patriotism and faith in the bright future of his people. Fyodor Ivanovich “stood up for new people, for their beliefs and desires.”
Having lost his personal happiness for the second time, Lavretsky decides to fulfill his social duty (as he understands it) - improving the life of his peasants. “Lavretsky had the right to be pleased,” writes Turgenev, “he became a really good owner, really learned to plow the land and worked not only for himself.” However, it was half-hearted; it did not fill his entire life. Arriving at the Kalitins’ house, he thinks about the “work” of his life and admits that it was useless.
The writer condemns Lavretsky for the sad outcome of his life. With all your cute ones, positive qualities main character The “noble nest” did not find his calling, did not benefit his people, and did not even achieve personal happiness.
At 45 years old, Lavretsky feels old, incapable of spiritual activity; the Lavretsky “nest” has virtually ceased to exist.
In the epilogue of the novel, the hero appears aged. Lavretsky is not ashamed of the past, he does not expect anything from the future. "Hello, lonely old age! Burn out, useless life!" - he says.
“Nest” is a house, a symbol of a family where the connection between generations is not interrupted. In the novel "The Noble Nest" this connection is broken, which symbolizes the destruction and withering away of family estates under the influence of serfdom. We can see the result of this, for example, in the poem "The Forgotten Village" by N.A. Nekrasov. Turgenev the serf publication novel
But Turgenev hopes that all is not lost, and in the novel, saying goodbye to the past, he turns to the new generation, in which he sees the future of Russia.
The novel “The Noble Nest” describes the love story of Lisa and Lavretsky. The heroes meet, they develop sympathy for each other, then love, they are afraid to admit it to themselves, because Lavretsky is bound by marriage.
Behind a short time Lisa and Lavretsky experience both hope for happiness and despair - with the knowledge of its impossibility. The heroes of the novel are looking for answers, first of all, to the questions that their fate poses to them - about personal happiness, about duty to loved ones, about self-denial, about their place in life.
The novel brought Turgenev popularity in the most wide circles readers. According to Annenkov, “young writers starting their careers came to him one after another, brought their works and waited for his verdict...”. Turgenev himself recalled twenty years after the novel: “The Noble Nest” was the greatest success that has ever befallen me. Since the appearance of this novel, I have been considered among the writers deserving the attention of the public."
So the storyline
One of the main characters of the work, Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky, a nobleman raised on a country estate by a cruel aunt, has many of the traits of Turgenev himself.
Often critics looked for the basis for this part of the plot in the childhood of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev himself, who was raised by his mother, known for her cruelty.
While continuing his studies in Moscow, Lavretsky falls in love with Varvara Korobyina and marries her. The newlyweds move to Paris. There, Varvara Pavlovna becomes a very popular salon owner and begins an affair with one of her regular guests. Lavretsky learns about his wife’s affair with another man only at the moment when he accidentally reads a note written from his lover to Varvara Pavlovna. Shocked by the betrayal of his loved one, he breaks off all contact with her and returns to his family estate, where he was raised.
Upon returning home to Russia, Lavretsky visits his cousin, Maria Dmitrievna Kalitina, who lives with her two daughters - Liza and Lenochka.
The attention of Fyodor Lavretsky is attracted by Lisa, whose serious nature and sincere dedication to the Orthodox faith give her great moral superiority, strikingly different from the flirtatious behavior of Varvara Pavlovna, to which Lavretsky is so accustomed. Gradually the main character realizes that he is in love with a girl.
One day, having read a message in a foreign magazine that Varvara Pavlovna had died, Lavretsky declared his love to Liza. He learns that his feelings are not unrequited - Lisa also loves him.
But upon learning that the message turned out to be false, Lisa decides to go to a remote monastery and live the rest of her days as a monk. Before worldly renunciation, Lisa strongly advises her beloved man to forgive his wife and save his family for the sake of the child.
The novel ends with an epilogue set eight years later. The Lavretskys were never able to get along together, and Varvara Pavlovna left Russia.
Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky returns to Lisa’s house, where her older sister Elena has settled. There, after the passing years, despite many changes in the house, he sees the living room, where he often met with his beloved girl, sees the piano and the garden in front of the house, which he remembered so much because of his communication with Lisa. Lavretsky lives with his memories and sees some meaning and even beauty in his personal tragedy. After his thoughts, the hero leaves back to his home.
Later, Lavretsky visits Lisa in the monastery, seeing her in those short moments when she appears for moments between services.
An unusually many internal facets are revealed in the image and character of the main characters. Deep family drama, associated with the origin of Fyodor Ivanovich (he was born from unequal marriage his father with a simple maid) went through his whole life. The upbringing given to him by his father was filled with intolerance towards women, the hero lived in strong captivity of his principles.
Much attention is paid to social themes in the work.
An interesting point in the plot of the novel “The Noble Nest” was the dispute between Panshin and Lavretsky about the people. Turgenev later noted that this was a dispute between a Westerner and a Slavophile. This author's description cannot be taken literally. The fact is that Panshin is a Westerner of a special, official kind, and Lavretsky is not an orthodox Slavophile. In his attitude towards the people, Lavretsky is most similar to Turgenev: he does not try to give the character of the Russian people some simple, easily memorized definition. Like Turgenev, he believes that before inventing and imposing recipes for the dispensation folk life, you need to understand the character of the people, their morality, their true ideals. And at that moment when Lavretsky develops these thoughts, Lisa’s love for Lavretsky is born.
Turgenev never tired of developing the idea that love, by its very deepest nature, is a spontaneous feeling and any attempts to rationally interpret it are most often simply tactless. But the love of most of his heroines almost always merges with altruistic aspirations. They give their hearts to people who are selfless, generous and kind. Selfishness for them, as well as for Turgenev, is the most unacceptable human quality.
Perhaps in no other novel did Turgenev so persistently pursue the idea that in the best people of the nobles all of them good qualities one way or another, directly or indirectly related to folk morality. Lavretsky went through the school of his father’s pedagogical quirks, endured the burden of love from a wayward, selfish and vain woman and yet did not lose his humanity. Turgenev directly informs the reader that his mental fortitude Lavretsky owes it to the fact that peasant blood flows in his veins, that in childhood he experienced the influence of his peasant mother.
In Lisa’s character, in her entire worldview, the beginning of folk morality is expressed even more clearly. With all her behavior, her calm grace, she, perhaps, most of all Turgenev’s heroines resembles Tatyana Larina.
But in her personality there is one quality that is only outlined in Tatyana, but which will become the main one. distinctive feature that type of Russian women that is commonly called “Turgenevsky”. This property is dedication, readiness for self-sacrifice.
Liza’s fate contains Turgenev’s verdict on a society that kills everything pure that is born in it.
Interestingly, the novel “The Noble Nest” became a real “bone of discord” in the relationship between two writers - I. Turgenev and I. Goncharov.
D. V. Grigorovich, among other contemporaries, recalls:
“Once - it seems, at the Maykovs - he [Goncharov] told the contents of a new proposed novel, in which the heroine was supposed to retire to a monastery; many years later, Turgenev’s novel “The Noble Nest” was published; The main thing woman's face it also retired to a monastery.
Goncharov raised a whole storm and directly accused Turgenev of plagiarism, of appropriating someone else’s thought, probably assuming that this thought, precious in its novelty, could only appear to him, and Turgenev would not have had enough talent and imagination to reach it. The matter took such a turn that it was necessary to appoint an arbitration court composed of Nikitenko, Annenkov and a third party - I don’t remember who. Nothing came of this, of course, except laughter; but since then Goncharov has stopped not only seeing, but also bowing to Turgenev.”
One way or another, Ivan Turgenev’s novel “The Noble Nest” became the best expression literary thought about frailty human life, about the finitude of happiness, about the vicissitudes of fate.
A person is not born for happiness, but must fulfill his special mission, and this is the deepest tragedy of human life. The main character of the novel, Fyodor Lavretsky, is left alone, he is old, lonely and deeply unhappy.
Interesting Facts:
On October 18, 2014, the environmental campaign “Plant a Tree” was held in the city of Orel as part of a citywide cleanup day.
According to good tradition, Oryol residents cleaned up the territory on this day landscape park, which is called "Noble Nest"
The goal of the volunteers was to revive the alley described by Ivan Turgenev in the novel of the same name.
“We decided to restore it after consulting with local historians and agronomists,” said Mikhail Vdovin, chairman of the Board of Trustees for the revival of the Noble Nest. “Several organizations were invited to participate in the action, which purchased hazel, oak and linden seedlings at their own expense.”
It is worth noting that the Oryol literary, historical and landscape reserve “Nobles’ Nest” is currently historical monument. The history of the creation of the novel not only by I. S. Turgenev “The Noble Nest” is connected with this place.
It is with the Oryol land that the story of the novel “The Life of Arsenyev” by Ivan Bunin is connected, as well as the story of Nikolai Leskov “The Non-Lethal Golovan”.
Why does the legend of the “Noble Nest” bring admirers of the work of I.S. Turgenev to Orel? The writer constantly visited Orel, in the 50s he saw its revival after fires, and knew its inhabitants. According to N.S. Leskov, Oryol residents recognized their fellow countrymen in Panshin, Lavretsky, Lemma, named their names and surnames real people, their stories.
“The Noble Nest” - “story” by I.S. Turgenev. This work was, according to the author, “the greatest success that has ever befallen him.”
History of creation
The idea for “The Noble Nest” arose in early 1856, but actual work on the work began in mid-June 1858 in Spassky, the writer’s family estate, and continued until the end of October of the same year. In mid-December, Turgenev made the final amendments to the text of the “story” before its publication. “The Noble Nest” was first published in the Sovremennik magazine in 1859 (No. 1). The last lifetime (authorized) edition, considered as a canonical text, was carried out in 1880 in St. Petersburg by the heirs of the Salaev brothers.
The creation of “The Noble Nest” was preceded by a difficult stage in Turgenev’s personal life, and in the public life by a period of preparation for deep social changes in Russia. In August 1856, the writer left his homeland and lived abroad for almost two years. Then there was an actual break in his long-term relationship with Pauline Viardot. The writer tragically experienced loneliness and restlessness; acutely felt his inability to start a family and gain a strong foothold in life. To this painful state were added physical ailments, and then a feeling of creative impotence, debilitating spiritual emptiness. In Turgenev's life there was a sharp age change, which he experienced as the onset of old age; such a dear past was crumbling, and there seemed to be no hope ahead.
The Russian Federation was also in a crisis stage. public life. Death of Nicholas I, defeat in Crimean War shocked Russia. It became clear that it was no longer possible to live as before. The government of Alexander II faced the need to reform many aspects of life and, first of all, the need to abolish serfdom. The question of the role of the noble intelligentsia in the life of the country inevitably came to the fore. This and others actual problems were discussed by Turgenev during his stay abroad in conversations with V. Botkin, P. Annenkov, A.I. Herzen - contemporaries who personified the thought and spirit of the century. A double crisis: personal and public - was expressed in the problems and collisions of “The Noble Nest”, although formally the action of the work is assigned to another era - the spring and summer of 1842, and the background of the main character Fyodor Lavretsky - even to the 1830s. For Turgenev, working on the work was a process of getting over his personal drama, saying goodbye to the past and acquiring new values.
Genre "Nobles' Nest"
On title page In the autograph of the work, Turgenev designated the genre of the work: story. In fact, “The Noble Nest” is one of the first socio-philosophical novels in the writer’s work, in which the fate of an individual is closely intertwined with the national and social life. However, the formation of a large epic form took place in artistic system Turgenev precisely through the story. “The Noble Nest” is surrounded by such stories as “Correspondence” (1854), “Faust” (1856), “Trains to Polesie” (1857), “Asya” (1858), in which determined the type of hero characteristic of the writer: a nobleman-intellectual who values the rights of his personality and, at the same time, is not alien to the consciousness of duty to society. These kind of heroes, writes V.A. Niedzwiecki, are obsessed with longing for absolute values, a thirst for life in unity with the universal. They are not so much in a relationship with real contemporaries as they are face to face with such eternal and endless elements of existence, such as nature, beauty, art, youth, death and most of all - love. They strive to find in their concrete life the fullness of endless love, which predetermines their tragic fate. Going through the test of life and love, the hero of the stories comprehends the law of the tragic consequences of high human aspirations and is convinced that for a person there is only one way out - sacrificial renunciation of his best hopes.
This philosophical and psychological level of conflict, developed in the genre of the story, is included essential component into the structure of Turgenev’s novel, complemented by a conflict of a socio-historical nature. In the novel genre, the writer eliminates the direct lyrical method of narration (most of his stories are written in the first person), sets the task of creating a generalized picture of objective existence in its many components, and places the hero with a traditional set of individual and personal problems in the wide world of social and national life.
The meaning of the name “Noble Nest”
The title of the novel uses one of the symbolic leitmotifs of Turgenev’s work. The image of a nest is deeply connected with the problems of the work, the main character of which is focused on personal happiness, love, and family. The “instinct of happiness” is so strong in Lavretsky that even after experiencing the first blow of fate, he finds the strength for a second attempt. But happiness is not given to the hero, the prophetic words of his aunt come true: “...You won’t build a nest anywhere, you’ll wander forever.” Liza Kalitina seems to know in advance that happiness is impossible. Her decision to leave the world is intricately intertwined with a “secret sacrifice for everyone,” love for God, repentance for her “illegal” heart desires and a peculiar search for a “nest” in which she will not be a toy. dark forces being. The “nest” motif, being the starting point in the development of the plot, expands its content to a universal generalization of noble culture as a whole, merging in its best capabilities with the national one. For Turgenev, a person’s personality is as artistically comprehended as it can be inscribed in the image of a particular culture (this is the basis for the distribution of the novel’s heroes according to different groups and clans). The work contains the living world of a noble estate with its characteristic everyday and natural way of life, habitual activities and established traditions. However, Turgenev is sensitive to the discontinuity of Russian history, the absence in it of an organic “connection of times” as a feature of the national spirit. The meaning, once acquired, is not retained and is not passed on from generation to generation. At each stage you need to look for your goal again, as if for the first time. The energy of this eternal spiritual anxiety is realized primarily in the musicality of the novel’s language. The elegy novel, “The Noble Nest” is perceived as Turgenev’s farewell to the old noble Russia on the eve of the impending new historical stage - the 60s.
2.1. History of creation.
Turgenev conceived this novel back in 1855. However, at that time the writer experienced doubts about the strength of his talent, and the imprint of personal unsettlement in life was also imposed. Turgenev resumed work on the novel only in 1858, upon his arrival from Paris. The novel appeared in the January book of Sovremennik for 1859. The author himself later noted that “The Noble Nest” was the greatest success that had ever befallen him.
2.2. Characteristics of the characters.
Kalitina Marya Dmitrievna is a capricious rich noblewoman of fifty years old, “more sensitive than kind, . she spoiled herself, became easily irritated and even cried when her habits were violated.”
Pestova Marya Timofeevna is the aunt of Marya Dmitrievna, seventy years old. “She had an independent disposition and told everyone the truth to their faces.”
Geodenovsky Sergei Petrovich is a social gossip.
Panshin Vladimir Nikolaevich is a young man with a brilliant appearance and position in society.” “He came to the city of O. to fulfill a temporary government assignment.” Always pleases everyone and loves to please others. Clever, but not without talent - he writes poetry and music, sings. “At heart he was cold and cunning.” He wants to marry Lisa.
Lisa Kalitina is the eldest daughter of Marya Dmitrievna. A girl of nineteen. Friendly with everyone. Pious - the influence of the pious nanny Agafya in childhood affected her. He goes with the flow of fate, because he sees the will of God in everything.
Lemm Christopher Theodor Gottlieb is a music teacher in the Kalitin house. Poor German, a hereditary musician, a man whom fate was not kind to. Uncommunicative, but deeply understands what is happening.
Lavretsky Fyodor Ivanovich is the grandnephew of Marya Dmitrievna, thirty-five years old. A kind and noble man. In his own opinion, he received a flawed upbringing in childhood and because of this all his misfortunes. Having not completed his studies due to his marriage, betrayed by his wife, he wants to get down to real business - “ploughing the land.”
Mikhalevich is Lavretsky’s university friend, his only friend. "Enthusiast and poet."
Varvara Pavlovna Lavretskaya is the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich. Left by her husband in Europe after her infidelity. A dexterous beauty who has fully tasted social life and, no longer able to part with her, “...an artist in the real sense of the word.”
2.3. Plot.
Lavretsky Fedor Nikolaevich comes to his native province - to build new life after he separated from his unfaithful wife. Unexpectedly for himself, he fell in love with Lisa Kalitina, she reciprocates his feelings. But before it even begins, their love is destroyed - Lavretsky’s wife arrives. Lisa goes to a monastery, Lavretsky leaves the province.
2.4. Composition.
I have divided this novel into six parts.
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Lavretsky's arrival in provincial town ABOUT. |
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Story noble family Lavretsky. |
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Lavretsky in Vasilievsky. Mikhalevich, Lemm, Kalitin in Vasilievsky. |
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Fourth. |
Lavretsky's rapprochement with Lisa. |
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Arrival of Varvara Pavlovna in O. |
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Chapter 1. Novel by I. S. Turgenev “On the Eve”.
1.1. History of creation.
The growth of revolutionary sentiment in Russia gave rise to the novel “On the Eve”. The very title of this work spoke of an atmosphere of anticipation of a social revolution. But then Turgenev did not see in his compatriots a figure capable of becoming a hero revolutionary years. He makes the central figure of the novel a Bulgarian – the bearer of national liberation ideas. The novel was written in 1859 and published for the first time in the Russian Messenger magazine in 1860.
1.31 Characteristics of the characters.
Nikolai Artemyevich Stakhov is the head of the noble Stakhov family. Great debater." spoke decent French and was known as a philosopher.” “He was bored at home. Got along with a widow German origin and spent almost all his time with her. In the summer of '53, he did not move to Kuntsevo: he stayed in Moscow, as if to take advantage of mineral waters; in essence, he did not want to part with his widow.”
Anna Vasilievna Stakhova is the wife of Nikolai Artemyevich. After the birth of my daughter I am always sick. “.all she did was feel sad and quietly worry.” “The infidelity of her husband greatly upset Anna Vasilievna.” “She never reproached him to his face, but she secretly complained about him to everyone in the house, even her daughters.”
Elena Nikolaevna Stakhova. Only daughter Nikolai Artemyevich and Anna Vasilievna. A girl of twenty years old. "She didn't have any friends." “Parental authority never weighed heavily on Elena, and from the age of sixteen she became almost completely independent, she lived her own life, but a lonely life.” She, to her deep regret, did not love any people, but she showed great sympathy not only for animals, but even for insects. “How to live without love? And there’s no one to love!” Her family considers her “strange.” In his description of Elena, Turgenev leads the reader to the fact that her inner world was prepared for the subsequent decision to share her life with Insarov and his ideals - “Sometimes it occurred to her that she wanted something that no one wanted, that no one thought about in the whole of Russia.”
Bersenev Andrey Petrovich. Young nobleman. He rents a dacha not far from the Stakhovs. Student. Lives alone. According to Shubin: “...clever, philosopher, third candidate at Moscow University.” His dream is to become a professor of history or philosophy: “That’s my favorite dream.” There is a lot of work in Kuntsevo. Studies philosophical and historical literature. Shubin to Bersenev: “You are a conscientiously moderate enthusiast; a true representative of those priests of science. of which the class of the middle Russian nobility is so rightly proud.” Comrade and friend one hundred percent.
Pavel Yakovlevich Shubin is the most controversial character. This is a young man who lost his parents. WITH early years has a penchant for sculpting. He is Anna Vasilyevna's second cousin and is supported by her. Without completing even one university course, he devoted himself exclusively to the vocation of sculpting, although “he didn’t want to hear about the academy and didn’t recognize a single professor.” “He had a positive talent - they began to know him in Moscow.” Shubin is a mocker. In love with Elena.
The post is inspired by reading the novel by Turgenev I.S. "Noble Nest".
Reference
Full name: "Noble Nest""
Genre: novel
Original language: Russian
Years of writing: 1856-1858
Year of publication: 1859
Number of pages (A4): 112
Brief summary of the novel by Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev "The Noble Nest"
The main character of the novel "The Noble Nest" by Turgenev is the young nobleman Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky. His pedigree and fate were extremely difficult: his paternal ancestors were harsh and cruel landowners, and his mother was a peasant woman. Fyodor Ivanovich himself was raised by an aunt who had a tough character.
Fyodor Ivanovich grew up an educated, but far from the world man, he had few friends, he did not find interest in the army or public service. Being inexperienced in matters of the heart, he fell in love with the beautiful Varvara Pavlovna Korobyina and soon after that he married her. He spent several years in serene happiness until he found out that his wife was cheating on him. Shocked by this news, he leaves Paris, where they lived, and returns to Russia, to his estate. In Russia, he visits the house of his relative Marya Dmitrievna Kalitina, a rich widow raising two daughters.
Fyodor Ivanovich draws attention to eldest daughter Marya Dmitrievna Liza. She interested him with her purity and seriousness. He falls in love with her, and she feels indifferent to him. Fyodor Ivanovich quite by chance learns from a French magazine that his wife has died. He becomes free and confesses his love to Lisa, she makes a reciprocal confession. The happiness of the young people did not last long: Varvara Pavlovna returned from abroad safe and sound. She returned with the goal of receiving forgiveness and settling in Russia.
Fyodor Ivanovich understands that everything is over and he and Lisa cannot have a future together. He gives his wife permission to live on his estate, but she, however, soon leaves for St. Petersburg, and then again to Paris. Lisa, despite excuses, goes to a monastery, and Fyodor Ivanovich lives with memories.
In the epilogue of the novel “The Noble Nest,” Fyodor Ivanovich visits the Kalitins’ house, where, after 8 years, practically nothing reminds of the past. Fyodor Ivanovich lets go of the past and understands that life goes on.
“During these eight years, a turning point finally took place in his life, that turning point that many do not experience, but without which one cannot remain a decent person to the end; he really stopped thinking about his own happiness, about selfish goals. He calmed down and - to why hide the truth? - he has aged not only in face and body, but also in his soul; to keep his heart young until old age, as others say, and it is difficult and almost ridiculous for one who has not lost faith in goodness, constancy of will, desire for activity; Lavretsky had the right to be pleased: he became a really good owner, really learned to plow the land and worked not only for himself; he, as far as he could, provided for and strengthened the life of his peasants.”
Meaning
The novel "The Noble Nest" describes the fate of the Russian nobleman Fyodor Ivanovich Lavretsky. His life is not an obvious choice between the old and new forms economic organization, between true patriotism and careerism, between the European and Slavic paths of development. Fyodor Ivanovich is a collection of features of everything, and it is most difficult for him to decide who he is, what he wants and what he will do.
Conclusion
I read Turgenev’s novel “The Noble Nest” while still at school, but I didn’t remember practically anything. I thoroughly enjoyed it when I read it again. I recommend reading!