Classic literature in the modern world. Literature as the art of words and its role in the spiritual life of man. Introductory lesson - Wessely I.S.

• Besides literature, what to breathe,
• Sinking to the bottom of the sea...
• M. Shcherbakov. Whole summer

• “As a person, as a personality, the Russian writer... stood illuminated bright light selfless and passionate love for the great work of life - literature, for the people tired in their work, for their sad land. He was an honest fighter, a great martyr for the sake of truth, a hero in work and a child in his attitude towards people, with a soul as transparent as a tear and bright as a star in the pale skies of Russia.” M. Gorky.

• “All of Greece and Rome fed only on literature: in our sense, there were no schools at all! And how they grew. Literature actually exists the only school people and she may be the only and sufficient school… » V. Rozanov.

• “Russian literature... has always been the conscience of the people. Her place in the public life of the country has always been honorable and influential. She educated people and strived for a just reconstruction of life.” D. Likhachev.

• D.S. Likhachev

• Poems by Russian poets about writing, about the role of writers in society

• Ivan Bunin
• Word The tombs, mummies and bones are silent, - Only the word is given life: From ancient darkness, in the world graveyard, Only Writings sound. And we have no other property! Know how to protect, at least to the best of your ability, in days of anger and suffering, Our immortal gift - speech.

• A. Akhmatova
• Creation It happens like this: some kind of languor; The chime of the clock does not stop in my ears; In the distance, the rumble of fading thunder. I imagine complaints and groans of unrecognized and captive voices, Some secret circle is narrowing, But in this abyss of whispers and ringings One sound rises, conquering all. It’s so irreparably quiet around him, That you can hear the grass growing in the forest, How he’s walking dashingly along the ground with a knapsack... But now words are heard And light rhymes are signaling bells, - Then I begin to understand, And simply dictated lines fall into a snow-white notebook .

• B. Pastrnak
• In everything I want to get to the very essence. At work, looking for a way, In heartfelt turmoil.
• To the essence of the past days, To their cause, To the foundations, to the roots, To the core. All the time, grasping the thread of Fates, events, Live, think, feel, love, Make discoveries. Oh, if only I could, Although in part, I would write eight lines About the properties of passion. About lawlessness, about sins, Running, chasing, Accidents in a hurry, Elbows, palms.

• I would deduce her law, her beginning, and repeat her names and initials. I would plant poems like a garden. With all the trembling of the veins, the linden trees would bloom in them in a row, single file, at the back of the head. I would bring into the poems the breath of roses, the breath of mint, meadows, sedge, hayfield, thunderstorms. So Chopin once put the Living miracle of the farms, parks, groves, and graves into his sketches. Achieved triumph Game and torment - The stretched bowstring of a tight bow.

• Questions

• Why is literature called the art of words ? Show with examples what it is word art ?
• Remember the works in which the characters read books and give them their assessments. Why is literature important to them?
• What have you learned from literature about love and betrayal, about death and immortality, about nobility and meanness? Is such knowledge important for a person?
• How has literature helped your own spiritual development?
• - What useful things can it give? to modern man reading literature of the past?

• Blue, blue and purple hairs showed through the thin, tall stems of grass; yellow gorse jumped up with its pyramidal top; white porridge dotted the surface with umbrella-shaped caps; brought in, God knows from where, an ear of wheat was pouring into the thicket. Partridges darted under their thin roots, stretching out their necks. The air was filled with a thousand different bird whistles. Hawks stood motionless in the sky, spreading their wings and motionlessly fixing their eyes on the grass. The cry of a cloud of wild geese moving to the side was heard in God knows what distant lake. A seagull rose from the grass with measured strokes and bathed luxuriously in the blue waves of air. There she has disappeared in the heights and only flickers like a single black dot. There she turned her wings and flashed in front of the sun. Damn you, steppes, how good you are!

• N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”

• “You want to know what I saw
• Free? - Lush fields,
• Hills covered with a crown
• Trees growing all around
• Noisy with a fresh crowd,
• Like brothers dancing in a circle.
• I saw piles of dark rocks
• When the stream separated them,
• And I guessed their thoughts:
• It was given to me from above!
• Stretched out in the air for a long time
• Their stone embraces,
• And they yearn for a meeting every moment;
• But the days go by, the years go by -
• They will never get along!

• M.Yu. Lermontov “Mtsyri”

• Answer one of the questions in writing:
• How are people and history connected in " The captain's daughter"A.S. Pushkin?
• Which moral values affirms the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri"?
• What is “bad in Russia” is ridiculed by N.V. Gogol in the play “The Inspector General” and M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in fairy tales?
• Bring to class the text “The Lay of Igor’s Campaign” - the ancient Russian text and its translation into modern Russian.

• Homework

• Thank you for the lesson!!!

Target: deepen students’ understanding of literature as the art of speech, its role in the spiritual life of a person.

During the classes.

I. Exchange of views on personal reading experiences.

1. What books you read in the summer interested you?

3. How did the knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in literature classes in previous years help you read and understand books?

4. What literary, encyclopedic, linguistic dictionaries and reference books are in your home library? Which ones would you recommend to your classmates?

II. Reading the introductory article “A Word to Ninth-Graders” (p. 3).

Conversation on the article.

How do you understand the expression “basic basic education”?

Why is it that the 9th grade curriculum includes, at least in excerpts, the most significant works of Russian literature?

Why does mastering this program require independence, initiative and creativity from students?

What kind of reading will the works being studied require? Are you ready for this reading?

III. Review of the 9th grade literature course.

The main objective of the 9th grade literature course is to introduce you to the richness of Russian literature and the endless variety of its forms. Let's turn the pages of the textbook to get acquainted with the components of our course.

The first page of the desk calendar opens on the board with a colorful inscription: “Old Russian literature”

Scientists tend to consider the end of the 10th century to be the time when ancient Russian literature emerged. And we begin the 9th grade program with an acquaintance with the most ancient creation, which has preserved the living charm of artistry to this day, created at the end of the 12th century.

The fate of the ancient Russian poem “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” is unique. The poem attracts people with an irresistible force, like a mysterious magnet.

Delving into this creation, you will learn what valor and courage, bravery and loyalty are... For a long time after reading, mirages of the noisy, but so close past will stand before your eyes. You will see the endless southern steppe, in which military shields are red like blooming wild poppies, bloody dawns are rising, blue lightning is scurrying in the skies, the wind is blowing banners embroidered with gold. You will hear how carts creak in the night, how alarmed foxes bark, how the nightingale’s clicking does not stop, how swords ring and cross, how a horse’s tramp is heard, how funeral laments sound and how the harp rumbles the glory of the soldiers returning from the campaign.

“The Word...” is a precious pearl, mined from the depths of time, spared by centuries, the mysterious shine of which has the magical property of attracting eyes and hearts. Many years from now, your children’s children, your grandchildren’s grandchildren will read Igor’s song.

The second page of the “calendar” opens: “ Literature XVIII century. Classicism. Sentimentalism" (writing in a notebook).

A living example of the fate of talented people in conditions of autocratic tyranny was the fate of M. V. Lomonosov, the Russian reformer literary language and versification, a great scientist, poet and artist, about whom Pushkin wrote: “Combining extraordinary willpower with the extraordinary power of concept, Lomonosov embraced all branches of education. Having discovered the “true sources of our poetic language"Lomonosov pointed out the only correct path for its development - the path of bringing the literary language closer to the folk language."

A. S. Griboyedov and A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov and N. V. Gogol, F. I. Tyutchev and A. A. Fet, A. N. Ostrovsky and F. M. Dostoevsky, N. A. Nekrasov and L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov. What amazing meetings and discoveries await us!

Teacher (opens the latestcmpaprostratey - "LiteratureXXcentury").

The 20th century - the century of military and revolutionary upheavals - caused a powerful and multifaceted reflection life situations in poetry, prose, drama, journalism.

There is a “roll call” of topics and names.

Until 1917, Russian literature was united. In the poetry of this time, A. Blok, N. Gumilev, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, M. Tsvetaeva, B. Pasternak, S. Yesenin occupied a strong place, in prose - I. Bunin, M. Gorky, L. Andreev.

After 1917, some writers emigrated from Russia, and Russian literature was divided into two branches, developing in parallel. Among the writers of Russian diaspora - I. Bunin, I. Shmelev, B. Zaitsev, V. Nabokov, V. Khodasevich, G. Adamovich and others.

In Soviet literature of the 20s. The theme of the Civil War dominated; in the 1930s, artistic interpretation of the events that took place in the country began - in the works of M. Gorky, M. Sholokhov, N. Ostrovsky, A. Makarenko, A. Tvardovsky.

Since 1941, the theme of the Great Patriotic War has become comprehensive.

In the literature of the 50-70s. Many events of the war are being rethought, and the contradictions of the new peaceful life are reflected.

The tragic fate of prisoners of Stalin’s camps brought to life A. Solzhenitsyn’s book “The Gulag Archipelago”, the stories of V. Shalamov and many other works.

IV. Final words from the teacher.

Only individual milestones of the great, tragic, contradictory history of modern Russian literature of the 20th century are indicated here, which the cattle will get to know; not all the names of the writers who played a significant role in this literature are named. You will learn about this later , in the meantime, I wish you the incomparable happiness of recognizing a literary work, when you begin to understand what distances open up behind every turn of the plot, behind every metaphor, humane hint.

Homework: reading “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”; retelling of the article “Old Russian Literature”, p. 4-6.

Topic: Meaning ancient Russian literature. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" - greatest monument ancient Russian literature.

Target: show original character ancient Russian literature, the richness and diversity of its genres; introduce the history of the discovery of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign.”

During the classes

I. Repetition of what has been studied in grades 5-8.

I. Conversation under the article “Old Russian Literature”.

1) When and how did Russian literature begin? (OccurrenceRussian literature refers to the endXcentury, when with the adoption of Christianity in Rus' as state religion church-service and historical-narrative works appeared in the Church Slavonic language.)

2) What were her first works? (“The Tale of Bygone Years”, lives of princes Boris and Gleb, “Sermon on Law and Grace”, “Walk” by Abbot Daniel, “Teachings” by Vladimir Monomakh, etc.)

3) Are the names of their authors known? (Chronicle Nestor, abbot of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery of Feodosia, Kiev Metropolitan Hilarion, abbot Daniel, Prince Vladimir Monomakh, monk Kirill of Turov, traveler Afanasy Nikitin, etc.)

2. Quiz“Recognize the work from the passage and determine its genre.”

What genres of ancient Russian literature do you remember?

Teaching is a heartfelt conversation about spiritual values.

(Vladimir Monomakh.)

Tale, As a rule, it tells about important historical events. (“The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu.”)

Word is an example of solemn eloquence.

IN walking information about long-distance travel is provided.

INhagiography - description of the spiritual exploits and good deeds of the saints. (B. Zaitsev " Venerable Sergius Radonezh", "The Tale of the Life of Alexander Nevsky".)

Define the word "genre".

(Genre- a historically emerging type of literary works that have features, characteristics, and patterns that distinguish them from other works.)

Can a hagiography be dedicated to describing the life and exploits of robbers? (No, since this would be contrary to the laws of the genre.)

The genre that helped Rus' understand its purpose and its own history was the chronicle.

Chronicle - a narrative about events of historical importance, arranged “by years,” that is, in chronological order.

Quiz questions:

1) “And he said to them:

Collect at least a handful of oats, wheat or bran.

They collected. And he ordered the women to make a mash, from which jelly is boiled, dig a well, and pour the mash into a tub and lower it into the well. And he ordered to dig another well and insert a tub into it, and look for honey. We found a basket of honey in the prince's pantry. And he ordered the honey to be diluted and poured into a tub into the second well.” (“The Legend of Belgorod Jelly.”)

2) “A certain man was walking from Jerusalem to Jericho and was caught by robbers, who robbed him, took off his clothes, wounded him and left, leaving him barely alive. By chance, a priest was walking along the same road, saw him and passed by. The priest's assistant was also walking, came up, looked and passed by. And then a Samaritan passed along this road, saw him and took pity. He came up, bandaged his wounds, and poured oil into the wine. And he put him on his donkey, brought him to the hotel and took care of him.” (“The Parable of the Good Samaritan.”)

3) “And he found a big and strong bull. And he ordered to enrage him. They burned the bull with a hot iron and let him go, and the bull ran past him, and he grabbed the bull by the side with his hand, and tore out the skin and meat, as much as his hand grabbed. And Vladimir told him: “You can fight him.” (“The Tale of Kozhemyak.”)

4) “And the father ordered the servants: “Bring the best clothes and dress him, and put a ring on his hand and shoes on his feet. And slaughter the fatted calf, and we will feast and be merry. For this son of mine was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is found.” (“The Parable of the Prodigal Son.”)

5) “Sergius lived during the Tatar era. She didn’t touch him personally: the Radonezh forests covered him. But he was not indifferent to the Tatars. A hermit, he calmly, as he did everything in life, raised his cross for Russia and blessed Dmitry Donskoy for that battle, Kulikovo, which for us will forever take on a symbolic, mysterious connotation.

In the duel between Rus' and Khan, the name of Sergius is forever associated with the creation of Russia.” (Genre of life. B. Zaitsev “St. Sergius of Radonezh.”)

II. Introduction to The Tale of Igor's Campaign.

There are not many works in all of world literature that would arouse such long-lasting and intense interest. Igor's song is published and republished. A huge poetic library of variations on the theme “Words” has been created. Scientists in various countries of the world argue about the poem, which has been translated many times into many European and Eastern languages. IN last decades Studies of this work have appeared not only among our Slavic neighbors, but also in the USA, Australia, England, France, Italy... What is the appeal of “The Lay”?

1. 
   Expressive reading of the Old Russian text (the beginning of the poem).

2. Acquaintance with prose (D. S. Likhachev) and poetic translations of the same passage (V. A. Zhukovsky).

“Is it right for us, brothers, to start old? (antique) expressions of a sad story about Igor's campaign, Igor Svyatoslavich? - (No), we must begin this song following the actual events of our time, and not according to (antique) plan (method, plan, method) Boyana. For the prophetic Boyan, if he wanted to compose a song for someone, then (instead of following exactly the actual events- "epics of this time") thoughts spread across the tree, gray wolf on the ground, like a gray eagle under the clouds (his creative manner was very pompous and pompous). He remembered, as he said, the initial times of the war (And) then he released ten falcons (fingers) to a flock of swans (9 strings): which (from falcons) caught up with what (swan), that first one (And) sang a song (“glory”) old Yaroslav (to the wise) brave Mstislav (to Vladimirovich), who stabbed Rededya (Kasozh prince) in front of the Kasozh regiments (in Tmutorokan), to the wonderful Roman Svyatoslavich (son of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, Prince of Tmutorokansky). That, brothers, Boyan didn’t let ten falcons loose on a flock of swans, but he laid his prophetic fingers on living strings; they are themselves (without any effort, in familiar old expressions, “old words”) they rumbled glory to the princes.”

(Translation by D. S. Likhachev)

3. The teacher's word.

As you have seen, the numerous translations of the Lay are varied: from accurate, carried out by scientists, to free translations. Of course, poetic translations predominate. But any translation is conditional, since the “Word” cannot be considered a poetic work from today’s point of view. Until the 18th century. in Rus' they did not know the difference between prose and poetry. Some texts were intended to be sung, others to be spoken. The legendary Boyan sang his works. The author of the history of Igor’s campaign calls it “the word,” but we have already noted its rhythm. This is a special folk song verse.

4. Reading the textbook article “From the history of the manuscript” (p. 8).

For the lesson, you can prepare an exhibition of books about the “Word” and provide an overview of the most interesting studies.

Teacher. For example, a book famous writer Evgenia Osetrova is dedicated to this great creation. On its pages images are recreated, art world, the circumstances of creation and the history of studying the brilliant poem of the 12th century. The author introduces readers to artistic system Igor's song, talks about the debate that is going on about this work, about the influence that the ancient creation had on national culture. (Sturgeon E.I. The World of Igor’s Song. Etudes. - M: Sovremennik, 1977.)

5. Teacher's message about historical basis"Words".

In the early 80s. XII century Prince Svyatoslav of Kyiv drove back the Polovtsians with the combined efforts. In 1185, without warning Prince of Kyiv Svyatoslav and other princes, the Novgorod-Seversky prince Igor Svyatoslavovich went to the Polovtsian steppe along with his son, brother and nephew. They set out on a campaign on April 23, and on May 1, a solar eclipse caught them on the way, but, despite the terrible omen, Igor did not turn his army back. In the first clash with the Polovtsians, Igor was victorious, but in the second battle he was defeated, and the princes were captured for the first time in many years. Having won a victory over Igor, the Polovtsians rush to Russian land, besiege Pereyaslavl, and burn the fortifications near Putivl. Shortly before the return of the Polovtsians, Igor manages to escape from captivity.

Contemporaries assessed the events of 1185 differently. We know both estimates from two ancient chronicles - Laurentian and Ipatiev. The Laurentian Chronicle sharply condemns Igor, portraying him as a arrogant and ambitious prince, a short-sighted commander. In the “Chronicle Tale,” which is in the Ipatiev Chronicle, there is no direct condemnation of the prince; he even evokes sympathy - not only with his worthy behavior during the battle, but also with repentance for having participated in internecine wars and caused a lot of suffering to the Russian land.

III. Lesson summary.

Homework: read “The Word” translated by N. A. Zabolotsky, p. 9-31; prepare your favorite passage for expressive reading (or by heart); individual task: prepare comparative plans for the narrative of Igor’s campaign according to the “Lay” and according to the Ipatiev Chronicle.

Topic: “The Word...” as a highly patriotic work. The idea, the figurative system, the landscape of “The Word...”, the influence of folklore.

Target: introduce the figurative system of the “Word”, its main idea; give the concepts of patriotism, ambition; work on expressive reading.

Equipment: projector, screen, computer.

Progress of lessons

I. Checking homework.

Comparative analysis of the Ipatiev Chronicle and the Lay.

How does the narrative in the Lay differ from the Ipatiev Chronicle? (It is more lyrical, emotional, colored by the author’s attitude to the material presented.)

What are the most striking compositional parts not related to the plot, characteristic only of “The Lay”? (Lyrical digression about civil strife, Svyatoslav’s “golden word”, Yaroslavna’s cry.)

2. Expressive reading (or reading by heart) of favorite passages followed by comments.

II. Learning new material.

- How did the “soul-piercing patriotism” of the unknown author manifest themselves in them?

What is the universal human meaning of the history of Prince Igor’s campaign? (These are thoughts not only about ambition and human pride, but also about love for the Motherland.)

2. Characteristics figurative system"Words".

1) What images of “The Word” do you remember?

2) How do you imagine them?

3) Compare your idea with the illustrations of V. A. Favorsky (p. 10 of the textbook).

4) Who main character"Tales of Igor's Campaign"? Opinion exchange.

Prince Igor? No. More is said about him than about other princes, but almost always in a lovingly reproachful tone.

Igor's regiment? But the latter was defeated, opening the road to Russia Steppe.

Yaroslavna? She is beautiful, touching, heroic, but she is still an episodic person, a character, perhaps the best, but the only chapter of the poem.

Svyatoslav of Kyiv? He is the embodiment of state wisdom and paternal nobility, an expresser of judgments about current events, he is the second poetic “I”, it is not for nothing that his speech, called the Golden Word, imperceptibly turns into the author’s appeal to the princes.

Teacher. The real hero of the poem is the Russian land. The singer gives her all the heat of his heart, immeasurable love, filial affection and fidelity.

For the author, the princely squads are “Russian sons”, “Russian regiments”, whom “Russian wives” are waiting for. The brave warriors mentioned four times in the poem are “Rusichi”. In the context of the poem, this word has an epic sound, it is as if it is forever carved in granite: “... the great Russians, the fields of infested shields, are fenced.” Or: “...that feast is the end of the brave Russians.”

The author is an extraordinary figure of pre-Mongol Rus'; his patriotic pathos was not the product of personal sentiments and beliefs. The value of the poem for that time was that it expressed in unsurpassed artistic form what was ripening in the minds the best people era. So, in the Ipatiev Chronicle, in the entry under the year 1168, the prince exclaims: “God forbid that we lay down our heads for the peasants and for the Russian land.”

In the Lay the Russian land appears in all its historical and natural beauty. Through the eyes of the author, the people seemed to look for the first time at their native and long-lived places. Spread over vast expanses - from Volkhov to the Black Sea - the Russian land was “beautifully decorated” with cities, villages, and fortresses.

We can say that Rus' has grown and hardened in the fight against the Steppe. Defending, and often going on the offensive, Rus' defended its people, statehood, and its young, undoubtedly extraordinary culture, and served as a shield for Europe in the East. It is not for nothing that Igor’s song recalls with such pride the “campaign of Svyatoslav” - the formidable and great one, who, advancing on the Polovtsian land, trampled down hills and ravines, stirred up rivers and lakes, dried up streams and swamps, and captured Khan Kobyak.

But a sad time came when, according to Igor the singer, brother began to challenge brother, and the princes began to talk about small things “that are great.” Because of the strife, the “filthy” from all sides began to come with victories to the Russian land. The author not only recalls past victories, not only mourns the misfortunes of modern times that have befallen the Russian land. The poet calls to stand up for “the insult of this time,” for the Russian land.

There is even an assumption that the “Word” spoken at the meeting of the princes forced them to stop fighting for several years and vigilantly monitor the machinations of the nomads, that is, it gave them a brief military respite.

The singer of "Words", with a falcon's gaze examining all the edges native land, plunging into past centuries, was an active son of a turbulent time, knew all the joys, sorrows, defeats and victories of his years.

He was the first to choose the Russian land as the main character of the work, laying the foundation for a heroic tradition that has lived for centuries.

3. Study of the composition “Words”.

What is the composition of the “Words”?

Of course, it is complex, it is called inconsistent, emotional, mosaic. The author constantly moves from one topic to another, transfers the scene of action from the Russian land to the Polovtsian steppe and back, then talks about the events of 1185, then interrupts the story with memories of the past. However, this inconsistency has its own artistic logic. Let's look at the text.

Expressive reading of the fragment (part I, chapter 12, pp. 16-17).

The author manages time in his own way, and in the midst of the battle, when every moment is precious, he makes a lyrical-historical digression, recalling the deeds of previous years and, above all, the strife started by the ancestor of the current Olegovichs who are now fighting, Oleg Svyatoslavich. Temporary distraction is necessary not only so that we understand the historical predetermination of what is happening - the inevitability of defeat as a consequence of princely strife. "Help-pause" executes here and artistic purpose. We see Igor's recklessness and unreasonableness against a broad historical background. Igor is what time has made him, the poem convinces.

It is no coincidence that in abstract the moral maxim is given that in the past boasts have already brought princes to the judgment of God and turned into a funeral veil. A meaningful message prepares us to understand: Igor is in the same position as the participants in past strife, and he will not escape punishment for his daring foray into the Field, for his desire for personal glory, for his unwillingness to moderate his ardor and be with other princes "for one heart."

Let's see, how does nature “respond” to current events?

In “The Lay” we are present at the miracle of the birth of that feeling of nature, which centuries later will find its full expression in Tyutchev’s poetic stanza:

Not what you think, nature;

Not a cast, not a soulless face, -

She has a soul, she has freedom,

It has love, it has language...

Let us take a closer look at the appearance and character of the steppe in which the main actions of the campaign unfold.

The steppe greets the army walking along the road with the roar of a thunderstorm, the howling of wolves through the ravines, the screeching of eagles; the army hears how the foxes “breach” onto the red shields. At night the steppe resounds with the “tickling” of nightingales, in the morning the squad is awakened by the chatter of jackdaws... Round the clock the steppe sounds, speaks in feather-grass speech, full of unusually important meaning. The poet loves the symbolic field landscape, when nature itself - “friendly” to “its own” - tries to warn the brave knights about the upcoming massacre. For this purpose, sharp color strokes are thrown onto the artistic canvas. From afar, changing colors are visible: “bloody dawns herald the light,” “black clouds are coming from the sea,” “blue lightning trembles.” The rain coming from the Don showers the army with arrows...

At the time of Igor’s flight - with all the drama of the story - our gaze stops on steppe rivers spreading green grass, on sandy banks, where swans, seagulls, and ducks swarm in the reed thickets. Everything is marked by sharp pictorial expressiveness and intense dynamism.

Expressive reading of the fragment (Part III, Ch. 2-5, pp. 28-30).

Dividing the “Word” into parts, title them:

1) A story about Igor’s campaign.

2) Sleep and " golden word» Svyatoslav.

3) Yaroslavna's lament.

4) The story of Igor’s escape from captivity.

Where does the “Word” begin? (From a short introduction in which the author reflects on how to conduct his story. But, incplundering the art of the old singer Bonn, he refuses to conduct his narrative-story “according to Bonn’s plan”, he intends to narrate “according to the stories of this time”- closer to actual events.)

Why do you think the author invites us to see Igor’s campaign through the eyes of people with different life experiences, to evaluate it with different points vision? (The story about Igor’s campaign is structured in such a way that we were able to see him through the eyes of a warrior and admired the daring courage of the prince; we heard the voice of a wise state ruler and thought about the fate of the Russian land, were imbued with the correctness of his passionate call to stand up for the Russian land; we were touched and captivated by Yaroslavna’s grief, grieving for her husband and striving to help him. And in each of these visions of events there is its own truth, its own “reality”.- pain. The author’s soul hurts for Igor, for the fate of the Russian land.)

Conclusion.

The author's ideal is the power of the Russian land, the unity of the princes. He wants to see princes as brothers, capable of feeling someone else's pain and helping in grief. “The Word” is a lesson in compassion, empathy and love for one’s land. (Write in notebook.)

4. Study of the influence of folklore on the “Word”.

When they talk about the folkloric nature of the Lay, they usually remember the wealth of pre-literate creativity, and indeed the entire oral poetic element that has always lived among the people, and consider how this wealth was reflected in Igor’s song.

Orally folk literature stable ideas about national character. It is enough to compare the passion and youth of Igor and the prowess of Vsevolod with the actions of Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, and it will become clear that their actions - violence in battle, unwillingness to balance strength with danger - are no exception. They behave like sons of the era.

Yaroslavna, wailing on the city wall, embodied the best features of epic heroines.

The most striking hero of the Lay is Vseslav of Polotsk, whose image combines the features of a real (“chronicle”) prince with the wizard Volkh Vseslavich, a folklore werewolf who ruled people during the day and reigned over animals at night.

Using any fragment as an example, show the folklore basis of the “Word”. (Write down examples constant epithets, fairy-tale motifs, repetitions, methods of animating nature, etc.).

III. Summary of lessons.

Homework: write home essay on one of the topics:

The image of the Russian land on the pages of the Lay;

Lament of Yaroslavna in the translation of Zhukovsky and Zabolotsky (comparative analysis);

Which episode of The Word was most interesting to you and why?

MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION "EDUCATIONAL AND VOCATIONAL CENTER"

Tiraspol

ROLE OF THE BOOK

IN SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION

teacher of special disciplines

highest qualification category

Khilchuk O.A.

Tiraspol, 2014

THE ROLE OF BOOKS IN SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION

A book is a great gift to man from God. It serves not only to convey historical information, but serves as a door to the future: what the books will be like determines what the ideals of young people will be, which means our future depends.”

Metropolitan of Kaluga and Borovsk Kliment, Chairman of the Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church

Value - characteristic human life. Over the course of many centuries, people have developed the ability to identify objects and phenomena in the world around them that meet their needs and to which they treat in a special way: they value and protect them, and focus on them in their life activities. .

Today it is important to talk about the value and role of books in society .

Since the birth of printing, books have become an integral part of the life of the intelligentsia. It has always been customary to judge a person’s education and erudition by the number of works he has read, but here it is not only quantity that is important, but also quality. Anyone can order a print of his works, at least today, but this does not mean that by reading his work, you will acquire something useful for yourself or learn something educational. Book production is a healthy component of modern society. It is known that all artistic and journalistic works on earth amount to 129864880, the total number of publications.

The importance of books in the life of every person and society as a whole cannot be overestimated. It is known that a book, as a source and storehouse of knowledge and experience, can seriously influence one’s worldview, enrich a person, and also cause powerful emotions and generate deep feelings and serious reflection.

The book contains the entire vast spiritual world of humanity. The book condenses and disseminates all experience, all knowledge, all the mind of humanity. This is a powerful and most universal means of communication between people, nations, generations. The book develops dreams, creative imagination, emotional-cognitive activity, an active attitude towards life, love of art, introduces into the world of images reflecting life, enriches with knowledge, expands life experience children, taking it beyond personal observations, an idea of ​​the world, of the native national language, its beauty, expressiveness, diversity.

A very large part of our lives is connected with books, when there was no television, people drew their knowledge from works; instead of television series, they enthusiastically read F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy or

A.S. Pushkin. It was the works of great authors that shaped public opinion and could influence the fate of a particular person or even an entire nation.

Good literature, communication with a book can be called a modern “spiritual medicine” for everyone who cares about the spiritual health of future generations.

It is well known that the life attitudes and interests of people of different generations are very different. A significant part of it - young people - was brought up outside religious traditions, however, it is she who today turns her attention to faith, love, and justice. In these conditions, the Christian religion can help young people in mastering moral and ethical standards. The work of the library also contributes to this. Focused on modern library wealth of the world fiction– inexhaustible potential for the formation of spiritual and moral culture youth.

First of all, it should be noted what is Orthodox literature? Literally translated from Greek language Orthodoxy means "correct teaching." This is a direction of Christianity that professes the principles of goodness and peacemaking.

Orthodox literature is those books that attune a person to the spiritual salvation of the soul and show ways of spiritual improvement.

Where should a person who has never held anything in his hands begin Orthodox reading? It is necessary to read the Gospel; we can recommend reading books by modern Orthodox missionaries about how they discovered God for people. These include Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh and Deacon Andrei Kuraev. But first of all, you need to pay attention to the Holy Scriptures, many know about it, but few people read it, but this is the basis of Christianity.

A book can have a very significant impact on a person. Why? A book is the most optimal educational tool developed human culture. Thanks to good books a person can learn a lot. First of all, he receives the necessary education of feelings - something that people who do not read have absolutely nowhere else to get. Isn’t it possible to learn this on the Internet, with its constant swearing, meager and often literally inappropriate vocabulary?

The power and influence of the book is much greater than it might seem at first glance. Because any book is not only a passive collection of information, but it is a certain view of reality. The look is either bright and cheerful, or the look is dark, darkened by sin and human vice.

And if we take into account that the content of the book, resonating with the reader’s thoughts, affects not only his mind, but also his soul, then the significance of the Orthodox book as spiritual and light literature in modern world plays special role in the cultural, spiritual and moral life of society.

The book means a lot for the PMR, as well as for the entire Christian world. It is enough to remember the words of the Lord Jesus Christ, who said that “Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God” (Matthew 4:4). Over the centuries, it was the Word of God, as the most important Orthodox book, that was the source from which many generations of Christian peoples drew wisdom. In this regard, the Orthodox book is a powerful instrument of spiritual and moral influence on the human soul.

Books in Orthodoxy differ in their level of spiritual authority. The books of the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments have the unconditional authority of the Word of God. Books of the patristic heritage, theological literature and other church publications are useful for edification.

However, not all literature using Orthodox paraphernalia can be called Orthodox and spiritually beneficial. On the contrary, in Lately a mass of pseudo-Orthodox books appeared containing sectarian, schismatic and marginal views. Therefore, for a reader who is at the beginning of his journey to become acquainted with Orthodoxy, it is advisable to determine his reading range together with the priest who carries out his spiritual guidance or to read literature recommended by the Publishing Council of the Russian Orthodox Church or blessed by its hierarchy.

A special and important topic is the need to instill in children a love of books and a taste for literature. It is important to instill the foundations of the culture of Orthodox Christianity from childhood. The soul of a child is pure, there is no place in it for filth, lies and envy. Orthodox literature for children helps parents in raising their children in Christ in the spirit of the Orthodox faith and Christian morality.

On Orthodox Book Day - March 14, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill noted the enduring importance of books in the modern world: “Today, in addition to books, there are many other types of information media - television, the Internet and video. People receive information not so much through words as through images, and this method is very attractive, because here everything is shown on the screen. But reading piece of art, a person must independently create an image in his mind: starting from the description in the text, imagine the characters, imagine what they look like, how they are dressed, how they behave, and so on. There is no screen, no video - all this must arise in the reader's mind.

“God grant that good people reach your attention, good books, which would help you understand the meaning of what is happening in the world, help you understand what true, enduring values ​​mean for a person, based on which he is able to grow as a person, is able to participate in public life, is able to benefit his Fatherland,” the Patriarch wished . He also wished with all his heart “to use the book with constant joy, with pleasure, for the good of his soul and for the benefit of his neighbors.”

Orthodox literature is called upon not only to influence the mind and broaden the reader’s horizons, not only to draw his attention to a range of certain issues abstract from life, but, above all, to introduce the reader into the spiritual world of eternal truth and beauty. Such a book puts the eternal values ​​of the Divine character at the forefront in the modern confused axiology and calls for correlating your life with these values.

To make our world brighter, kinder and fairer - this is the main goal that the Orthodox book sets. The world of Orthodox books is a place where everyone who strives for true faith can get answers to the most important questions.

For several years in a row, days, weeks and decades of Orthodox books have been held in Transnistria. As part of these events, all dioceses host round tables and conferences dedicated to the history of book printing in Rus', issues of reading and dissemination of Orthodox literature in modern society. Creative evenings and meetings with writers and poets, concerts of sacred music, as well as exhibitions of rare handwritten and printed books from the collections of regional, regional and republican museums are organized.

Are opening book exhibitions, where rare editions of Orthodox books are presented, there is a sale of church literature, and charity events for the collection and donation of Orthodox literature to city and regional libraries. They, in turn, spend their evenings dedicated to creativity Orthodox writers and poets S.A. Bagnyuk, A.A. Melnichuk, O.N. Molchanova.

The head of the Tiraspol-Dubossary diocese, Bishop Savva, during such events, noted that “in essence, not only spiritual, but any book - both artistic and historical - can be Orthodox if the spirit of Orthodoxy is preserved in it.”

God's help to everyone in learning!

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Airapetova V.V. BUT. Lossky about morality and spiritual and moral development of the individual. - Pyatigorsk: PSLU, 2001.

Barenbaum I.E. History of the book: Textbook. 2nd ed., revised. - M.: Book, 1984. - P. 138

Vinogradova L.A. History of book publishing in Russia (988-1917): Tutorial/ Ed. A.A. Govorova. M.: Publishing house MPI, 1991. – P. 59.

Vladimirov L.I. General history books. – M.: Book, 1988. - P. 1

Katsprzhak E.I. History of writing and books. – M.: Art, 1955. - P. 285

Gurin V.E. Formation moral consciousness and behavior of high school students. – M.: Pedagogy, 1988.

Men A. History of religion. In search of the way, truth and life. – M., 1994

Nimerovsky E.L. Journey to the origins of Russian book printing. - M.: Education, 1991. - P. 187.

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