1. Indicate the writers of the second half of the 19th century whose titles of works contain opposition.
A) A.N. Ostrovsky, I.S. Turgenev, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
B) I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy
B) I.A. Goncharov, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov
G) L.N. Tolstoy, N.S. Leskov, I.S. Turgenev
2. In the work of which poet was the impressionistic style of depiction first used?
A) N.A. Nekrasov B) A.A. Fet
B) F.I. Tyutchev D) A.K. Tolstoy
A) A. N. Ostrovsky “The Thunderstorm” B) L. N. Tolstoy “The Living Corpse”
B) F. M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment” G) N. S. Leskov “Lady Macbeth...”
4.Which artistic technique used by the author in this passage: “Blessed is the gentle poet, // In whom there is little bile, a lot of feeling // Greetings to him so sincere // Friends of calm art..”
A) allegory B) antithesis
B) metaphor D) hyperbole
5.Name the main criteria for assessing personality in L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”.
A) pride and pride B) naturalness and morality
B) nobility and kindness D) generosity and courage
6.Which of the Russian writers was sentenced to hard labor?
A) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin B) F.M. Dostoevsky
B) A.I. Herzen D) N.A. Nekrasov
7.What literary type is depicted in the image of the Wild (A.N. Ostrovsky “The Thunderstorm”)?
A) “little man” type B) tyrant
B) type " extra person» D)romantic hero
A) I.A. Goncharov B) M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin
B) N.A. Nekrasov D) A.P. Chekhov
9.Indicate what position the author occupies in the epic novel “War and Peace”.
A) participant in ongoing events
B) a person who deeply experiences and comments on the events described
B) dispassionate observer
D) a narrator who interrupts the story to tell the reader about himself
10.Indicate the name of the regiment in which Nikolai Rostov served (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”).
A) Preobrazhensky B) Izmailovsky
B) Pavlogradsky D) Semenovsky
11.What type of literature became dominant in the second half of the 19th century?
A) lyrics B) epic
B) drama D) lyric-epic
12.Indicate which of the Russian writers spoke about the need to “squeeze the slave out of yourself drop by drop.”
A) I.A. Goncharov B) L.N. Tolstoy
B) A.P. Chekhov D) F.M. Dostoevsky
13. In the work of which writer is the type of “little man” first shown?
A) Samson Vyrin in “ Stationmaster» A.S. Pushkin
B) Akakiy Akakievich in “The Overcoat” by N.V. Gogol
B) Maxim Maksimych in “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov
D) Captain Tushin in “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy
14. Agafya Pshenitsyna is the heroine:
A) the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”
B) F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” G
B) I. A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”
D) L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”
A) A.S. Pushkin B) F.I. Tyutchev
B) N.A. Nekrasov D) A.A. Fet
16.Which of the heroes of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky asked the question “Am I a trembling creature or do I have the right”?
A) Sonya Marmeladova B) R. Raskolnikov
B) Pyotr Luzhin D) Lebezyatnikov
17. Indicate which of the Russian poets owns the poem “I met you - and all the past ...”
A) N.A. Nekrasov B) F.I. Tyutchev
B) A.S. Pushkin D) A.A. Fet
18.Name the “happy” person in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.”
A) Savely B) Matryona Korchagina
B) Grigory Dobroslonov D) Ermil Girin
19.Indicate what the teacher Belikov taught, a character in the story “The Man in a Case” by A.P. Chekhov.
A) geography B) literature
B) Greek language D) God's law
20. In the novel “War and Peace” there are positive heroes who have reached the pinnacle of moral and spiritual development. One of them is Kutuzov, the other is
A) Pierre Bezukhov B) Andrey Bolkonsky
B) Platon Karataev D) Vasily Denisov
21.What mistakes did Raskolnikov make (F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”) during the murder of the old woman?
A) forgot to close the apartment door B) left his hat at the crime scene
B) forgot to take the crime weapon D) got dirty in blood
22. The genre definition of “epic novel” means:
A) a novel about the ideological and moral quest of the individual associated with the fate of the nation
B) a novel in which not one, but several central characters, and among other characters there are historical figures
C) a novel dedicated to a historical event influencing the fate of the country
23. The turning point in the life of Ivan Flyagin (N.S. Leskov “The Enchanted Wanderer”) comes when
A) he recognizes himself as a great sinner and wants to atone for his guilt through suffering
B) he renounces faith and stops praying
C) because of his fault a person dies
24. The following character is not related to the story “The Man in a Case” by A.P. Chekhov
A) Gurov B) Kovalenko
B) Burkin D) Belikov
In the second half of the nineteenth century, Russian literature and culture flourished. In the public life of the country during this period there are important events: Crimean War, numerous peasant unrest, the abolition of serfdom, the emergence of capitalism. In general, social relations overcome a certain bar, a certain level, after which a return to the recent past seems impossible. First of all, this concerns attitudes towards a person, his problems, without distinction between categories and classes. The process of formation of the “new man”, his social and moral self-awareness begins. It is not surprising that such aspirations made realism the main direction in Russian literature by the mid-19th century, through which the principles of depicting reality were developed. His new stage was closely associated with an attempt to penetrate in detail into the depths of human feelings and relationships. The authors demonstrate a desire not only to convey their emotions through the characters, but also to reveal the main reasons social evil. As a result, authors are increasingly turning to folk themes in their works; the image of a peasant, a peasant, is becoming one of the main ones in fiction. Traditions of realism laid down by Lermontov and Pushkin, Gogol, are consolidated, their works in many ways become a standard for new authors. Critical reviews of works acquire considerable significance and weight. This was largely due to the activities of Chernyshevsky, including his dissertation “Aesthetic Relations of Art to Reality.” It’s impossible not to remember what exactly happened at that time significant event: V Russian Empire canceled serfdom, which of course is reflected in fiction. The desire for further reforms on this basis led to controversy and the emergence of two camps: liberals and democrats. The first proposed political and economic reforms of gradual change public relations, the latter insisted on immediate, radical changes, usually through revolutionary processes. Dobrolyubov, Herzen, Nekrasov, among others, belonged to the democratic camp, Chernyshevsky, a liberal views Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Druzhinin, Leskov adhered to. As a rule, the exchange of views and ideas was carried out through polemics on the pages of literary magazines. Also in the literature there are disputes between supporters of “pure art” and adherents of the “Gogolian” movement, and later – between “soilists” and “Westerners”. Under the influence of the ideology of commoners, ideas develop “ real criticism", the problem is raised positive hero. The creative searches of realist writers lead to new artistic discoveries, enrichment of the novel genre, and strengthening of psychologism. In the second half of the 19th century, a whole galaxy of talented Russian writers appeared: F.M. Dostoevsky (Poor people, Crime and Punishment), I.S. Turgenev (Fathers and Sons, Notes of a Hunter), I.A. Goncharov (Ordinary history, Oblomov, Precipice), A.N. Ostrovsky (Thunderstorm, Not everything is Maslenitsa for the cat, Lack of dowry, Our own people - we will be numbered), N.A. Nekrasov (Princess Volkonskaya, Who Lives Well in Rus'), M.E. Saltykov - Shchedrin (The History of a City, Lord Golovlev, Poshekhon Antiquity), L.N. Tolstoy (War and Peace), A.P. Chekhov (Novel of a Doctor, Novel of a Reporter, Ward No. 6, Death of an Official, Melancholy, Vanka, The Cherry Orchard).
>>Literature: Russian literature second half of the 19th century century
Russian literature; second half of the 19th century
60s . This time went down in Russian history as a period of intensified social struggle. After the reform of 1861, a wave of peasant uprisings took place in the country. The problems of restructuring life worried everyone actively active forces- from democratic revolutionaries who called Rus' to the axe, to soft and liberal supporters of a gradual and bloodless evolutionary path.
In the 60s of the 19th century, the character of literary life. The groups of Slavophiles, Westerners and revolutionary democrats became more clearly defined.
Slavophilism - a direction in Russian social and literary thought 40-60s of the XIX century. It defended the originality of Russia's historical and cultural path. Slavophiles called their movement Slavic-Christian, Moscow, truly Russian. They idealized the religious, moral and social principles of Kievan and Muscovite Rus', creating a model of utopian social order. For Slavophiles true story Russia was tragically cut short by the reforms of Peter 1.
Westerners, on the contrary, believed that the true story Russian state only began with Peter's reforms. They affirmed the “Western”, bourgeois path of development of Russia, and were active opponents of serfdom. And these ideas were defended not only by the revolutionary-democratic wing (N.A. Dobrolyubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky), but also by liberal Westerners (V.G. Belinsky, A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev, T.N. . Granovsky, V. P. Botkin, P. V. Annenkov, I. I. Panaev, I. S. Tyrgenev).
Both Slavophiles and Westerners opposed serfdom, but they had different ideas about the future path of Russia. The escalation of disputes led to the severance of all personal relations between previously friendly people and to their bitter polemics.
The ideological disputes between Westerners and Slavophiles are depicted in “The Past and Thoughts”, “Soroka-Borovka” by A. I. Herzen, reflected in “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Tyrgenev, “Tarantas” by V. A. Sollogub. Here is how Herzen assessed these two directions: “We had the same love, but not the same one. They and we have a crush on early years... a feeling of boundless love for the Russian people, embracing the entire existence... And we, like Janus or like double headed eagle, looked in different directions, while the heart beat alone.”
There was a trend that sought to smooth out the contradictions between Westerners and Slavophiles - “soilism”. F. M. Dostoevsky, ...... Ap. A. Grigoriev and N. N. Strakhov asserted the “all-humanity” of the Russian national spirit. They believed that it was necessary to overcome the disunity between the intelligentsia and the people. “Pochvennsky” called for the preservation of identity (national soil) and did not reject the positive role of the reforms of Peter 1. We are strong as a whole people, strong with the strength that lives in the simplest and most humble individuals - that’s what Count L.N. Tolstoy wanted to say, - Strakhov wrote, and he is absolutely right.”
In the 60s - during the period of the rise of social thought - the periodical press acquired an increasingly important role. If at the beginning of the century the number of newspapers and magazines numbered in the dozens, then in the second half of the century - in the hundreds. Almost all works of Russian classical literature were first published and actively discussed on the pages of magazines and only then appeared before the reader in separately published books. A special type of Russian “thick” literary magazine that emerged in the 19th century became a phenomenon national culture.
Read the names of the authors and the titles of works that were published, for example, in the Sovremennik magazine, founded by A. S. Pushkin in 1836 (the magazine existed until 1866): “Notes of a Hunter” and “Mumu” by I. S. Typgenev, " Ordinary story" and "Oblomov's Dream" (in the appendix to the magazine) by I. A. Goncharova, "Childhood" and "Adolescence" by L. N. Tolstoy, poems by N. A. Nekrasov, A. N. Maykov, A. K. Tolstoy, A. A. Fet, Y. P. Polonsky... Since 1847, “Contemporary” was published by N. A. Nekrasov and I. I. Panaev, and later N. G. Chernyshevsky took on this role (since 1853) and N.A. Dobrolyubov (since 1856).
Along with Chernyshevsky, revolutionary democratic criticism was represented by Nikolai Aleksandrovich Dobrolyubov (1836-1861). In just five years of his activity, he created a number of articles that are still important and interesting. Dobrolyubov called his criticism real. The merits of “real criticism” appeared in the articles “What is Oblomovism?”, “Characteristics of the Russian common people”, “When will the real one will come day?", "The Dark Kingdom", "A Ray of Light in dark kingdom" For Dobrolyubov, the question of the “writer’s worldview” came first. In the supplement to the Sovremennik magazine - "Svistka" he created satirical images poets Apollo Kapelkin, Konrad Lilienschwager and Jacob Ham.
The Sovremennik magazine has gathered talented critics around it. And the point is not even that it was on its pages that the most important critical works, but that criticism has taken a strong place in Russian literature.
The fierceness of the confrontation when resolving pressing issues in the life of society inevitably caused conflicts. A striking outburst of this confrontation was the split that occurred in the editorial office of the Sovremennik magazine. The immediate reason for it was the article by N. A. Dobrolyubov “When will the real day come?” about the novel by I. S. Typgenev “On the Eve” (1860). Tyrgenev's work was about the Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, who dreamed of delivering the Balkan Slavs from the Turkish yoke. Dobrolyubov’s prediction about the inevitability of the appearance of “Russian Insarovs” who would fight against the oppressors of the people did not at all coincide with the predictions of the writer himself and even frightened him. Having read the critic’s article before its publication, Typgenev presented Nekrasov with an ultimatum: “Choose: either me or Dobrolyubov!” Nekrasov chose a like-minded person. The article over which there was a dispute appeared in print, and a break became inevitable. Following Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, I. A. Goncharov, A. A. Fet and others left the magazine.
Discussion of the burning problems of that time was reflected in the fate of authors and works that, it would seem, had long ago firmly established themselves. Even the contribution of the great Pushkin to Russian literature is being reassessed. Both opponents and defenders of the great poet’s work actively used his name and his works in their battles. I. A. Goncharov wrote: “Pushkin is the father, the founder of Russian art, just as Lomonosov is the father of science in Russia.” And there were many such judgments. But the popular critic D.I. Pisarev argued that Pushkin is just “an idol of previous generations.” He set himself the task of overthrowing the “Outdated Idol” in order to achieve the victory of “realism.” As you will see, Bazarov, the hero of I. S. Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons,” will stand in the same positions. The name of Pushkin was closely associated with the ongoing controversy over “pure art.” Intertwined in this debate are questions related to the role of literature, which have been heard in the art of many centuries, and quite topical topics generated by the preparation of the reform of 1861 and its implementation.
“Art for art’s sake”, or “pure art”, is a conventional name for a number of aesthetic concepts, which are characterized by the affirmation of the self-worth of any artistic creativity, i.e., the independence of art from politics, social problems, educational tasks. This position could also be progressive, for example, when its supporters contrasted the depiction of personal feelings with pompous and loyal odes. But often it reflected rather conservative views. This is how I expressed my attitude towards such aesthetic views V. G. Belinsky: “Fully recognizing that art, first of all, must be art, we nevertheless think that the thought of some kind of pure, detached art living in its own
own sphere... there is an abstract, dreamy thought. Such art never happens anywhere.”
Getting acquainted with Pushkin's lyrics, you have already seen how difficult it was for Him to resolve the question of the role and vocation of a poet. And therefore it is difficult to understand why in these years such wonderful lines were reproached for him, seeing in them the slogan of “pure art”:
Not for everyday worries,
Not for gain, not for battles,
We were born to inspire
For sweet sounds and prayers...
For all theorists of “pure art,” the defense of the absolute independence of creativity presupposes sharp restrictions in the choice of topics. In other words, the declaration of freedom collides with real unfreedom. When we turn to Pushkin’s work, the extraordinary breadth of his approach to the world around us, the completeness of his coverage of life and the richness of its reflection are obvious to us.
Representatives of “pure art” were reproached for refusing to make a decision social problems. and numerous parodies emphasized precisely this feature of their works.
To confirm this, it is enough to read the poem by D. D. Minaev 1 “Duet of Fet and Rosenheim 2”.
1 Minaev Dmitry Dmitrievich(1835-1889) - Russian poet. He was famous as the “king of rhyme.” His satirical talent was especially evident when working for the Iskra magazine. Master of epigram, parody, poetic feuilleton.
2 Rosenheim. Mikhail Pavlovich(1820-1887) - Russian poet, publicist. He was known as an “exposer” of moral vices. His progressiveness was superficial, and Slavophile ideas often turned into crude nationalism.
D. D. Minaev
Duet of Fet and Rosenheim
(Unconscious rejoicing and unconscious blasphemy)
Fet
I came to you with greetings
Tell them that the sun has risen.
Rosenheim
I came to you with a pamphlet
Tell me what it's like this summer
In taverns, in buffets
Meat prices have risen everywhere.
Fet
Tell them that the forest has woken up.
All woke up, every branch.
Rosenheim
Tell me how I'm bent
From worries and horrified:
The whole city choked
And he's thirsty for wine.
Fet
Tell me that with the same passion,
Like yesterday, I came again...
Rosenheim
Tell me what's with the wild power
We are being swallowed by the mouth of hell
The evil of the yoke of taxation.
Fet
Tell me that from everywhere
It blows me away with joy.
Rosenheim
And open it to your loved ones,
That I will take all bribes
Beat like old dishes
And my verse will dispel their groan.
Now it is obvious to us that such a clash between poets and prose writers only demonstrated the one-sidedness of their judgments.
When turning to the art of the 60s of the 19th century, one cannot stop only at literature. Painting and music responded with equal force to the demands of the time.
In Russian painting, the “Itinerants” loudly declared themselves. The names of I. N. Kramsmogo, I. E. Repin, V. G. Perov, A. K. Savrasov, V. I. Surikov, I. I. Shishkin and others became widely known. Established in 1870, the Association of Mobile art exhibitions"was based on the activities of the "Artel of Free Artists" (1863)
The social orientation was clearly manifested in the work of the “Itinerants”. For them, the guide to action was the poems of N. A. Nekrasov:
Share of the people
His happiness
Light and freedom
First of all!
In the 60s, Russian national music also flourished. Into world history musical culture included composers M. A. Balakirev, Ts. A. Cui, M. P. Mussorgsky, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. P. Borodin. The works they created still live on opera scenes.
70s. The reform of 1861 was left behind, but dissatisfaction with its results shook the great empire. As a result, new revolutionary forces emerge, striving to change life in the country, the populists. They put forward the theory of “peasant socialism”, deciding to make the transition to socialism through peasant community, bypassing capitalism. “Going to the people” became popular among progressive youth, but it was not successful. A split occurs in the revolutionary organization “Land and Freedom”, and the part that separated from the organization and received the name “People’s Will” set itself new task- the struggle to overthrow the autocracy through terror.
A group of writers appears in literature reflecting populist ideals and sentiments - G.I. Uspensky, N. N. 3latovratsky, S. M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, N. I. Naumov, S. Karonin (N. E. Petropavlovsky), etc. Among this galaxy, the most prominent author was Gleb Ivanovich Uspensky, who began publishing as early as in the 60s. Even then his “Morals of Rasteryaeva Street” became known. In the 70s, he was passionate about “going to the people” and lived in the Novgorod and Samara provinces. A series of his essays appears: “The Peasant and Peasant Labor”, “The Power of the Land”, “Quarter of a Horse”, “The Book of Receipts”, etc.
The creative searches of writers and poets who have already established themselves in literature continue. In poetry, the leading role is played by N. A. Nekrasov: his poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” appears. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin publishes the novel “The Golovlev Gentlemen”, L. N. Tolstoy - the novel “Anna Karenina”, F. M. Dostoevsky - the novels “Demons”, “Teenager”, “The Brothers Karamazov”.
N. S. Leskov occupies a special place in Russian literature. In his works “The Soborians”, “On Knives” and “The Enchanted Wanderer” the distinguishing feature the writer's creativity - the search for gifted natures, positive types of Russian people.
In 1866, the Sovremennik magazine was closed. The leading place in journalism is occupied by “ Russian word" and "Domestic Notes" (after the death of Nekrasov in 1877, Saltykov-Shchedrin began to manage the magazine).
80s. On March 1, 1881, Tsar Alexander 11 was killed. The Narodnaya Volya societies were destroyed. A time began that was often called the “twilight” of Russian life. The banned magazines “Otechestvennye zapiski” and “Delo” are being replaced by the magazines “Week” and “Vestnik Evropy”, which are moderate in their views. “Dragonfly” and “Shards” with their petty humor replaced “Whistle” and “Spark”.
The mood of that time - the era of “timelessness” and decline - was clearly expressed in their work by the poet S. Ya. Nadson and the writer V. M. Garshin. During these years, V. G. Korolenko became famous for “Makar’s Dream”, “The River Plays”, “The Blind Musician”, “In bad society", "The Forest is Noisy", etc.), A.P. Chekhov actively enters into literature.
Let's sum it up
Questions and tasks
1. How do you connect such concepts as liberal, Westernizer, Slavophile, revolutionary democrat, “soilist,” populist with the second half of the 19th century?
2. How do you understand the assessment of the positions of Slavophiles and Westerners given by A. I. Herzen?
3. To what time do you attribute the heyday of Russian realism? What authors is he associated with?
4. What is “pure art”? What are its main features? Who actively opposed and why? pure art"? What was this confrontation expressed in? Give examples.
5. How can you explain sharp increase periodicals and the growing influence of magazines in the second half of the 19th century?
Topics of reports and abstracts
1. The influence of the creativity of writers and poets of the first half of the 19th century on the development of literature in the second half of the century.
2. Reflection of the ideas of Slavophiles and Westerners in society and literature of the second half of the 19th century.
3. “Soilism” as a phenomenon of social thought.
Recommended reading
G r i g o r e v A p. A. Literary criticism. M., 1967.
Gurevich A. M. Dynamics of realism. M., 1995.
D r u z i n A. V. Beautiful and eternal. M., 1988.
Kulesh about V.I. History of Russian criticism. M., 1972.
F okht U. Ways of Russian realism. M., 1963.
The study of literature is closely connected with the study of history, with the study of the liberation movement.
The entire liberation movement in Russia can be divided into three stages:
Decembrist (noble) (from 1825 to 1861). (Ryleev, Griboyedov, Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Herzen, Belinsky, etc.)
Bourgeois-democratic (raznochinsky) (from 1861 to 1895) (Nekrasov, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Chernyshevsky, Dobrolyubov, etc.)
Proletarsky (since 1895) (A.M. Gorky is rightfully considered the founder of proletarian literature)
The 60s of the 19th century are one of the brightest pages in the history of the ideological and artistic development of our country. During these years, the work of such wonderful writers as Ostrovsky, Turgenev, Nekrasov, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekhov and others was revealed in all its beauty and power. talented critics, such as Dobrolyubov, Pisarev, Chernyshevsky and others, such brilliant artists, like Repin, Kramskoy, Perov, Surikov, Vasnetsov, Savrasov and others, such outstanding composers, like Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Glinka, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov and others.
In the 60s of the 19th century, Russia entered the second stage of the liberation movement. The narrow circle of noble revolutionaries was replaced by new fighters who called themselves commoners. These were representatives of the petty nobility, clergy, officials, peasantry, and intelligentsia. They greedily sought knowledge and, having mastered it, carried their knowledge to the people. The most selfless part of the commoners took the path of revolutionary struggle against the autocracy. This new fighter needed his own poet to express his ideas. N.A. became such a poet. Nekrasov.
By the mid-50s of the 19th century, it became clear that the “knot of all evils” in Russia was serfdom. Everyone understood this. But there was no consensus on how to get rid of it. The democrats, led by Chernyshevsky, called on the people for revolution. They were opposed by conservatives and liberals, who believed that serfdom should be abolished through reforms from above. In 1861, the tsarist government was forced to abolish serfdom, but this “liberation” turned out to be a deception, since the land remained the property of the landowners.
The political struggle between Democrats, on the one hand, and conservatives and liberals, on the other, was reflected in the literary struggle. The arena of this struggle was, in particular, the magazine Sovremennik (1847 - 1866), and after its closure the magazine Otechestvennye zapiski (1868 - 1884).
Sovremennik magazineThe magazine was founded by Pushkin in 1836. After his death in 1837, Pushkin’s friend, professor at St. Petersburg University Pletnev, became the editor of the magazine.
In 1847, N.A. rented the magazine. Nekrasov and I.I. Panaev. They managed to group all the best literary forces of that time around the magazine. The critical department was led by Belinsky, Herzen, Turgenev, Grigorovich, Tolstoy, Fet and others published their works.
During the period of revolutionary upsurge, Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov joined the editorial board of Sovremennik. They turned the magazine into a weapon in the struggle to overthrow the autocracy. At the same time, irreconcilable contradictions emerged among the magazine’s staff between democratic writers and liberal writers. In 1860, there was a split in the editorial board. The occasion was Dobrolyubov’s article “When will the real day come” dedicated to the novel Turgenev "On the Eve". Turgenev, who defended liberal positions, did not agree with the revolutionary interpretation of his novel and, after the article was published, resigned from the editorial office of the magazine in protest. Together with him, other liberal writers left the magazine: Tolstoy, Goncharov, Fet and others.
However, after their departure, Nekrasov, Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov managed to rally talented youth around Sovremennik and turned the magazine into a revolutionary tribune of the era. As a result, in 1862 the publication of Sovremennik was suspended for 8 months, and in 1866 it was closed completely. The traditions of Sovremennik were continued by the journal Otechestvennye zapiski (1868 - 1884), which was published under the editorship of Nekrasov and Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Dobrolyubov Nikolai Alexandrovich (1836 -- 1861)Dobrolyubov's life is devoid of bright external events, but rich in complex internal content. He was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a priest, an intelligent and educated man. He studied at a theological school, then at a theological seminary, and at the age of 17 he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. In 1856, he brought his first article to the editors of Sovremennik, followed by 4 years of feverish, tireless work and a year abroad, where the critic went to be treated for tuberculosis, a year spent waiting for death. That's the whole biography of Dobrolyubov. At his grave, Chernyshevsky said: “Dobrolyubov’s death was a great loss. The Russian people lost their best defender in him.”
The feeling of great loss and admiration for a friend is also expressed in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "In Memory of Dobrolyubov".
"In Memory of Dobrolyubov"
You were harsh, you were in your younger years
He knew how to subordinate passion to reason.
You taught me to live for glory, for freedom,
But you taught me more to die.
Consciously worldly pleasures
You rejected, you kept purity,
You did not quench the thirst of your heart;
As a woman, you loved your homeland.
Your works, hopes, thoughts
You gave it to her; you are honest hearts
He conquered her. Calling for new life
And a bright paradise, and pearls for a crown
You cooked for your stern mistress.
But your hour struck too early,
And the prophetic pen fell from his hands.
What a lamp of reason has gone out!
What heart has stopped beating!
Years have passed, passions have subsided,
And you rose high above us.
Cry, Russian land! But also be proud -
Since you've been standing under the skies
You never gave birth to such a son
And she didn’t take hers back into the depths:
Treasures of spiritual beauty
They were combined in it gracefully.
Mother Nature! If only such people
Sometimes you didn't send to the world,
The field of life would die out...
The 19th century gave birth a large number of Russian talented prose writers and poets. Their works quickly burst into the world and took their rightful place in it. The work of many authors around the world was influenced by them. general characteristics Russian literature of the 19th century has become the subject of study in a separate section in literary criticism. Undoubtedly, the prerequisites for such a rapid cultural rise were events in political and social life.
StoryThe main trends in art and literature are formed under the influence historical events. If in the 18th century public life in Russia was relatively measured, the next century included many important vicissitudes that influenced not only further development society and politics, but also on the formation of new trends and trends in literature.
The striking historical milestones of this period were the war with Turkey, the invasion of Napoleonic army, the execution of oppositionists, the abolition of serfdom and many other events. All of them are reflected in art and culture. A general description of Russian literature of the 19th century cannot do without mentioning the creation of new stylistic norms. The genius of the art of words was A.S. Pushkin. This great century begins with his work.
Literary languageThe main merit of the brilliant Russian poet was the creation of new poetic forms, stylistic devices and unique, previously unused plots. Pushkin managed to achieve this thanks to his comprehensive development and excellent education. One day he set himself the goal of achieving all the peaks in education. And he achieved it by the age of thirty-seven. Pushkin's heroes became atypical and new for that time. The image of Tatyana Larina combines beauty, intelligence and characteristics of the Russian soul. This literary type There were no analogues in our literature before.
Answering the question: “What is the general characteristic of Russian literature of the 19th century?”, a person with at least basic philological knowledge will remember such names as Pushkin, Chekhov, Dostoevsky. But it was the author of “Eugene Onegin” who made a revolution in Russian literature.
This concept originates from Western medieval epic. But to 19th century it acquired new shades. Originating in Germany, romanticism penetrated into the work of Russian authors. In prose, this direction is characterized by a desire for mystical motives and folk legends. Poetry traces the desire to transform life for the better and the chanting folk heroes. The opposition and their tragic end became fertile ground for poetic creativity.
The general characteristics of Russian literature of the 19th century are marked by romantic moods in the lyrics, which were quite often found in the poems of Pushkin and other poets of his galaxy.
As for prose, new forms of the story have appeared here, among which the fantastic genre occupies an important place. Vivid examples romantic prose - early works Nikolai Gogol.
SentimentalismWith the development of this direction, Russian literature of the 19th century begins. General prose is sensual and focuses on the reader's perception. Sentimentalism penetrated into Russian literature at the end of the 18th century. Karamzin became the founder of the Russian tradition in this genre. In the 19th century he gained a number of followers.
It was at this time that satirical and journalistic works appeared. This trend can be traced primarily in the work of Gogol. Starting your creative journey with a description small homeland, this author later moved to all-Russian social topics. It is difficult today to imagine what Russian literature of the 19th century would have been like without this master of satire. The general characteristics of his prose in this genre come down not only to a critical look at the stupidity and parasitism of the landowners. The satirical writer “traversed” almost all layers of society.
A masterpiece of satirical prose was the novel “Gentlemen Golovlevs,” dedicated to the theme of the poor spiritual world landowners. Subsequently, the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin, like the books of many other satirical writers, became the starting point for the emergence
In the second half of the century, realistic prose developed. Romantic ideals turned out to be insolvent. There was a need to show the world as it really is. Dostoevsky's prose is an integral part of such a concept as Russian literature of the 19th century. The general description briefly represents a list of important features of this period and the prerequisites for the occurrence of certain phenomena. As for Dostoevsky's realistic prose, it can be characterized as follows: the stories and novels of this author became a reaction to the mood that prevailed in society in those years. Depicting prototypes of people he knew in his works, he sought to consider and solve the most pressing issues of the society in which he moved.
In the first decades, the country glorified Mikhail Kutuzov, then the romantic Decembrists. This is clearly evidenced by Russian literature of the early 19th century. The general characteristics of the end of the century can be summed up in a few words. This is a revaluation of values. It was not the fate of the entire people, but its individual representatives that came to the fore. Hence the appearance in prose of the image of the “superfluous person.”
In the years when the realistic novel took a dominant position, poetry faded into the background. The general characteristics of the development of Russian literature of the 19th century allow us to trace long haul from dreamy poetry to true romance. In this atmosphere, Nekrasov creates his brilliant work. But his work can hardly be attributed to one of the leading genres of the mentioned period. The author combined several genres in his poem: peasant, heroic, revolutionary.
End of the centuryAt the end of the 19th century, Chekhov became one of the most read authors. Despite the fact that at the beginning creative path critics accused the writer of being cold towards current social issues; his works received undeniable public recognition. Continuing to develop the image of the “little man” created by Pushkin, Chekhov studied the Russian soul. Various philosophical and political ideas, which were developed in late XIX centuries, could not help but influence the lives of individual people.
IN later literature The 19th century was dominated by revolutionary sentiments. Among the authors whose work was at the turn of the century, one of the most prominent personalities was Maxim Gorky.
The general characteristics of the 19th century deserve closer attention. Every major representative this period created his own art world, whose heroes dreamed of the impossible, fought against social evil or experienced their own small tragedy. And the main task of their authors was to reflect the realities of a century rich in social and political events.