It is simply impossible to imagine our life without fairy tales. We get to know them back in early childhood. From fairy tales we learn for the first time that there is good and bad, good and evil in the world. Fairy tales awaken and develop the imagination, teach the little man to distinguish good from bad, think, feel and empathize, gradually preparing him to enter adulthood. First, my mother reads to us “Turnip” and “Ryaba Hen”, then introduces us to the magical world of fairy tales by Pushkin and Charles Perrault. And there we already read it ourselves amazing tales Nikolai Nosov, Vitaly Bianki and Evgeniy Schwartz. What kind of fairy tales are there?
Fairy tales are:
- folk, or folklore;
- literary, or copyright.
Types of folk tales for children
Folk tale came to us from the depths of centuries. After a hard time working day or long winter evenings With a torch lit in the hut, people told and listened to fairy tales. Then they retold them to each other, simplifying or embellishing, enriching them with new characters and events. So they were passed on from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. But fairy tales were written not only for entertainment; in them people wanted to express their attitude to life. In folk tales we see faith in reason, goodness and justice, the triumph of truth over falsehood, the glorification of courage and bravery, disdain for stupidity, hatred of enemies or ridicule of them. A folk tale allows you to feel a connection with the past and provides an opportunity to join the origins of folk culture.
Folk tales, in turn, are divided into three types:
- tales about animals;
- fairy tales;
- everyday tales.
Animal Tales. From time immemorial, animals have lived alongside humans, so it is not surprising that they are often the main characters in folk tales. Moreover, in fairy tales, animals often have human qualities. Such fairy tale character immediately becomes clearer to the reader. And the role of a person in the plot of a fairy tale can be primary, secondary or equal. By genre, there are fairy tales about animals and cumulative tales (repetition fairy tales). Distinctive feature A cumulative fairy tale is the repeated repetition of a plot unit, as, for example, in “Turnip” and “Ryab the Hen”.
Fairy tales differ in that their heroes act in a fantastic, unreal world, which lives and acts according to its own special laws, different from human ones. Such a fairy tale is replete with magical events and adventures, exciting the imagination. Fairy tales are classified by plot:
- heroic tales involving the struggle and victory over a magical creature - a snake, an ogre, a giant, a witch, a monster or evil wizard;
- tales related to the search or use of some magical object;
- tales related to wedding trials;
- tales about the oppressed in the family (for example, about a stepdaughter and an evil stepmother).
Everyday tales. A feature of everyday fairy tales is the reflection of everyday folk life and everyday life. They rise in them social problems, negative human qualities and actions are ridiculed. An everyday fairy tale may also contain elements of a fairy tale. In everyday fairy tales, as a rule, greedy priests and stupid landowners are ridiculed, and the hero of the fairy tale (a man, a soldier) emerges victorious from all troubles.
Types of literary children's fairy tales
What is a literary fairy tale? A literary fairy tale has an author, which is why it is also called an author's fairy tale. This is a work of fiction that can be written in prose or poetic form. The plot of a literary fairy tale can be based on folklore sources, or may be an exclusively original idea of the author. Literary fairy tale more varied in plot, the narrative in it is more rich, it is replete with various literary devices. It, like a folk tale, also contains fiction and magic. But the predecessor of the author's fairy tale, of course, was a folk tale; it is too connected with the folklore that gave birth to it. The author, the author's individual imagination, the selection from the treasury of folklore only of what the author needs to express and formulate his thoughts and feelings - this is the main difference between a literary fairy tale and a folklore one.
Excellent examples of literary fairy tales are the tales of A.S. Pushkina, K.D. Ushinsky, G.Kh. Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, E. Schwartz, V. Bianchi, J.R.R. Tolkien and many other wonderful fairy tale authors.
Despite the differences in types and genres, all fairy tales have one unifying principle - good. After all the twists and turns and untruths in a fairy tale, goodness and justice always win. There are no evil fairy tales. There are only good fairy tales. That's why they are fairy tales.
Fairy tale. Types of fairy tales
For the first time, a child encounters a fairy tale at the age of 1 to 1.5 years, it is at this time that every adult in the family becomes a storyteller. At the same time, adults do not just tell fairy tales, but remember fairy tales from their childhood, which their parents in turn told them. Thus, it is possible to trace the connection between generations, which will not be interrupted in the future with the advent of huge amount modern technology. The first book that appears in a person’s life at the age of about 3 years is a fairy tale, a fairy tale that you can now not only hear from adults, but also see its characters in pictures. As a rule, children's books are very well and colorfully illustrated. It is with such books that a child begins to take his first steps into the vast world of literature. And the task of adults is to interest them in increasing these steps and help the child move further in getting to know the literature of the whole world.
A fairy tale is a fictional story with a happy ending and the inevitable victory of good over evil.
This also includes myths, legends, metaphors, proverbs, etc. A fairy tale is one of the forms aesthetic creativity in children. One of its roots is the work of childhood fantasy: being an organ emotional sphere, fantasy is looking for images to express children's feelings in them. Listening to fairy tales, the child enjoys the same freedom in the play of images that he enjoys in the play of movements. .
A fairy tale is a type of folklore prose known among all nations. If you conduct a survey on the street among adults and children, “What fairy tales do you know, remember and can tell without thinking,” then for the most part they will be “Kolobok”, “Turnip”, “Ryaba the Chicken”. But if you ask to clarify what type of folk tales they belong to, then few will be able to answer this question. At first glance, it may seem that knowledge of types of fairy tales is not so important. But it is the type of fairy tale that presupposes the events, characters and plot of the work.
Currently, there are two main types of fairy tales: folk and author's. Both folk and author's fairy tales, in turn, can be divided into fairy tales about animals, everyday, scary, magical and other fairy tales. In addition, author's fairy tales can be didactic and psychocorrective.
Animal Tales:
Tales about animals are a widespread genre. They talk about the habits, tricks and adventures of ordinary, familiar wild and domestic animals, about birds and slaves, the relationships between which are very similar to the relationships between people. And the character of the animals is similar to that of humans: the bear is stupid, the hare is cowardly, the wolf is greedy, Lisa Patrikeevna is more cunning than the cunning, she will deceive anyone you want. “Once upon a time there was a grandfather and a woman and they had a chicken, Ryaba...” a wonderful fairy tale! She is deftly built - it is not difficult to remember, which is why she is still remembered from childhood. Short, nothing superfluous. And how much action there is in it, heroes - grandfather, grandmother, chicken, mouse. The fairy tale about the turnip is just as lively and interesting. Of course, such works are designed for the little ones. Listening to them, the baby learns a lot, develops his mind and imagination - after all, you need to see and imagine all these little animals running and playing. At the same time, the circular construction of a fairy tale helps to quickly memorize it. These fairy tales are very convenient for staging plays, so they are often used for performances in which the children themselves are the actors.
Tales with animals are short and simple in composition. Often one episode is repeated several times. So, for example, a fox comes three times under the window of a cat and a rooster’s hut, many times the animals try to drive the fox out of the hare’s house, etc. In Russian fairy tales, inhabitants of forests, fields, and steppes appear. Birds are represented in a variety of ways: raven, sparrow, heron, crane, black grouse, owl, woodpecker. There are insects: fly, mosquito, bee, ant, spider.
Another group of subjects are domestic animals and birds. The Slavs were surrounded every day and became characters in their fairy tales: ox, ram, horse, dog, cat, rooster, goose, duck. Fairy tales contribute to the transfer of knowledge and life experience from adults to children; they have a pedagogical orientation, which is served by their simplicity. artistic form, as well as a playful manner of performance: the use of songs, dialogues, sound recording, rhythm, rhyme.
Particularly useful are the so-called chain fairy tales, where you need to very carefully monitor the order of the episodes and their logic. A striking example Such a fairy tale is the tale about how a goat sent a goat for nuts. The whole tale consists of a long rhyming goat song, the words of which are: “There is no goat with nuts, there is no goat with hot ones!” - are known to almost everyone.
Everyday tales:
They talk about the vicissitudes family life, show ways to resolve conflict situations, form an attitude of common sense and a healthy sense of humor in relation to adversity, and talk about little family tricks.
Everyday fairy tales are full of humor; they give comic portraits of endless lazy people, fools who do everything inappropriately, grumpy, stubborn wives. These tales accurately convey everyday life and circumstances folk life. But this does not mean that it reflects reality just like in a mirror. Truth coexists here, as it should be in a fairy tale, with fiction, with events and actions that cannot actually happen. For example, a cruel queen is corrected by changing places with the wife of a brawling shoemaker for several days; A man who accidentally killed a master's dog is obliged by a court verdict to bark at night and guard the estate. In an everyday fairy tale, there is only one world in which all the heroes of the events live. Everything is ordinary here, everything happens in real life.
The characteristics of the heroes of these fairy tales are always the same: the landowner, master - greedy, stupid, cruel, arrogant, often rude. The attitude towards the king is ambivalent. If boyars and courtiers act next to him, then the tsar is necessarily on the side of the peasant. But if a man and a king meet one on one, then it’s the king against the man. The priest is also often greedy, not averse to drinking, and sometimes hypocritical. But he is never rude or cruel. He is always affectionate. His favorite word"light": "You are my light Vanyusha!" The tale respects good, skillful workers.
In an everyday fairy tale one can never do without deception; theft is quite acceptable. Thanks to the improbability of events, everyday tales are fairy tales, and not just everyday stories. Their aesthetics require an unusual, unexpected, sudden development of action, which should cause surprise in the listeners and, as a consequence of this, empathy or laughter. These tales sometimes feature fantasy characters: damn, Woe-Misfortune, Share. The meaning of these images is only to reveal the life conflict that underlies the fairy tale plot. The plot develops thanks to the hero's collision not with magical powers, but with complex life problems. The hero comes out unscathed from the most hopeless situations, because he is helped by a happy coincidence of circumstances. But more often he helps himself - with ingenuity, resourcefulness, even trickery.
Scary tales:
These tales tell about evil spirits. In modern children's literature, a distinction is also made between fairy tales and horror stories. Apparently, here we are dealing with the experience of children's self-therapy: by repeatedly modeling and experiencing an alarming situation in a fairy tale, children are freed from tension and acquire new ways of reacting.
What is a horror story? This is the most interesting psychological material that allows you to see the hidden corners of the world of children. Urban horror stories are little “spoiled” by direct influence modern culture adults and bear the bright imprint of childhood: childish logic, childhood fears and age-related problems. The content of scary stories greatly depends on the cultural and social traditions of the environment in which the child grows and is raised. These stories among children from different countries have undoubted similarities in plots, poetic features, manner of performance. The similarity lies both in the common folklore fairy-tale roots of scary stories, and in the psychology of little storytellers and listeners, in whose collective life horror stories have a special place and meaning.
The heroes of the horror story are conventional and nameless. Their characters are not revealed, and their actions are almost not motivated. They simply represent the clash between the forces of good and evil. In a horror story you can always find characters suffering - these are members of a fairy-tale family. It is with the child hero that the narrator identifies himself. The variety of horror story plots is small. As in a fairy tale, they are assembled from traditional semantic bricks - motives, situations. Almost all of them clearly bear the stamp psychological problems childhood.
Fairy tales: .
Unlike other types of fairy tales, fairy tales are based on a very clear composition and plot. And also, most often, a recognizable set of certain universal “formulas” by which it is easy to recognize and distinguish. This is the standard beginning - “Once upon a time there lived in a certain kingdom in a certain state...”, or the ending “And I was there, drinking honey and beer...”, and standard question-answer formulas “Where are you going?”, “Are you torturing or you're running away," and others. They help to remember and tell a fairy tale, and decorate it...
The main character of the fairy tale is always young. According to legend primitive man, wisdom can only be obtained from ancestors. But the ancestors are in another world. Hence all these trips to various copper and other kingdoms, to the underground and underwater world, to the distant distant kingdom - the thirtieth state. That is why the main character leaves his home, and then from ordinary world. Searches, battles - everything that a character in a fairy tale does, most often, happens in another strange world.
In the fairy tale, the hero communicates with creatures that you will never meet in life: Koschey the Immortal, Baba Yaga, the many-headed Serpent, giants and dwarfs. Here are also unprecedented animals: Deer - Golden Horns, Pig - Golden Bristle, Fire - Bird. Often, wonderful objects fall into the hero’s arms: harps, samoguds, a self-assembled tablecloth, an invisible hat. In such a fairy tale, everything is possible. If you want to become young, eat rejuvenating apples, you need to revive the princess or prince, sprinkle them with dead water, and then with living water.
Female images of fairy tales and their heroines are more diverse than male ones. Here are wise maidens, possessing miraculous witchcraft powers, beauties, gentle, poetic, faithful lovers, who for the sake of their loved ones can trample three pairs of iron shoes, break three cast-iron staffs, gnaw three stone breads.
Next to the main characters there are always their wonderful assistants, different in character and origin, they are united in their role - they complement and complete the actions of the main characters, help them in their struggle, in solving difficult problems, obtaining curiosities, winning a bride.
Positive heroes and heroines, their assistants and amazing objects create an impeccable, bright, joyful world. This world confronts the evil of life, the dark forces.
Author's fairy tales: they are more reverent and imaginative than folk tales. If we want to help the patient understand his inner experiences, we will probably choose the author's fairy tale. Some author's fairy tales form a negative life scenario, but it develops only if philosophical, spiritual meaning the fairy tale was not understood (i.e., there was a dominant feeling that led to the choice of a certain moment) Then work with the life scenario should begin with rethinking philosophical meaning fairy tales
This type of original fairy tales, like didactic fairy tales, are created by teachers for “packaging” educational material. At the same time, abstract symbols (numbers, letters, sounds, arithmetic operations, etc.) are animated, created fairy tale image the world in which they live. These tales can reveal the meaning and importance of certain knowledge. In shape didactic fairy tales training assignments are “submitted”. .
Didactic fairy tales are created by teachers to “package” educational material. At the same time, abstract symbols (numbers, letters, sounds, arithmetic operations, etc.) are animated, creating a fabulous image of the world in which they live. Didactic tales can reveal the meaning and importance of certain knowledge. Educational tasks are presented in the form of didactic fairy tales.
Psychocorrectional fairy tales are created to have a gentle influence on the child’s behavior. It tells about many human problems, and everyone can recognize themselves on the pages of a literary work. Psychotherapeutic fairy tales include fairy tales composed by the child himself and fairy tales written together with the child. .
Correction here means “replacing” an ineffective style of behavior with a more productive one, as well as explaining to the child the meaning of what is happening. In psychocorrectional fairy tales, the listener (reader) is usually presented with a model of behavior that he can use to overcome his difficulties. At the same time, the events that happen to the hero should be similar to real situations in the lives of children. Through a fairy tale, a child gains the opportunity to understand his own experiences, individual psychological characteristics. Alternative behavior patterns, understood through a fairy tale, help the child see different faces emerging situations and find new meanings in it.
Literary fairy tale - a whole direction in fiction. For for many years In its formation and development, this genre has become a universal genre, covering all phenomena of surrounding life and nature, achievements of science and technology.
Just as a folk tale, constantly changing, absorbed the features of a new reality, a literary fairy tale has always been inextricably linked with socio-historical events and literary and aesthetic trends.
Literary fairy tales of the romantics are characterized by a combination of the magical, fantastic, ghostly and mystical with modern reality.
A decisive step towards the literary fairy tale was made by the founder of this genre, H. C. Andersen, a writer who argued that fairy tales are “brilliant, the best gold in the world, the gold that sparkles in children’s eyes, rings with laughter from children’s lips and the lips of parents.” . Every flower, every street lamp They told the storyteller their story, and he passed it on to the children.
The fairy tales of the Danish writer are filled with a whole range of human feelings and moods: kindness, mercy, admiration, pity, irony, compassion. And most importantly - love. The basis of a literary fairy tale can be a fantastic image born of a child’s imagination.
Humor in a literary fairy tale is of a different nature and has become its distinctive feature. Sometimes literary fairy tales written for adults become children's favorite reading. Fairy-tale literature with elements of nonsense: paradox, surprise, apparent nonsense, poetic “nonsense” is widely popular among children. E. Uspensky with his Cheburashka and the crocodile Gena, E. Raud, R. Pogodin showed the inexhaustible possibilities of nonsense.
The literary fairy tale has many faces these days. Among the definitions, the most complete is the formulation of L. Yu. Braude: “A literary fairy tale is an author’s artistic prose or poetic work, based either on folklore sources, or invented by the writer himself, but in any case subordinate to his will; a work, predominantly fantastical, depicting wonderful adventures of fictional or traditional fairy-tale heroes and in some cases child-oriented; a work in which magic, miracle plays the role of a plot-forming factor and helps to characterize the characters.”
The most important ideas, main issues, plot cores and - most importantly - the alignment of forces that bring about good and evil, are essentially the same in fairy tales of different peoples. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries; it is for all humanity.
Folklore studies have devoted a lot of research to the fairy tale, but defining it as one of the genres of oral folk art still remains an open problem. The heterogeneity of fairy tales, the wide thematic range, the variety of motives and characters contained in them, the countless number of ways to resolve conflicts really make the task genre definition fairy tales are very complex.
And yet, the divergence in views on a fairy tale is associated with what is regarded as the main thing in it: an orientation toward fiction or the desire to reflect reality through fiction.
The essence and vitality of a fairy tale, the secret of its magical existence is in the constant combination of two elements of meaning: fantasy and truth.
On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not entirely uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure tales, social and everyday tales, anecdote tales, upside-down tales and others are distinguished.
The groups of fairy tales do not have sharply defined boundaries, but despite the fragility of the demarcation, such a classification allows you to start a substantive conversation with the child about fairy tales within the framework of a conventional “system” - which, of course, makes the work of parents and educators easier.
To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been accepted:
1. Tales about animals;
2. Fairy tales;
3. Everyday tales.
Let's take a closer look at each type.
Animal Tales
Folk poetry embraced the whole world; its object was not only man, but also all living things on the planet. By depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human features, but at the same time it records and characterizes their habits, “way of life,” etc. Hence the lively, intense text of fairy tales.
Man has long felt a kinship with nature; he truly was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking its protection, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.
In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, make peace. The basis of such tales is totemism (belief in a totem animal, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. He was often thought of as a terrible, vengeful beast, unforgiving of insults (the fairy tale “The Bear”). The further the belief in this goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible is his power over the animal, the “victory” over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales “The Man and the Bear” and “The Bear, the Dog and the Cat.” Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf is believed to be wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism and becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the closeness of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "Beasts in the Pit").
Tales about animals stand out in a special group by nature characters. They are divided by type of animal. This also includes tales about plants, inanimate nature (frost, sun, wind), and objects (a bubble, a straw, a bast shoe).
In fairy tales about animals, man:
1) plays minor role(the old man from the fairy tale “The Fox Steals Fish from the Cart”);
2) occupies a position equivalent to an animal (the man from the fairy tale “The old bread and salt is forgotten”).
Possible classification of tales about animals.
First of all, a fairy tale about animals is classified according to the main character (thematic classification). This classification is given in the index of fairy-tale plots of world folklore compiled by Arne-Thomson and in the “Comparative Index of Plots. East Slavic Fairy Tale”:
1. Wild animals.
- Fox.
- Other wild animals.
2. Wild and domestic animals
3. Man and wild animals.
4. Pets.
5. Birds and fish.
6. Other animals, objects, plants and natural phenomena.
The next possible classification of a fairy tale about animals is a structural-semantic classification, which classifies the fairy tale according to genre. There are several genres in a fairy tale about animals. V. Ya. Propp identified such genres as:
1. Cumulative tale about animals.
3. Fable (apologist)
4. Satirical tale
E. A. Kostyukhin identified genres about animals as:
1. Comic (everyday) tale about animals
2. A fairy tale about animals
3. Cumulative tale about animals
4. A short story about animals
5. Apologist (fable)
6. Anecdote.
7. A satirical tale about animals
8. Legends, traditions, everyday stories about animals
9. Tales
Propp, in the basis of his classification of animal tales by genre, tried to put a formal feature. Kostyukhin, on the other hand, partly based his classification on a formal feature, but basically the researcher divides the genres of fairy tales about animals according to content. This allows us to better understand the diverse material of fairy tales about animals, which demonstrates the variety of structural structures, diversity of styles, and richness of content.
The third possible classification of a fairy tale about animals is a classification based on the target audience. Tales about animals are divided into:
1. Children's fairy tales.
- Fairy tales told for children.
- Fairy tales told by children.
2. Adult fairy tales.
This or that genre of animal tales has its own target audience. Modern Russian fairy tales about animals mainly belong to a children's audience. Thus, fairy tales told for children have a simplified structure. But there is a genre of fairy tales about animals that will never be addressed to children - this is the so-called. A "naughty" ("cherished" or "pornographic") tale.
About twenty plots of fairy tales about animals are cumulative fairy tales. The principle of such a composition is the repeated repetition of a plot unit. Thompson, S., Bolte, J. and Polivka, I., Propp identified fairy tales with cumulative composition as a special group of fairy tales. The cumulative (chain-like) composition is distinguished:
1. With endless repetition:
- Boring fairy tales like “About the White Bull.”
- A unit of text is included in another text (“The priest had a dog”).
2. With End Repetition:
- “Turnip” - plot units grow into a chain until the chain breaks.
- “The cockerel choked” - the chain unravels until the chain breaks.
- “For a rolling duck” - the previous unit of text is negated in the next episode.
Another genre form of a fairy tale about animals is the structure of a fairy tale ("The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats", "The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox").
The leading place in fairy tales about animals is occupied by comic tales - about the pranks of animals ("The fox steals fish from a sleigh (from a cart"), "The wolf at the ice hole", "The fox coats its head with dough (sour cream), "The beaten one carries the unbeaten", "The fox midwife ", etc.), which influence other fairy-tale genres of animal epic, especially the apologist (fable). The plot core of a comic tale about animals is a chance meeting and a trick (deception, according to Propp). Sometimes they combine several meetings and pranks. The hero of a comic fairy tale is a trickster (one who commits tricks). The main trickster of the Russian fairy tale is the fox (in the world epic - the hare). Its victims are usually a wolf and a bear. It has been noticed that if a fox acts against the weak, it loses, if against the strong, it wins. This comes from archaic folklore. IN modern fairy tale In animals, the victory and defeat of the trickster often receives a moral assessment. The trickster in the fairy tale is contrasted with the simpleton. It can be a predator (wolf, bear), or a person, or a simple animal, like a hare.
A significant part of fairy tales about animals is occupied by an apologist (fable), in which the comic beginning, but moralizing, moralizing. Moreover, the apologist does not necessarily have to have a moral in the form of an ending. The moral comes from the story situations. Situations must be unambiguous in order to easily form moral conclusions. Typical examples of an apologist are fairy tales where there is a clash of contrasting characters (Who is more cowardly than a hare?; Old bread and salt is forgotten; A splinter in the paw of a bear (lion). An apologist can also be considered such plots that have been known in literary fables since ancient times (Fox and sour grapes; The Crow and the Fox and many others). The apologist is a relatively late form of fairy tales about animals, dating back to a time when moral standards had already been determined and were looking for a suitable form for themselves. In fairy tales of this type, only a few plots with the tricks of tricksters were transformed. he developed the apologist himself (not without the influence of literature). The third way of development of the apologist is the proliferation of proverbs (proverbs and sayings. But unlike the proverbs, in the apologist the allegory is not only rational, but also sensitive.
Next to the apologist stands the so-called short story tale about animals, highlighted by E. A. Kostyukhin. A short story in an animal fairy tale is a story about unusual events with a fairly developed intrigue, with sharp turns in the fate of the heroes. The tendency towards moralization determines the fate of the genre. It has a more definite moral than the apologist, the comic element is muted or completely removed. The mischief of a comic fairy tale about animals is replaced in the novella with a different content - entertaining. A classic example of a short story about animals is "Grateful Animals." Most of the plots of folklore short stories about animals develop in literature and then pass into folklore. The easy transition of these plots is due to the fact that they themselves literary subjects are formed on a folklore basis.
Speaking about satire in fairy tales about animals, it must be said that literature once gave impetus to the development of the satirical fairy tale. The conditions for the appearance of a satirical tale arose in the late Middle Ages. The satirical effect in a folk tale is achieved by putting social terminology into the mouths of animals (Fox the Confessor; Cat and Wild Animals). The plot of “Ruff Ershovich” stands apart, which is a fairy tale of book origin. Having appeared late in a folk tale, satire did not take hold in it, since in a satirical tale one can easily remove social terminology.
So in the 19th century, the satirical fairy tale was unpopular. Satire within a fairy tale about animals is only an accent in an extremely small group of stories about animals. And on satirical tale influenced by the laws of animal fairy tales with trickster tricks. The satirical sound was preserved in fairy tales where there was a trickster in the center, and where there was complete absurdity of what was happening, the fairy tale became a fable.
Fairy tales
Fairy tales of the fairy type include magical, adventure, and heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales is a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and a wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible “transformation”, amazing in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very character (from the fairy tale “The Snow Maiden.” “Look, the Snow Maiden’s lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then she shook off the snow and a living girl came out of the snowdrift.” “Conversion” in fairy tales of the wonderful type, usually occur with the help of magical creatures or objects.
Basically, fairy tales are older than others; they bear traces of a person’s primary acquaintance with the world around him.
A fairy tale is based on a complex composition, which has an exposition, a plot, plot development, a climax and a denouement.
The plot of a fairy tale is based on a story about overcoming a loss or shortage with the help of miraculous means or magical helpers. In the exhibition of the fairy tale there are consistently 2 generations - the older (the king and the queen, etc.) and the younger - Ivan and his brothers or sisters. Also included in the exhibition is the absence of the older generation. An intensified form of absence is the death of the parents. The plot of the tale is that the main character or heroine discovers a loss or shortage, or there are motives of prohibition, violation of the prohibition and subsequent disaster. Here is the beginning of counteraction, i.e. sending the hero from home.
Plot development is a search for what is lost or missing.
The climax of a fairy tale is that the protagonist or heroine fights an opposing force and always defeats it (the equivalent of fighting is solving difficult problems that are always solved).
Denouement is overcoming a loss or lack. Usually the hero (heroine) “reigns” at the end - that is, acquires a higher social status than he had at the beginning.
V.Ya. Propp reveals the monotony of a fairy tale at the plot level in a purely syntagmatic sense. It reveals the invariance of a set of functions (the actions of actors), the linear sequence of these functions, as well as a set of roles, in a known way distributed among specific characters and correlated with functions. Functions are distributed among seven characters:
Antagonist (pest),
donor
assistant
princess or her father
sender
hero
false hero.
Meletinsky, identifying five groups fairy tales, tries to resolve the issue of the historical development of the genre in general, and plots in particular. The tale contains some motifs characteristic of totemic myths. The mythological origin of the universally widespread fairy tale about a marriage with a wonderful “totemic” creature who has temporarily shed its animal shell and taken on human form is quite obvious (“A husband is looking for a missing or kidnapped wife (a wife is looking for a husband)”, “The Frog Princess”, “ Scarlet flower", etc.). A fairy tale about visiting other worlds to free the captives located there ("Three Underground Kingdoms", etc.). Popular fairy tales about a group of children who fall into the power of an evil spirit, a monster, an cannibal and are saved thanks to the resourcefulness of one of them ( “The Witch’s Little Thumb”, etc.), or about the murder of a mighty serpent - a chthonic demon (“The Snake Conqueror”, etc.) is actively being developed in a fairy tale. family theme(“Cinderella”, etc.). For a fairy tale, a wedding becomes a symbol of compensation for the socially disadvantaged (“Sivko-Burko”). The socially disadvantaged hero (younger brother, stepdaughter, fool) at the beginning of the fairy tale, endowed with all the negative characteristics from his environment, is endowed with beauty and intelligence at the end ("The Little Humpbacked Horse"). The distinguished group of tales about wedding trials draws attention to the narrative of personal destinies. The novelistic theme in a fairy tale is no less interesting than the heroic one. Propp classifies the genre of fairy tales by the presence of “Battle - Victory” in the main test or by the presence of “Difficult task - Solution of a difficult problem.” The logical development of the fairy tale was the everyday fairy tale.
Everyday tales
A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. The conflict of an everyday fairy tale often consists in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of simplicity and naivety is opposed to those personality qualities that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).
As a rule, in everyday fairy tales there is more irony and self-irony, since Good triumphs, but the randomness or singularity of his victory is emphasized.
The variety of everyday fairy tales is characteristic: social-everyday, satirical-everyday, novelistic and others. Unlike fairy tales, everyday fairy tales contain a more significant element of social and moral criticism, she is more definite in her social preferences. Praise and condemnation sound stronger in everyday fairy tales.
Recently in methodological literature Information began to appear about a new type of fairy tales - fairy tales of a mixed type. Of course, fairy tales of this type have existed for a long time, but they have not been given of great importance, because they forgot how much they can help in achieving educational, educational and developmental goals. In general, fairy tales of a mixed type are fairy tales of a transitional type.
They combine features inherent in both fairy tales with a wonderful world and everyday fairy tales. Elements of the miraculous also appear in the form of magical objects, around which the main action is grouped.
Fairy tale in different forms and scale strives to embody the ideal of human existence.
The fairy tale's belief in the intrinsic value of nobles human qualities, an uncompromising preference for the Good are also based on a call for wisdom, activity, and true humanity.
Fairy tales broaden one's horizons, awaken interest in the life and creativity of peoples, and foster a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth engaged in honest work.
Fairy tales... this word makes the hearts of both children and adults flutter. The children are looking forward to their next meeting with magical world, adults - remember their childhood. Traditionally, it is believed that fairy tales should be told by a grandmother - gray-haired, wise and ancient, like the Universe itself - and kind, like Mother Earth. Or maybe my mother read fairy tales when she opened big book with bright pictures...
Whatever the introduction to a fairy tale, it becomes the necessary “school” that every child goes through. However, there are also fairy tales that are not for children at all - let’s remember “Donkey Skin” by Charles Perrault; after all, not every parent will decide to read to their child a fairy tale about a king who intends to marry his own daughter, and even O. Wilde’s cruelly sad fairy tale “The Birthday of the Infanta” a bit heavy for children.
Chronologically, tales about animals can be considered the most ancient. They go back to the era of totemism, when a person considered himself a descendant of an animal - and this allowed him to be on an equal footing with those whom we now call “our smaller brothers.” General feature Such tales are animals acting like people. Typical example- a fairy tale about a fox and a hare who built themselves huts - ice and bast...
Animals in such tales correspond to certain human types: the fox is cunning, the wolf is angry and aggressive, but not very smart, the bear is also not very smart, but is kind, the hare is peaceful and defenseless... It is interesting that these types are international. Open J. W. Goethe’s poem “Reinicke the Fox”, based on the medieval “Roman of the Fox”, which in turn goes back to folk tales about animals - and you will see all the same “animal-human types” that are familiar to us based on Russian fairy tales.
A special category of fairy tales about animals are those in which humans are present. The relationship between humans and animals can be different. So, in famous fairy tale“Tops and Roots” - man triumphs over the bear - apparently, this plot was born already when man realized himself as an intelligent, thinking being, capable of dominating nature to a certain extent.
Another category is fairy tales. When talking about “fairy tales in general,” most often they mean them. There is everything here that goes beyond everyday reality: “a certain kingdom, a certain state” (from the point of view ancient man – other world), wizards, fairies, people turning into animals, objects with miraculous powers, spells, otherworldly creatures like Western elves or our Baba Yaga... Often, such stories are based on the motive of initiation - a rite of passage: the hero must pass a series of tests in order to marry a princess, receive half a kingdom, etc. - in a word, to be reborn in a new quality. That is why the motif of “difficult tasks” is typical for magical initiation tales: build a palace in one night, etc.
And finally - everyday tales. There is nothing miraculous about them - in such stories we meet ordinary people, albeit more interesting, smart, or remarkable in some other way. These include, for example, tales about an experienced soldier (the most famous is “Porridge from an Ax”). These fairy tales are very young - they were born after the era of Peter the Great... and in general, everyday fairy tales can be considered the youngest. Perhaps they began to be composed already when man’s worldview became less “mystical”?
Of course, such a division is somewhat arbitrary - for example, in fairy tales there may well be humanized animals (such as Gray Wolf, helping Ivan Tsarevich). And yet, this classification to a certain extent reflects the path traveled by humanity.
MBOU "Petrushinskaya Secondary School"
Research work: What kinds of fairy tales are there?
Completed: Klimenkova Veronica
Supervisor: teacher primary classes Klimenkova Olga Nikolaevna
1. Introduction.
2. Main part.
3. Conclusion.
4. List of references.
Introduction:
Great is the Earth-planet,
And there are countless miracles on it.
They say that even somewhere
There is one magical forest.
All the birches there are in earrings
And not scary at all,
There's a hut on chicken legs
Invites you to relax.
In this fairy forest
Miracle horses drink dew
The miracle birds are singing,
The miracle lake sparkles...
V. Suslov
Do you like fairy tales? I think that everyone loves fairy tales: both adults and children. They live everywhere: in the dense forest, in the field. The fairy tale originated with man, and as long as man is alive, the fairy tale is alive. They have a lot various miracles.
I became acquainted with fairy tales when I was very little and could not read, then my mother and grandmother read fairy tales to me... I listened to them with pleasure. Now I am in second grade, I can read on my own. While reading fairy tales, I noticed that all fairy tales are different. In some, the main characters are animals, in others, people and magical creatures. And I began to worry about the question “What kind of fairy tales are there?”
Hypothesis: I made the assumption that fairy tales are different and arose a long time ago.
Target: find out what kind of fairy tales there are and when they originated.
To achieve the goal of the research work, I had to decide the following
tasks:
5. Draw conclusions.
Research methods. Reflections, reading books, surveys, analysis of results.
To solve the problems, I went to the library, looked at fairy tale books at home in my library and read them, Olga Nikolaevna and I went online and found information about types of fairy tales, and composed questions for the survey:
1. Do you love fairy tales and why?
2. How long ago did fairy tales appear?
3. Do you think all fairy tales are the same?
4.What does the fairy tale teach?
The survey involved 25 primary school students in grades 1-4. As a result of the survey, 100% of students answered the question: Do you love fairy tales and why? When asked why, they answered: “Because it’s interesting.” To the next question: How long ago did the fairy tale appear? 80% of students answered that it appeared a long time ago, 15% answered that the fairy tale appeared not so long ago, and 5% answered I don’t know. To the question: Are all fairy tales the same? 100% of respondents answered: “All fairy tales are different.” And to the fourth question: What does a fairy tale teach? 63% of the children answered that the fairy tale teaches goodness, 20% of respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches mutual assistance, 11% of respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches justice and 6% of the respondents answered that the fairy tale teaches love for people. Then I independently read the following fairy tales: Russian folk tales “Porridge from an Axe”, “The Thrush and the Fox”, “The Frog Princess”, “Po pike command" “The Fox and the Crane”, Brothers Grimm “Rapunzel”, Hans Christian Anderson “Thumbelina”, Dutch fairy tale “Snow White”, A.S. Pushkin "The Tale of dead princess and about the seven heroes”, Charles Perrault “Cinderella”, “Puss in Boots”.
Main part.
What is a fairy tale?
At all times of his life, man encountered difficulties and inexplicable phenomena in the reality around him. And there was always a desire to overcome, to understand the world around me. Dreams about this were reflected in oral folk art, one of the forms of which is a fairy tale.
Fairy tale– one of the popular and favorite genres in folklore and literature of the peoples of the world.
In additional literature I found this definition of a fairy tale:
Fairy tales
Fairy tales appeared long before the invention of books, and even writing. People composed them in ancient times and, passing them on from mouth to mouth, carefully carried them through the centuries.
Scientists have interpreted the tale in different ways. A fairy tale was everything that had anything to do with fiction. A number of folklore researchers called everything that was “told” a fairy tale.
Fairytale world alive. Mandatory attributes of this world are miracles, extraordinary animals, birds, plants, sudden transformations, talismans, prophetic words.
Classification of fairy tales.
I divided the fairy tales I read into two groups: literary (author’s) and folk. These two groups can be divided into fairy tales: fairy tales, everyday tales, tales about animals and epic tales.
Folk
Types of fairy tales
Magical
Animal Tales
Household
Bogatyrsky (epics)
Folk- these are those who do not have a specific author, the fairy tale was passed down among the people from mouth to mouth and no one will say who it was originally written by. For example, fairy tales that are familiar to everyone from childhood: “Kolobok”, “Turnip”, “The Ryaba Hen”, etc.
Tales about animals.
They involve permanent characters (bear, wolf, fox, hare, hedgehog, etc.). Basically, the constant characteristics of animals are indicated (fox - cunning, bear - strong, cat - smart, hare - timid, etc.). For example, from the fairy tales that I read are “The Blackbird and the Fox”, “The Fox and the Crane”.
Fairy tales.
They involve romantic heroes who embody the best qualities of a person. Required for this fairy tale: the image of a positive hero + helpers + magic objects. The main thing in such fairy tales is: the struggle for love, for truth, for good. In fairy tales there are negative characters– fantastic (Baba Yaga, Leshy, Kikimora, Zmey-Gorynych). These fairy tales must have a beginning, a middle and an ending. Fairy tales. For example, from the fairy tales that I read, these are the Russian folk tale “The Frog Princess”, the Brothers Grimm “Rapunzel”, Hans Christian Anderson “Thumbelina”, the Dutch folk tale “Snow White”, A.S. Pushkin “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights”, Charles Perrault “Cinderella”, Russian folk tale “At the Command of the Pike”.
Everyday tales.
They show real life, ridicule negative human qualities. Most often it is the greed and vices of rich people. For example, from the fairy tales that I read, these are the tales “Porridge from an Ax”, “Two Geese”.
Heroic tales (epics).
B ylina- This folk songs. They were created to be performed at holidays and feasts. They performed them special people- storytellers who chanted epics from memory and accompanied themselves on the harp.
In epics you can learn not only about the exploits and battles of Russian heroes, but also about the lives of people in those days: where they lived, how they dressed, with whom they traded, what trades they had, how they worked.
Research results.
General conclusions.
Thus, in all the fairy tales I read, I noted its structure, and it was basically the same. This saying. “And I was there...” “Soon the fairy tale will tell...” Fairy tales have a beginning (beginning). The beginning defines the characters of the fairy tale, the place and time of action. “Once upon a time there were...”, “Once upon a time there was...”. Fairy tales have beginnings: “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state”, “Once upon a time”, “In a distant kingdom, in a distant state”.
Fairy tales also have unique endings. This is how fairy tales traditionally end: “They live, live and make good things,” “I was there, drank honey and beer. It flowed down my mustache but didn’t get into my mouth.” Sometimes the ending is a proverb. Basically, in all fairy tales, the heroes undergo tests, but he has helpers, for example, Snow White was helped by gnomes, and the Tsarevich from the fairy tale “The Frog Princess” was helped by animals to whom he provided a service. It should be noted that in fairy tales there are repetitions, most often three times.
Analysis of the research results.
Based on the connections between various objects, phenomena, and the actions of heroes in a fairy tale, one can draw a conclusion about its essence. The fairy tale originated a long time ago. The word “fairy tale” (fairy tale) itself appeared in the Russian language no earlier than the 17th century. But this does not mean that there were no fairy tales before that time.
All fairy tales are divided into two types: folk and literary (author's). Moreover, they can be everyday, magical, heroic and fairy tales about animals.
Conclusion.
During the research itself, I found answers to many questions. I read a lot of folk and original fairy tales. I learned that there are fairy tales not only from Russian folk tales, but also from other peoples of the world, not only folk and also literary (author's) ones. I really enjoyed analyzing fairy tales. I learned to draw conclusions: who the main character of the fairy tale is, what he looks like, I learned about the essence of the fairy tale itself.
I realized that the fairy tale originated in ancient times, but remained beloved and understandable to us. I would like to involve my classmates in reading and analyzing fairy tales, so that they fall in love with fairy tales and can not only read them, but also tell them. My research work will be useful to me in my literary reading lesson, because throughout our studies we will be introduced to various fairy tales. Fairy tales teach us to help others, to look at ourselves from the outside and correct our shortcomings. They teach kindness, love, etc.
View presentation content
“What kind of fairy tales are there?”
Research work on the topic “What kinds of fairy tales are there?”
Completed by: Veronika Klimenkova
Head: primary school teacher Olga Nikolaevna Klimenkova
Great is the Earth-planet,
And there are countless miracles on it.
They say that even somewhere
There is one magical forest.
In this fairy forest
Miracle horses drink dew
The miracle birds are singing,
The miracle lake sparkles...
V. Suslov
Hypothesis
Fairy tales are different and arose a long time ago
Target : Find out what kind of fairy tales there are and when they originated.
To achieve my goal, I had to decide the following tasks :
1. Find in additional literature and study the definition of a fairy tale;
3. Identify the classification of fairy tales;
4. Conduct a survey on the topic of work among primary school students of our school;
5. Draw a conclusion.
Object of study : original and folk tales. Research methods : thinking, reading books, questioning, analyzing results.
Questionnaire
1. Do you love fairy tales and why?
2. How long ago did the fairy tale appear?
3. Do you think all fairy tales are the same?
4. What does the fairy tale teach?
Survey results
- Do you love fairy tales and why?
100% - yes, because it’s interesting
2. How long ago did the fairy tale appear?
80% - appeared a long time ago, 15% - appeared not so long ago, 5% - I don’t know
3. Are all fairy tales the same?
100% - all fairy tales are different
4. What does the fairy tale teach?
63% - kindness, 20% - mutual assistance, 11% - justice, 6% - love for people.
Fairy tales– these are entertaining stories about unusual, fictional events and adventures.
All over the world, people tell stories to entertain each other. Sometimes fairy tales help to understand what is bad and what is good in life.
Fairy tales read
Russian folk: “Porridge from an axe”, “Thrush and the Fox”, “The Frog Princess”, “At the command of the pike”, “The Fox and the Crane”.
G.H. Anderson "Thumbelina".
C. Perrault “Cinderella”, “Puss in Boots”.
Brothers Grimm "Rapunzel".
Dutch fairy tale “Snow White”...
Classification of fairy tales
Folk
Types of fairy tales
Magical
Bogatyrskie
Animal Tales
The structure of a fairy tale.
1. Proverb: “Soon the tale is told, but not soon the deed is done”
2. Beginning: “In a certain kingdom, in a certain state”; "Once upon a time..."
3. Ending: “They live well and make good things”; “And I was there, drinking mead beer. It flowed down my mustache but didn’t get into my mouth.”
Conclusion
Fairy tales have been around for a long time.
They are divided into two types: folk and literary (author's).
Moreover, they can be everyday, magical, heroic
and tales about animals.
References:
1. V.I. Dahl Dictionary Russian language - Moscow, 2007;
2. Collection The best fairy tales world - RIPOL Classic, 2008;
3. Collection Russians folk tales– Moscow “Swallowtail”, 2004;
4. Internet tools.
