In a war, it is possible to defeat an enemy who is outnumbered, but if there are soldiers in the ranks, brave patriots who love their land, in a word - heroes. Such an army will be invulnerable to the enemy. But it doesn’t matter what kind of fortitude was shown by those who did not hesitate to cover with their bodies enemy bullets and fires. “Not a step back, the native land is there, the mother is waiting and worried with tears, our innocent children are there.” These thoughts became the will to win and the force capable of defeating the enemy. During the war, the soldiers experienced grief and wounds and inhuman fatigue. And of course, the fear that they must overcome and not let their hands tremble in battle.
Like our soldiers in the war, brave partisans showed unprecedented heroism. They disrupted the enemy’s work, made combat operations difficult, and diverted part of the enemy’s strength to themselves. During the war they were integral part combat strategy. Partisan detachments were organized behind enemy lines. The underground destroyed police departments, blew up tanks, planes, railway bridges and destroyed enemy warehouses. This heroism in the war will never be forgotten, and the survivors were awarded orders and medals.
The women did not lag behind them. Gentle and sweet, fragile girls. Trenches were dug, anti-tank ditches were built. Brave young girls were created for love and motherhood, but fate dictated its conditions. They took weapons in their hands, took off their usual dresses, and put on a soldier's uniform instead. They fought no worse strong men, showing patriotism and heroism in battle. The strength and will of their heroism is in love for native land. Devoted to his homeland and not afraid to sacrifice himself, without feeling any fear of enemies, he will become a hero of his homeland.
The soldiers fought and showed heroism, but in their hearts there was still a dream of finding his beloved or returning to her. We fell in love during the war, but there was a fear that tomorrow they would not meet again. Many took vows and romances only after the war. But many broke these words when they met each other. When lights lit up in your eyes, and love woke up in your soul. She gave hope, the desire to live on, and most importantly, to show real heroism in the war.
Essay on Heroism in War
No matter how military exploits have been sung until now, and no matter how proud this or that country is of its own military achievements, the destructive nature of war becomes clear to a modern thinking person. Therefore, in my opinion, military heroism is a slightly exaggerated phenomenon that is not always glorified in the right way.
Many boys being raised today continue to have a penchant for military-themed entertainment and games. For such little man war seems like something even a little romantic and exciting, but after such a person serves in Afghanistan or somewhere in a similar situation, a completely different nature comes back. As a rule, war hardens people and turns them into more stupid and rude creatures.
I mean the idea that heroism in war is inaccessible to everyone. When we talk about the military feat of the people or something similar, we clearly embellish the situation and thereby confuse the next younger generation. After all, in essence, from ordinary people in fact, he practically doesn’t want to fight and few people like it.
There is another group of people who are prone to cruelty always and everywhere, so they can manifest themselves in military operations. However, this is hardly worth considering as heroism, because such people simply continued to nurture their negative inclinations and took pleasure in destroying and bringing suffering to others.
In fact, there is only a small layer of people who have access to true heroism in war. Moreover, such people regularly show heroism outside of hostilities, even in small, simple ways. After all, a hero is someone who stands out from others and does something worthy, and, as you know, not many people in this world maintain dignity.
Therefore, in war, in fact, there are not many real heroes; only a few combined their own deep understanding of the world with a sense of responsibility to other people and to the world as a whole. Thanks to this, they can perform heroic deeds, but such people are unlikely to enjoy war or educate others by talking about the romance or excitement of this activity.
Several interesting essays
- The image of the Dreamer in Dostoevsky's White Nights
A dreamer is a dreamer. The main character tells Nastenka about himself in the third person, calling himself that. At the same time, he says that he himself does not understand this “type”.
Probably every person knows that there was a war. And all these events were described by Vasiliev in his work “The Dawns Here Are Quiet.” During the war there was famine, devastation, destruction and constant bombing
War is the most difficult and difficult time for all people. These are experiences, fear, mental and physical pain. The hardest thing at this time is for the participants in the war and hostilities. They are the ones who protect the people at risk own life.
What is war? How to overcome fear during combat? These and other questions are raised by Viktor Aleksandrovich Kurochkin in his text. However, the author examines in more detail the problem of the manifestation of heroism in war.
To attract the attention of readers to the problem posed, the writer talks about heroic act Maleshkin's sleigh at war. The hero, to help the tank driver overcome his fear, ran in front of the self-propelled gun, not even thinking that he could easily be killed.
He knew that the order to drive the Nazis out of the village must be carried out, no matter what. The author also draws our attention to the fact that Sanya did not give up his driver and when asked why he was running in front of the tank, he answered: “He was very cold, so he ran to warm up.” It is in performing courageous and risky actions that true heroism lies. It was no coincidence that Maleshkin was nominated for the title of Hero.
V.A. Kurochkin believes that a true hero is a person who will defend his homeland, his people and comrades, no matter what. And even danger and risk of his own life will not prevent him from fulfilling his duty.
Reflecting on the problem posed, I remembered M. A. Sholokhov’s work “The Fate of a Man.” His main character During the war he faced not only physical but also moral difficulties. He lost his entire family, his closest people. However, this man, like a true Russian hero, found the strength to continue to defend his homeland, his people. Along with the heroic, Andrei Sokolov performs a moral feat: he adopts a child who lost his parents in the war. This man is an example of a true hero who cannot be broken by war and its terrible consequences.
A person who loves his homeland will never betray it. Even if it entails dire consequences. Let us recall V. Bykov’s work “Sotnikov”. His main character, along with a friend, was sent to search for food for the detachment. However, they were captured by the fascist police. Sotnikov endured all the torture and torment, but never gave out information to the enemies. However, his friend Rybak not only told everything, but also agreed to go serve with the Nazis, in order to save his life, he personally killed his comrade. Sotnikov turned out to be a true patriot, a man unable to betray his homeland even in the face of death. It is such a person that can be called a true hero.
Thus, true heroism can only be shown by a person who will fight for his homeland, risking his life and being in danger. And no obstacles can stand in the way of a true hero.
In the soul of the Russian people, the Second World War lives as a lesson of unparalleled perseverance and devotion to their Fatherland. Therefore, literature is returning and will return to this inexhaustible topic in order to once again reveal the secrets of our victory, explain the “Russian miracle”, and show how, in the face of terrible danger, the highest spiritual qualities are revealed in people.
The literature about the Second World War is enormous: epic novels“The Life and Fate of Vasily Grosman”, “The War of Ivan Stadnyuk”, the trilogy of Konstantin Simonov, the stories and novels of Yuri Bondarev (“Battalion”, “ Hot snow", "Choice"), stories by Grigory Baklanov, fictional and documentary novel by Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin "The Siege Book", "And the Dawns Here Are Quiet", "Not on the Lists" by Boris Vasiliev and many others.
And in all works about war, the eternal problems of life and death, courage and heroism, cowardice and betrayal, love and friendship are solved using various artistic means. The topic of war is truly inexhaustible, and the further those terrible and heroic days move away from us, the more new facts we learn. And old, well-known events are interpreted in a new way.
War with its tragedy and heroism, with its inhumanly difficult everyday life, with the extreme polarization of good and evil, with its crisis situations into which a person every now and then finds himself and in which his basic human qualities, provides artists with a wealth of material for illuminating moral and ethical problems.
The Great Patriotic War had a huge impact on public consciousness. This influence was ambiguous. On the one hand, the great victory in a brutal war was perceived as evidence of the inviolability of the ideas of socialism and communism, the fidelity of the chosen path, the wisdom of the leader and the superiority of the Soviet system. On the other hand, a sense of responsibility for the fate of the homeland, emancipation and freedom in the face of danger and death allowed us to face the truth and see that not everything is so good and fair in the country.
The years of the Great Patriotic War were years of difficult trials for our country. The Great Patriotic War left many scars in the souls of people, both those who went through it and those born after it. There is no family that has not lost a husband, brother, son.
It is hardly possible to measure this; there are no words in the world with which to evaluate it. How can one describe, measure the feat of a woman who fought alongside men, girls and boys dying in the name of victory, in the name future life? And now how many veterans cannot sleep at night, remembering the years of war, again losing their friends, loved ones, and relatives. In literature, the theme of the Great Patriotic War is one of the most common themes.
Many writers turned to her more than once. Bondarev, Nekrasov, Vasiliev, Bykov Simonov and many other writers about the Great Patriotic War so that we, for whose sake truly heroic deeds were performed, will never forget about this war.
For example, in Yu. Bondarev’s novel “Hot Snow” a small episode is shown, part of the Battle of Stalingrad. It describes a group of people different characters, with different lives before the war. And the actions of these people, placed in extreme, inhuman conditions, are as different in an extreme situation as they themselves are different. But all these people (from battalion commander Drozdovsky to Lieutenant Kuznetsov, nurse Zoya, a simple private) are a simple combat unit, a cog in a machine, fulfilling their small but irreplaceable role. Throughout his work, the author claims that the soldier covered up all the miscalculations of the top leadership in this war with his heroism, with his body. Let us remember how Lieutenant Kuznetsov’s men dug into the frozen ground, not having the necessary equipment, and then, tired and exhausted, heroically repelled a tank attack. Is it possible, after reading these lines, to ever forget about the monstrosity and heroism of this war? Is it possible to want to fight again?
The same topic is touched upon in Nekrasov’s work “In the Trenches of Stalingrad.” The author tells the story on behalf of the main character, Yuri Serzhentsov. The story touches on such moral issues as the question of the reasons why many people became traitors. The main thing in the story is the question that our people sometimes, due to the irresponsible, even, one might say, criminal, attitude of their superiors, sometimes had to fight without food, without weapons and medicine. I wonder how it was possible not only to fight, but even to simply survive in such conditions. In all works about the war we see feats, we see the deaths of the noblest, most honest people. They gave their lives for us, so that we could live.
What a huge responsibility lies on each of us before them. Why is he clean? beautiful soul, had to give his life so that a scoundrel, a troublemaker, a hooligan, a thief, a murderer could live? This is wrong! Eternal memory and gratitude to the fallen is not only flowers on the graves, beautiful speeches on holidays in their honor, this is, first of all, the desire of each of us to become better, and therefore, the world will become better and cleaner. I think that the purpose of literature, that the meaning of works about the Great Patriotic War, that the result of our memory of the fallen and the living during these years is the desire of every person to be worthy of those feats and not to repeat the same terrible events as the war. If our politicians had studied literature and history well at school, then, I am convinced, our boys would not have died in Chechnya, there would have been no Afghanistan, no atomic weapons, there would never have been any wars.
heroism, self-sacrifice, feat, personality, war, victory, moral choice, spirit, will.
Annotation:The article examines and analyzes examples of heroism and self-sacrifice in reality and fiction.
Article text:
IN modern world spiritual values are being lost, therefore it is necessary to cultivate in oneself such qualities of the spirit as heroism and self-sacrifice, because over the centuries they have changed the course of history, the lives and destinies of people, nations, peoples.
The depiction of heroism and self-sacrifice of man in war has been traditional since the times of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” and “Zadonshchina”. The personal heroism of a soldier and an officer in L. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” gives rise to a “hidden warmth of patriotism” that broke “the back of the enemy.” But in Russian literature of the 20th century, the feat of a person in war is depicted not only through the fight against the enemy and victory over him, but also through the struggle of each person in the war with himself in the situation moral choice and victory over oneself.
Roman L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" is an epic about the feat of the people, about the victory of their spirit in the war of 1812. Later, speaking about the novel, Tolstoy wrote that main idea novel - “folk thought”. It lies not only and not so much in the depiction of the people themselves, their way of life, life, but in the fact that every goodie The novel, in the end, connects its fate with the fate of the nation.
On the pages of the novel and especially in the second part of the epilogue, Tolstoy says that until now all history has been written as the history of individuals, as a rule, tyrants, monarchs, and no one has yet thought about what is driving force history. According to Tolstoy, this is the so-called “role principle”, the spirit and will of not one person, but the nation as a whole. And how strong is the spirit and will of the people, so probable are certain historical events. So Tolstoy explains the victory in the Patriotic War by the fact that two wills collided: the will of the French soldiers and the will of the entire Russian people. This war was fair for the Russians, they fought for their Motherland, so their spirit and will to win were stronger French spirit and will. Therefore, Russia's victory over France was predetermined.
The soldiers are aware that they may have to die defending their fatherland. And the moral strength of the people manifests itself most strongly in simple forms, largely related to folk concepts and customs. The militia put on clean shirts, the old soldiers refuse to drink vodka - “not such a day, they say.” The soldiers maintain good spirits and concentration on the main event even in the battle itself. Here the sense of camaraderie, the consciousness of a common cause, the moral fortitude of the soldiers, and the soldier’s humor are most clearly manifested. So, at the Raevsky battery “one felt the same and common to everyone, like a family revival.”
Assessing the role of the Battle of Borodino in the War of 1812, the writer claims that near Borodino Napoleonic France for the first time I experienced the hand of the “strongest enemy in spirit.” The flight of Napoleon's army from Moscow was a consequence of the blow it received in the Battle of Borodino.
Tolstoy shows how from the moment of the capture of Smolensk the war became a people's war. In the first battle of Smolensk, the French encountered popular resistance. “... We fought there for the first time for Russian land,” says Prince Andrei, “there was such a spirit in the troops that I have never seen.”
Tolstoy was the first in Russian literature to depict moments of change in the states of spirit of his heroes, and discovered what N. Chernyshevsky later called “the dialectics of the soul.” Tolstoy's favorite heroes are the flesh of nature. Everything that happens in nature resonates in their spirit. The heroes discover their “own” sky, which is associated with important, sometimes epoch-making changes in their spirits.
In his novel, Tolstoy depicted the events of 1812 as a victory of the Russian people - a victory of the spirit, that moral victory in which the writer saw the decisive force in the war. Before him, no one had so convincingly and vividly revealed the role of the moral factor in the outcome of the war.
Only the will of the people, only popular patriotism, the “spirit of the army” makes the army invincible. Tolstoy makes this conclusion in his immortal novel, the epic War and Peace.
One of the most striking examples of heroism and self-sacrifice of the spirit is the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The Soviet people were seriously alarmed by the war, by the sudden attack of Nazi Germany, but they were not spiritually depressed and confused. He was sure that he was cunning and strong enemy will receive a proper response. All means and methods of spiritual influence, all branches and sections of spiritual culture and art immediately began to work to raise the people for the Patriotic War, to inspire their Armed Forces to selfless struggle. “Get up, huge country, get up for a mortal battle with the dark fascist force, with the damned horde,” the song called to everyone. The people felt themselves to be full-fledged subjects of the spiritual life of humanity; they took upon themselves the mission of fighting the fascist invasion not only as a defense of their historical existence, but also as a great saving universal task.
Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 clearly showed that the spiritual struggle significantly influences the entire course of the military struggle. If the spirit is broken, the will is broken, the war will be lost even with military-technical and economic superiority. And vice versa, the war is not lost if the spirit of the people is not broken, even with great initial successes of the enemy. And this was convincingly proven by the Patriotic War. Every battle, every operation of this war represents a most complex military and spiritual action at the same time.
The war lasted 1418 days. All of them are filled with the bitterness of defeats and the joy of victories, large and small losses. How much and what kind of spiritual strength was required to overcome this path?!
May 9, 1945 is not only a victory of weapons, but also a victory folk spirit. Millions of people never stop thinking about its origins, results and lessons.
The Great Patriotic War was a difficult test that befell the Russian people. From the very first days of the war I had to deal with a very serious enemy who knew how to wage great modern war. Hitler's mechanized hordes, regardless of losses, rushed forward and put to fire and sword everything that came along the way. It was necessary to turn around my whole life and consciousness Soviet people, morally and ideologically organize and mobilize them for a difficult and long struggle.
All means of spiritual influence on the masses, agitation and propaganda, political-mass work, print, cinema, radio, literature, art - were used to explain the goals, nature and features of the war against Nazi Germany, to solve military problems in the rear and at the front, to achieve victory over the enemy.
The foremost bearers of the heroic spirit of our army were the guards units, incl. tank, aviation, rocket artillery, this title was awarded to many warships and units navy. The motto of the guardsmen - to always be heroes - was vividly embodied in the immortal feat of the Panfilovites, which was accomplished by 28 soldiers of the 316th division of General I.V. Panfilova. Defending the line at the Dubosekovo crossing, this group under the command of political instructor V.G. On November 16, Klochkova entered into single combat with 50 German tanks, accompanied by a large detachment of enemy machine gunners. Soviet soldiers fought with unparalleled courage and tenacity. “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat. Moscow is behind us,” the political instructor addressed the soldiers with such an appeal. And the fighters fought to the death, 24 of them, including V.G. Klochkov died a brave death, but the enemy did not pass through here. The example of Panfilov’s men was followed by many other units and units, crews of aircraft, tanks and ships.
A striking example that personifies the heroic spirit of our soldiers is the feat of the Komsomol member of the Marine Corps M.A. Panikahin. During an enemy attack on the approaches to the Volga, he, engulfed in flames, rushed to meet a fascist tank and set it on fire with a bottle of fuel. The hero burned down along with the enemy tank. His comrades compared his feat with the feat of Gorky’s Danko: the light of feat Soviet hero became a beacon to which other warrior heroes looked up.
What strength of spirit was demonstrated by those who did not hesitate to cover with their bodies the embrasure of the enemy bunker that was spewing deadly fire! Private Alexander Matrosov was one of the first to accomplish such a feat. The feat of this Russian soldier was repeated by dozens of fighters of other nationalities. Among them are Uzbek T. Erdzhigitov, Estonian I.I. Laar, Ukrainian A.E. Shevchenko, Kyrgyz Ch. Tuleberdiev, Moldavian I.S. Soltys, Kazakh S.B. Baytagatbetov and many others. Following the Belarusian Nikolai Gastello, Russian pilots L.I. sent their burning plane to the enemy. Ivanov, N.N. Skovorodin, E.V. Mikhailov, Ukrainian N.T. Vdovenko, Kazakh N. Abdirov, Jew I.Ya. Irzhak and others.
Of course, selflessness and contempt for death in the fight against the enemy do not necessarily entail the loss of life. Moreover, often these qualities of Soviet soldiers help them mobilize all their spiritual and physical strength to find a way out of a difficult situation. Faith in the people, confidence in victory, in the name of which the Russian man goes to death without fear of it, inspires the fighter, pours new strength into him.
Thanks to these same reasons, thanks to iron discipline and military skill, millions of Soviet people, who looked death in the face, won and remained alive. Military skill greatly enhanced the resilience and other moral and combat qualities of our soldiers. That is why our soldiers put their spirit into mastering weapons, equipment, and new fighting techniques.
One of the most characteristic features the spiritual appearance of our soldiers - a sense of collectivism and camaraderie. There are thousands of examples of military camaraderie. Soviet partisans provided great assistance to the Red Army. 1943 was a time of unprecedented heroic mass partisan movement. Coordination of the interaction of partisan detachments, their close connection with the combat operations of the Red Army was characteristic features national struggle behind enemy lines.
Unwavering spirit, a proud consciousness of their strength and moral superiority over the enemy did not leave Soviet soldiers and officers even when they fell into the hands of the Nazis and found themselves in a hopeless situation. While dying, the heroes remained undefeated, their spirit could not be broken. Despite the fact that the Germans crucified Komsomol soldier Yuri Smirnov by driving nails into his palms and feet; they killed the partisan Vera Lisovaya by lighting a fire on her chest; tortured the legendary General D.M. Karbyshev, dousing him with water in the cold, who, in response to the Nazis’ offer to serve them, answered with dignity: “I soviet man, soldier, and I remain, true to my duty."
Thus, in the harsh times of war, the spiritual power of our people, selflessly devoted to their Motherland, stubborn in battle for a just cause, tireless in work, ready for any sacrifices and hardships in the name of the prosperity of the Fatherland, was revealed in all its greatness.
Albert Axel identifies love for the Motherland, for the Russian land as the main source of moral strength in the army, which during the Great Patriotic War manifested itself in “an atmosphere of universal heroism.” The historian consistently defends the thesis that self-sacrifice Soviet people and his military exploits "changed the course of events in the Second World War".
The Russian people realized the terrible danger that German Nazism brought to our country. It is here that we must look for the source of that unprecedented mass heroism that became the decisive driving force in the war, the most important factor victory in it. It manifested itself in the activities of people of all ages and professions, men and women, representatives of all nations and nationalities of the USSR. More than 11 thousand became Heroes Soviet Union, hundreds of thousands - holders of orders and medals.
The years of the Great Patriotic War were years of difficult trials for our Motherland and a time of unparalleled heroism of the people. There's no doubt that main role The Soviet people played a part in the victory. In this feat, the like of which history has never known, the high skill of military commanders, the greatest courage of soldiers, partisans, members of the underground, and the dedication of home front workers merged together.
The Great Patriotic War showed all the depth, advanced character, and spiritual strength of the Soviet; showed decisive role in the historical fate of the people, the quality of their spirituality, the significance of spiritual culture and ideology in its rise, in the mobilization of the people to fight for their historical existence.
This experience of war is extremely important in our time for people to gain faith in themselves, in their ability to solve problems that seem insurmountable. The Great Victory of the Soviet people over Nazi Germany obliges and inspires us to solve such problems.
During the war there were situations when our troops clearly did not have enough physical strength to stop the fascist hordes. What saved him was his fortitude, which allowed him to make a turning point in a fierce struggle. Spiritual power raised millions of soldiers on endless fronts to sacrificial service to the Fatherland great war and in the endless expanses of the near and far rear. She connected everyone and made them creators Great Victory. This greatest example for posterity for all time.
The people have not forgotten and glorify those who fought bravely and died, with the death of a hero, having brought the hour of our victory closer, glorify those who survived, who managed to defeat the enemy. Heroes do not die, their glory is immortal, their names are forever included not only in the lists of personnel Armed Forces, but also in people's memory. People make up legends about heroes, erect beautiful monuments to them, and name the best streets of cities and villages after them.
You can become a hero not only during war, but also in simple, everyday matters. Outstanding thinkers said: “Often, human courage is recognized more in small things than in great things,” “Courage is needed not only in battles, but also in simple everyday affairs.” But not everyone brave act can be called heroic. For example, in front of passers-by, running across the street in a dangerous, wrong place at a red light is not heroism, but stupidity, which can end very badly for the “hero”. An action can be called courageous when it is performed in the name of a noble goal. For example, if a person, risking his life, saves a drowning man, this is heroism. There are many heroes in the history of science. These are, for example, Russian nuclear physicists, doctors, polar explorers, who spend a long time in the endless ice. And the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl sailed across the Pacific Ocean on a light raft made of logs. People also know heroic doctors who deliberately infected themselves with dangerous diseases in order to learn how to treat them. And the heroes of space or underwater world? Who knows if the unexpected might be in store for them this time? And yet they go on a mission to reveal new secrets to humanity. There are professions that require heroism, so to speak, “in the blood” - these are firefighters, police officers, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations. But they do not perceive their daily work as heroism, but consider it a normal occurrence. People in these professions do not understand the importance of their work - it has become the norm of their life. For the Russian people, in principle, this is the norm of life and character. Education of the spirit begins from an early age; every man is obliged to be a hero. The history of Russia itself forces a person to have the qualities of a hero, for example, perestroika, when deep, controversial changes took place in all spheres of life of Soviet society.
But there is heroism and self-sacrifice of a special kind - they lie in never, under any circumstances, changing the rules of honor, decency, friendship, and philanthropy. This is heroism, self-sacrifice of the spirit. A striking example such heroism and self-sacrifice - in the destinies of people who, in the inhuman conditions of the Leningrad blockade, Hitler's and Stalin's camps and other similar trials, retained dignity, courage, goodwill - in a word, all truly human qualities. The deeds and exploits of heroes are remembered and highly revered, and from their example they learn to live, fight and win. The history of every nation contains examples of remarkable heroism and self-sacrifice.
Literature.
1. Aksel A. Heroes of Russia. 1941-1945 / A. Aksel. M., 2002.
2. Bagramyan I.Kh. This is how we went to victory. Military memoirs / I.Kh.Bagramyan. M., 1990.
3. Dmitrienko V.P. History of the Fatherland. XX century: A manual for students / V.P. Dmitrienko, V.D. Esakov, V.A. Shestakov. M., 2002.
4. Brief world history. In 2 books / Ed. A.Z. Manfreda. M., 1996.
- Paderin A.A. War and peace: the role of spiritual culture in the education of patriotic consciousness / A.A. Paderin // Materials of the scientific-practical conference. M., 2005.
- Russian Soviet poetry. Ed. L.P. Krementsova. L., 1988.
- Tolstoy L.N. PSS 12 t. T.4 War and Peace. M., 1987.
- www.all-aforizmy.ru (date of access: 10/26/2011).
- www.Litra.ru (accessed 07/09/2011).
The famous American poet and writer Eleanor Murry Sarton, known to millions of readers as May Sarton, has the oft-quoted words: “Think like a hero and you will act like a decent person.”
Much has been written about the role of heroism in people's lives. This virtue, which has a number of synonyms: courage, valor, bravery, is manifested in the moral strength of its bearer. Moral strength allows him to pursue real, real service to his homeland, people, and humanity. What is the problem with true heroism? Different arguments can be used. But the main thing about them is: true heroism is not blind. Various examples heroism is not just overcoming certain circumstances. They all have one common feature- bring a sense of perspective to people's lives.
Many bright classics of literature, both Russian and foreign, sought and found their bright and unique arguments to illuminate the topic of the emergence of the phenomenon of valor. The problem of heroism, fortunately for us, readers, is illuminated by the masters of the pen in a bright, non-trivial way. What is valuable in their works is that the classics immerse the reader in the spiritual world of the hero, whose high deeds are admired by millions of people. The topic of this article is a review of some of the works of the classics, in which a special approach to the issue of heroism and courage can be traced.
Heroes are around us
Today, unfortunately, a distorted concept of heroism prevails in the philistine psyche. They are immersed in their own problems, in their own little selfish world. Therefore, fresh and non-trivial arguments on the problem of heroism are fundamentally important for their consciousness. Believe me, we are surrounded by heroes. We simply don’t notice them because our souls are short-sighted. Not only men perform feats. Take a closer look - a woman who, according to doctors, is unable to give birth in principle - is giving birth. Heroism can and is demonstrated by our contemporaries at the patient's bedside, at the conference table, in the workplace, and even at the kitchen stove. You just need to learn to see it.
The literary image of God is like a tuning fork. Pasternak and Bulgakov
Sacrifice distinguishes true heroism. Many brilliant literary classics are trying to influence the beliefs of their readers, raising the bar for understanding the essence of heroism as high as possible. They find creative strength to uniquely convey to readers the highest ideals, telling in their own way about the feat of God, the son of man.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak in Doctor Zhivago, an extremely honest work about his generation, writes about valor as the highest emblem of humanity. According to the writer, the problem of true heroism is revealed not in violence, but in virtue. He expresses his arguments through the mouth of the protagonist’s uncle, N.N. Vedenyapin. He believes that the beast dormant in each of us cannot be stopped by a tamer with a whip. But this is within the power of a self-sacrificing preacher.
A classic of Russian literature, the son of a theology professor, Mikhail Bulgakov in his novel “The Master and Margarita” presents us with his original literary interpretation of the image of the Messiah - Yeshua Ha-Nozri. The preaching of Good with which Jesus came to people is a dangerous business. Words of truth and conscience that go against the foundations of society are fraught with death for those who utter them. Even the procurator of Judea, who, without hesitation, can come to the aid of Mark the Ratboy, surrounded by the Germans, is afraid to tell the truth (at the same time, he secretly agrees with the views of Ha-Nozri.) The peaceful messiah courageously follows his destiny, and the battle-hardened Roman commander is a coward. Bulgakov's arguments are convincing. The problem of heroism for him is closely connected with the organic unity of worldview, worldview, word and deed.
Henryk Sienkiewicz's arguments
The image of Jesus in an aura of courage also appears in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel “Kamo Gryadeshi”. Bright finds the Polish literary classic shades to create a unique plot situation in his famous novel.
After Jesus was crucified and resurrected, he came to Rome, following his mission: to convert the Eternal City to Christianity. However, he, an unnoticed traveler, as soon as he arrived, witnesses the ceremonial entry of Emperor Nero. Peter is shocked by the Romans' worship of the emperor. He does not know what arguments to find for this phenomenon. The problem of heroism, the courage of a person ideologically opposed to the dictator, is illuminated, starting with Peter’s fear that the mission will not be completed. He, having lost faith in himself, runs away from Eternal City. However, leaving the city walls behind, the apostle saw Jesus in human form, walking towards you. Amazed by what he saw, Peter asked the Messiah where he was going: “Where are you coming?” Jesus replied that since Peter had abandoned his people, there was only one thing left for him to do - to go to the crucifixion a second time. True service certainly requires courage. Shocked Peter returns to Rome...
The Theme of Courage in War and Peace
Russian classical literature is rich in discussions about the essence of heroism. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace” raised a whole series philosophical questions. The writer put his own special arguments into the image of Prince Andrei, following the path of a warrior. The problem of heroism and courage is painfully rethought and evolving in the minds of the young Prince Bolkonsky. His youthful dream - to accomplish a feat - gives way to understanding and awareness of the essence of war. To be a hero, and not to appear, is how people change life priorities Prince Andrey after the battle of Shengraben.
Staff officer Bolkonsky understands that the real hero of this battle is the battery commander Skromny, who is lost in the presence of his superiors. The object of ridicule of the adjutants. The battery of a small and frail, nondescript captain did not flinch before the invincible French, inflicted damage on them and made it possible for the main forces to retreat in an organized manner. Tushin acted on a whim; he did not receive an order to cover the rear of the army. Understanding the essence of war - these were his arguments. The problem of heroism is rethought by Prince Bolkonsky, he radically changes his career and, with the assistance of M.I. Kutuzov, becomes a regiment commander. In the battle of Borodino, he, who raised the regiment to attack, was seriously wounded. The body of a Russian officer with a banner in his hands is seen by Napoleon Bonaparte as he circles around. Reaction French Emperor- respect: “What beautiful death! However, for Bolkonsky, the act of heroism coincides with an awareness of the integrity of the world and the importance of compassion.
Harper Lee "To Kill a Mockingbird"
Understanding the essence of the feat is also present in a number of works American classics. All young Americans study the novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” in schools. It contains an original discussion about the essence of courage. This thought comes from the lips of lawyer Atticus, a man of honor, taking on a fair, but by no means profitable, case. His arguments on the problem of heroism are as follows: courage is when you take on a task, knowing in advance that you will lose. But you still take it and go to the end. And sometimes you still manage to win.
Melanie by Margaret Mitchell
In the novel about the American South of the 19th century, she creates a unique image of the fragile and sophisticated, but at the same time courageous and brave Lady Melanie.
She is sure that there is something good in all people, and is ready to help them. Her modest, neat house becomes famous in Atlanta thanks to the sincerity of the owners. During the most dangerous periods of her life, Scarlett receives such help from Melanie that it is impossible to evaluate.
Hemingway on heroism
And of course, one cannot ignore Hemingway’s classic story “The Old Man and the Sea,” which tells about the nature of courage and heroism. Elderly Cuban Santiago's fight with huge fish reminds me of a parable. The arguments on the problem of heroism presented by Hemingway are symbolic. The sea is like life, and old man Santiago is like human experience. The writer utters the words that have become the leitmotif of true heroism: “Man was not created to suffer defeat. You can destroy it, but you can’t defeat it!”
The Strugatsky brothers "Picnic by the road"
The story introduces its readers to a phantasmagoric situation. Obviously, after the arrival of aliens, an anomalous zone formed on Earth. Stalkers find the “heart” of this zone, which has a unique property. A person who finds himself in this territory receives a harsh alternative: either he dies, or the zone fulfills his every desire. The Strugatskys masterfully show the spiritual evolution of the hero who decided on this feat. His catharsis is convincingly shown. The stalker has nothing selfish or mercantile left, he thinks in terms of humanity and, accordingly, asks the zone for “happiness for everyone,” and such that there are no people deprived of it. What, according to the Strugatskys, is the problem of heroism? Arguments from literature testify that it is empty without compassion and humanism.
Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man"
In history Russian people There was a period when heroism became truly widespread. Thousands of warriors have immortalized their names. The high title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to eleven thousand soldiers. At the same time, 104 people were awarded it twice. And three people - three times. The first person to receive this high rank was ace pilot Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin. On just one day - April 12, 1943 - he shot down seven planes of the fascist invaders!
Of course, to forget and not convey such examples of heroism to new generations is like a crime. This should be done using the example of Soviet “military” literature - these are Unified State Exam arguments. The problem of heroism is illuminated for schoolchildren using examples from the works of Boris Polevoy, Mikhail Sholokhov, Boris Vasiliev.
Front-line correspondent of the Pravda newspaper Boris Polevoy was shocked by the story of the pilot of the 580th fighter regiment Alexey Maresyev. In the winter of 1942, it was shot down over the skies of the Novgorod region. The pilot, wounded in the legs, crawled for 18 days to reach his own people. He survived and made it, but his legs were “eaten” by gangrene. Amputation followed. In the hospital where Alexey lay after the operation, there was also a political instructor. He managed to ignite Maresyev with a dream - to return to the sky as a fighter pilot. Overcoming the pain, Alexey learned not only to walk on prosthetics, but also to dance. The apotheosis of the story is the first air battle carried out by the pilot after being wounded.
The medical commission “capitulated.” During the war, the real Alexey Maresyev shot down 11 enemy planes, most of them - seven - after being wounded.
Soviet writers have convincingly revealed the problem of heroism. Arguments from the literature indicate that not only men, but also women called to serve, performed feats. Boris Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” amazes with its drama. A large sabotage group of fascists, numbering 16 people, landed in the Soviet rear.
Young girls (Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Sonya Gurevich, Galya Chetvertak) serving at the 171st railway siding under the command of foreman Fedot Vaskov die heroically. However, they destroy 11 fascists. The sergeant major discovers the remaining five in the hut. He kills one and captures four. Then he surrenders the prisoners to his own, losing consciousness from fatigue.
"The Fate of Man"
This story by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov introduces us to the former Red Army soldier - driver Andrei Sokolov. The writer reveals heroism simply and convincingly. It didn’t take long to look for arguments that touched the reader’s soul. The war brought grief to almost every family. Andrei Sokolov had it in abundance: in 1942, his wife Irina and two daughters were killed (a bomb hit a residential building). The son miraculously survived and after this tragedy volunteered to go to the front. Andrei himself fought, was captured by the Nazis, and escaped. However, a new tragedy awaited him: in 1945, on May 9, a sniper killed his son.
Andrei himself, having lost his entire family, found the strength to start life “with clean slate" He adopted a homeless boy, Vanya, becoming his adoptive father. This moral feat again fills his life with meaning.
Conclusion
These are the arguments to the problem of heroism in classical literature. The latter is truly capable of supporting a person and awakening courage in him. Although she is not able to help him financially, she erects a boundary in his soul that Evil cannot cross. This is what Remarque wrote about books in “ Arc de Triomphe" The argumentation of heroism in classical literature occupies a worthy place.
Heroism can also be presented as a social phenomenon of a kind of “instinct of self-preservation”, only not of individual life, but of the entire society. A part of society, a separate “cell” - a person (the most worthy ones perform feats), consciously, driven by altruism and spirituality, sacrifices himself, preserving something greater. Classic literature is one of the tools that helps people understand and comprehend the non-linear nature of courage.