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List the types of painting by material. Examples of painting, genres, styles, various techniques and directions

19.04.2019

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INTRODUCTION

1. TYPES OF PAINTING

2. PAINTING AND ITS GENRES

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

The word “painting” is derived from the words “vividly” and “write”. “To paint,” explains Dahl, “to depict faithfully and vividly with a brush or words, a pen.” For the painter, depicting correctly means accurately conveying the external appearance of what he saw and its most important features. It was possible to convey them correctly using graphic means - line and tone. But it is impossible to convey vividly with these limited means the multicolor of the surrounding world, the pulsation of life in every centimeter of the colored surface of an object, the charm of this life and constant movement and change. Painting, one of the types of fine art, helps to truthfully reflect the color of the real world.

Color - the main visual and expressive means in painting - has tone, saturation and lightness; it seems to fuse into a whole everything characteristic of an object: both what can be depicted by a line and what is inaccessible to it.

Painting, like graphics, uses light and dark lines, strokes and spots, but unlike it, these lines, strokes and spots are colored. They convey the color of the light source through glare and brightly lit surfaces, sculpt a three-dimensional form with subject (local) color and color reflected by the environment, establish spatial relationships and depth, and depict the texture and materiality of objects.

The task of painting is not only to show something, but also to reveal the inner essence of what is depicted, to reproduce “typical characters in typical circumstances.” Therefore, a truthful artistic generalization of the phenomena of life is the basis of the foundations of realistic painting.

1. TYPES OF PAINTING

Monumental painting- this is a special type of painting large scale, decorating the walls and ceilings of architectural structures. It reveals the contents of major social phenomena, who provided positive influence for the development of society, glorifies them and perpetuates them, helping to educate people in the spirit of patriotism, progress and humanity. The sublimity of the content of monumental painting, the significant size of its works, and the connection with architecture require large color masses, strict simplicity and laconicism of composition, clarity of contours and generality of plastic form.

Decorative painting used to decorate buildings and interiors in the form of colorful panels, which with realistic images create the illusion of breaking through the wall, visually increasing the size of the room, or, on the contrary, using deliberately flattened forms, they assert the flatness of the wall and the enclosure of the space. Patterns, wreaths, garlands and other types of decor that decorate works of monumental painting and sculpture tie together all the elements of the interior, emphasizing their beauty and consistency with the architecture.

Theatrical and decorative painting(scenery, costumes, makeup, props, made according to the artist’s sketches) helps to further reveal the content of the performance. The special theatrical conditions for perceiving the scenery require taking into account multiple points of view of the audience, their great distance, the influence of artificial lighting and colored backlights. The scenery gives an idea of the place and time of the action, and activates the viewer’s perception of what is happening on stage. The theater artist strives to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, the style of the era, and much more in sketches of costumes and makeup.

Miniature painting received great development in the Middle Ages, before the invention of printing. Handwritten books were decorated with the finest headpieces, endings, and detailed miniature illustrations. Russian artists of the first half of the 19th century skillfully used the miniature painting technique to create small (mainly watercolor) portraits. Pure deep watercolor colors, their exquisite combinations, the exquisite fineness of the writing distinguishes these portraits, full of grace and nobility.

Easel painting, performed on a machine - an easel, uses wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher as a material basis. An easel painting, being an independent work, can depict absolutely everything: factual and fictional by the artist, inanimate objects and people, modernity and history - in a word, life in all its manifestations. Unlike graphics, easel painting has a richness of color, which helps emotionally, psychologically, multifacetedly and subtly convey the beauty of the world around us.

According to technique and means of execution, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gouache, pastel. These names were derived from the binder or from the method of using material and technical means.

Oil painting done with paint rubbed off on vegetable oils. Thick paint When oil or special thinners and varnishes are added to it, it liquefies. Oil paint You can work on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, metal.

Tempera painting is done with paint prepared with egg yolk or casein. Tempera paint is dissolved with water and applied paste or liquid to the wall, canvas, paper, wood. In Rus', tempera was used to create wall paintings, icons and patterns on everyday objects. Nowadays, tempera is used in painting and graphics, in decorative and applied arts and in artistic design.

Fresco painting decorates interiors in the form of monumental and decorative compositions applied to wet plaster with water-based paints. The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.

Wax painting(encaustic) was also used by artists of Ancient Egypt, as evidenced by the famous “Fayum portraits” (1st century AD). The binder in encaustic painting is bleached wax. Wax paints are applied in a molten state to a heated base, after which they are burned.

Mosaic painting, or mosaic, is assembled from individual pieces of smalt or colored stones and fixed on a special cement primer. Transparent smalt, inserted into the ground at different angles, reflects or refracts light, causing the color to flare and shimmer. Mosaic panels can be found in the subway, in theater and museum interiors, etc. Stained glass painting is a work of decorative art intended to decorate window openings in any architectural structure. Stained glass is made from pieces of colored glass held together by a strong metal frame. The luminous flux, breaking through the colored surface of the stained glass window, draws decoratively spectacular, multi-colored patterns on the floor and walls of the interior.

2. PAINTING AND ITS GENRES

Genres of painting (French genre - genus, type) are a historically established division of works of painting in accordance with the themes and objects of the image. In modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.

Although the concept of “genre” appeared in painting relatively recently, certain genre differences have existed since ancient times: images of animals in caves of the Paleolithic era, portraits of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia from 3 thousand BC, landscapes and still lifes in Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and frescoes. The formation of the genre as a system in easel painting began in Europe in the 15th-15th centuries. and ended mainly in the 17th century, when, in addition to the division of fine art into genres, the concept of “high” and “low” genres appeared, depending on the subject of the image, theme, plot.

The “high” genre included historical and mythological genres, and the “low” genre included portrait, landscape, and still life. This gradation of genres existed until the 19th century. Thus, in the 17th century in Holland, it was precisely the “low” genres that became leading in painting (landscape, everyday genre, still life), and the ceremonial portrait, which formally belonged to the “low” genre of portraiture, did not belong to that.

Having become a form of displaying life, the genres of painting, with all their stability, common features are not immutable, they develop along with life, changing as art develops. Some genres die out or take on a new meaning (for example, the mythological genre), new ones arise, usually within previously existing ones (for example, within the landscape genre architectural landscape and Marina). Works appear that combine various genres(for example, a combination of an everyday genre with a landscape, a group portrait with a historical genre).

A genre of fine art that reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people is called portrait. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main requirements for a portrait are rendering external resemblance and the revelation of the inner world, the essence of a person’s character. Based on the nature of the image, two main groups are distinguished: ceremonial and chamber portraits. Ceremonial portrait shows a person in full growth (on a horse, standing or sitting), against an architectural or landscape background. A chamber portrait uses a half-length or chest-length image against a neutral background. Self-portrait stands out in a special group - the artist’s depiction of himself.

Portrait is one of the oldest genres of fine art; initially it had a cult purpose and was identified with the soul of the deceased. In the ancient world, portraiture developed more in sculpture, as well as in painting portraits - Fayyum portraits of the 1st - 3rd centuries. In the Middle Ages, the concept of a portrait was replaced by generalized images, although in frescoes, mosaics, icons, and miniatures there were some individual features in the depiction of historical figures. Late Gothic and Renaissance is a rapid period of development of the portrait, when the formation of the portrait genre takes place, reaching the heights of humanistic faith in man and understanding of his spiritual life.

A genre of fine art dedicated to historical events and characters is called historical genre. The historical genre, which is characterized by monumentality, has been developing for a long time in wall painting. From the Renaissance to the 19th century. artists used subjects ancient mythology, Christian legends. Often real historical events The characters depicted in the painting were filled with mythological or biblical allegorical characters.

The historical genre is intertwined with others - the everyday genre (historical and everyday scenes), the portrait (depictions of historical figures of the past, portrait-historical compositions), landscape ("historical landscape"), and merges with the battle genre.

The historical genre is embodied in easel and monumental forms, in miniatures, and illustrations. Originating in ancient times, the historical genre combined real historical events with myths. In the countries of the Ancient East, there were even types of symbolic compositions (the apotheosis of the military victories of the monarch, the transfer of power to him by a deity) and narrative cycles of paintings and reliefs. In Ancient Greece there were sculptures historical heroes, in Ancient Rome reliefs were created with scenes of military campaigns and triumphs.

In the Middle Ages in Europe, historical events were reflected in miniature chronicles and icons. The historical genre in easel painting began to take shape in Europe during the Renaissance, in the 17th - 18th centuries. it was considered as a “high” genre, highlighting (religious, mythological, allegorical, historical subjects).

Paintings of the historical genre were filled with dramatic content, high aesthetic ideals, and the depth of human relationships.

Genre of fine art, dedicated to heroes and the events about which the myths of ancient peoples tell are called mythological genre(from Greek mythos - legend). The mythological genre comes into contact with the historical and takes shape during the Renaissance, when ancient legends provided rich opportunities for the embodiment of stories and characters with complex ethical, often allegorical overtones. In the 17th century -- beginning In the 19th century, in works of the mythological genre, the range of moral and aesthetic problems expanded, which were embodied in high artistic ideals and either came closer to life or created a festive spectacle. From the 19th - 20th centuries. Themes of Germanic, Celtic, Indian, and Slavic myths became popular.

Battle genre(from the French bataille - battle) is a genre of painting that is part of the historical, mythological genre and specializes in depicting battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying military valor, the fury of battle, and the triumph of victory. The battle genre may include elements of other genres - domestic, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life.

A genre of fine art that shows scenes of a person’s everyday, personal life, everyday life from peasant and urban life is called everyday genre. Appeals to the life and morals of people are already found in the paintings and reliefs of the Ancient East, in ancient vase painting and sculpture, in medieval icons and books of hours. But the everyday genre stood out and acquired characteristic forms only as a phenomenon of secular easel art. Its main features began to take shape in the 14th - 15th centuries. in altar paintings, reliefs, tapestries, miniatures in the Netherlands, Germany, France. In the 16th century in the Netherlands, the everyday genre began to develop rapidly and became isolated. One of its founders was Hieronymus Bosch.

The development of the everyday genre in Europe was greatly influenced by the work of Pieter Bruegel: he moves to a pure everyday genre, shows that everyday life can be an object of study and a source of beauty. The 17th century can be called the century of the everyday genre in all painting schools in Europe.

In the 18th century in France genre painting associated with the depiction of gallant scenes, “pastorals”, it becomes refined and graceful, ironic. Works of the everyday genre were varied: they showed the warmth of home life and the exoticism of distant countries, sentimental experiences and romantic passions. The everyday genre, focused on showing peasant life and the life of a city dweller, developed vividly in Russian paintings of the 19th century c.: for example, in the works of A.G. Venetsianov, P.A. Fedotov, V.G. Perov, I.E. Repin.

A genre of fine art, where the main thing is the depiction of nature, environment, views rural areas, cities, historical monuments, called landscape(French paysage). There are rural, urban, architectural, industrial, sea (marina) and river landscapes.

In antiquity and the Middle Ages, landscapes appear in paintings of temples, palaces, icons and miniatures. In European art, the Venetian painters of the Renaissance were the first to turn to the depiction of nature. From the 16th century landscape becomes an independent genre, its varieties and directions are formed: lyrical, heroic, documentary landscape. In the 19th century creative discoveries of landscape masters, saturation of it with social issues, development of plein air (depiction of natural natural environment) culminated in the achievements of impressionism, which gave new opportunities in the pictorial transmission of spatial depth, variability of the light-air environment, and the complexity of the color scheme.

A genre of fine art that shows objects of everyday use, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, killed game, caught fish, placed in a real everyday environment, is called still life(French nature morte - dead nature). Still life can be endowed with complex symbolic meaning, play the role of a decorative panel, be the so-called. “trick”, which gives an illusory reproduction of real objects or figures that evoke the effect of the presence of a genuine nature.

The depiction of objects is known in the art of antiquity and the Middle Ages. But the first still life in easel painting is considered to be the painting by the artist from Venice Jacopo de Barbari “Partridge with an arrow and gloves.” Already in the 16th century, still life was divided into many types: a kitchen interior with or without people, a set table in a rural setting, “vanitas” with symbolic objects (a vase of flowers, an extinguished candle, musical instruments). Was especially rich Dutch still life, modest in color and in the things depicted, but exquisite in the expressive texture of objects, in the play of color and light.

A genre of fine art showing animals is called animalistic genre(from lat. animal - animal). The animal artist pays attention to the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, its habits, the decorative expressiveness of the figure and silhouette. Often animals are endowed with traits, actions and experiences inherent in humans. Images of animals are often found in ancient sculpture and vase painting.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, let's summarize the above:

Painting is divided into monumental, decorative, theatrical and decorative, miniature and easel.

According to technique and means of execution, painting is divided into oil, tempera, fresco, wax, mosaic, stained glass, watercolor, gouache, pastel.

In modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.

Historical painting is images of certain historical moments, as well as public figures of the past.

Battle painting aims to capture battles, battles and wars. Mythological painting depicts events described in myths, epics and legends.

Everyday (genre) painting is a depiction of scenes of real life, its realities and attributes.

Landscape (landscape) painting is an image of natural nature or any area.

Portrait painting - artistic image person. A specific type of portrait is a self-portrait.

A still life is an image of various inanimate objects, for example, fruits, flowers, household items, utensils, placed in a real everyday environment and compositionally organized into a single group.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Batrakova SP Artist of the 20th century. and the language of painting. M., 1996.

2. Whipper B.R. Introduction to historical study art. M., Fine Arts, 1985

3. Western art of the 20th century. Classical heritage and modernity. M, 1992.

4. History foreign art. M., Fine Arts, 1984

5. History of world art. 3rd edition, Publishing House "Academy", M., 1998.

6. From constructivism to surrealism. M., 1996.

7. Polyakov V.V. History of world art. Fine arts and architecture of the 20th century. M., 1993.

8. Sadokhin A.P. Culturology: theory and history of culture: Textbook. -- M.: Eksmo, 2007.

9. Contemporary Western art. XX century: problems and trends. M., 1982.

10. Suzdalev P. About the genres of painting. // Creativity, 2004, No. 2, 3. P. 45-49.

Animalism (lat. animal - animal)

The animalistic genre arose in ancient times, when the first people painted predatory animals on the rocks. Gradually, this direction grew into an independent genre, implying an expressive depiction of any animals. Animalists usually have a great interest in the animal world, for example, they can be excellent equestrians, keep pets, or simply study their habits for a long time. As a result of the artist's intentions, animals can appear realistic or in the form of artistic images.

Among Russian artists, many were well versed in horses, for example, and. Yes, on famous painting Vasnetsov's “Bogatyrs”, heroic horses are depicted with the greatest skill: the colors, behavior of the animals, bridles and their connection with the riders are carefully thought out. Serov did not like people and considered horses in many ways better than man, which is why he often portrayed her in a variety of scenes. although he painted animals, he did not consider himself an animalist, so bears were his famous painting"Morning in pine forest” was created by the animalist K. Savitsky.

In tsarist times, portraits with pets, which were dear to man, became especially popular. For example, in the painting, Empress Catherine II appeared with her beloved dog. Animals were also present in the portraits of other Russian artists.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the everyday genre

History painting

This genre involves monumental paintings that are designed to convey to society a grandiose plan, some truth, morality, or demonstrate significant events. It includes works on historical, mythological, religious themes, folklore, as well as military scenes.

In ancient states, myths and legends were long considered events of the past, so they were often depicted on frescoes or vases. Later, artists began to separate the events that took place from fiction, which was expressed primarily in the image battle scenes. In Ancient Rome, Egypt and Greece, scenes of heroic battles were often depicted on the shields of victorious warriors in order to demonstrate their triumph over the enemy.

In the Middle Ages, due to the dominance of church dogmas, religious themes prevailed; in the Renaissance, society turned to the past mainly for the purpose of glorifying its states and rulers, and since the 18th century, this genre has often been turned to for the purpose of educating youth. In Russia the genre received mass distribution in the 19th century, when artists often tried to analyze the life of Russian society.

In the works of Russian artists battle painting was presented, for example, and. He touched on mythological and religious subjects in his paintings. Historical painting predominated among, folklore - among.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the genre of historical painting

Still life (French nature - nature and morte - dead)

This genre of painting is associated with the depiction of inanimate objects. They can be flowers, fruits, dishes, game, kitchen utensils and other objects, from which the artist often creates a composition according to his plan.

The first still lifes appeared in ancient countries. IN Ancient Egypt It was customary to depict offerings to the gods in the form of various dishes. At the same time, the recognition of the object came first, so the ancient artists did not particularly care about chiaroscuro or the texture of still life objects. In Ancient Greece and Rome, flowers and fruits were found in paintings and in houses for interior decoration, so they were depicted more authentically and picturesquely. The formation and flourishing of this genre occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries, when still lifes began to contain hidden religious and other meanings. At the same time, many varieties appeared depending on the subject of the image (floral, fruit, scientist, etc.).

In Russia, still life painting flourished only in the 20th century, since before that it was used mainly for educational purposes. But this development was rapid and captured, including abstract art with all its directions. For example, he created beautiful flower compositions in, preferred, worked in, and often “revitalized” his still lifes, giving the viewer the impression that the dishes were about to fall off the table or that all the objects were about to start rotating.

The objects depicted by artists were certainly influenced by their theoretical views or worldview, state of mind. Thus, these were objects depicted according to the principle of spherical perspective discovered by him, and expressionist still lifes amazed with their drama.

Many Russian artists used still life mainly for educational purposes. Thus, he not only honed his artistic skills, but also conducted many experiments, arranging objects in different ways, working with light and color. experimented with the shape and color of the line, sometimes moving away from realism into pure primitivism, sometimes mixing both styles.

Other artists combined in still lifes what they had previously depicted with their favorite things. For example, in the paintings you can find his favorite vase, sheet music and a portrait of his wife that he had previously created, and he depicted his favorite flowers from childhood.

Many other Russian artists worked in the same genre, for example, and others.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the still life genre

Nude (French nudite - nudity, abbreviated as nu)

This genre is intended to depict the beauty of the naked body and appeared before our era. IN ancient world paid great attention to physical development, since the survival of everything depended on it human race. Thus, in Ancient Greece, athletes traditionally competed naked so that boys and young men could see their well-developed bodies and strive for the same physical perfection. Around the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. Nude male statues also appeared, personifying the physical power of a man. Female figures, on the contrary, were always presented to the audience in robes, since it was not customary to expose the female body.

In subsequent eras, attitudes towards nudity changed. Thus, during Hellenism (from the end of the 6th century BC), endurance faded into the background, giving way to admiration of the male figure. At the same time, the first female nude figures began to appear. In the Baroque era, women with curvy figures were considered ideal; in Rococo times, sensuality became paramount, and in the 19th-20th centuries, paintings or sculptures with naked bodies (especially male ones) were often banned.

Russian artists have repeatedly turned to the nude genre in their works. So, these are dancers with theatrical attributes, these are posing girls or women in the center of monumental scenes. This has a lot of sensual women, including in couples, this has a whole series of paintings depicting naked women in various activities, and this has girls full of innocence. Some, for example, depicted completely naked men, although such paintings were not welcomed by the society of their time.

Examples of paintings by famous Russian artists in the nude genre

Landscape (French Paysage, from pays - terrain)

In this genre, the priority is the depiction of the natural or man-made environment: natural areas, views of cities, villages, monuments, etc. Depending on the chosen object, natural, industrial, marine, rural, lyrical and other landscapes are distinguished.

The first landscapes by ancient artists were discovered in rock art Neolithic era and were images of trees, rivers or lakes. Later, the natural motif was used to decorate the home. In the Middle Ages, the landscape was almost completely replaced by religious themes, and in the Renaissance, on the contrary, the harmonious relationship between man and nature came to the fore.

In Russia, landscape painting developed from the 18th century and was initially limited (landscapes, for example, were created in this style), but later a whole galaxy of talented Russian artists enriched this genre with techniques from different styles and directions. created the so-called low-key landscape, that is, instead of chasing spectacular views, he depicted the most intimate moments in Russian nature. and came to a lyrical landscape that amazed the audience with its subtly conveyed mood.

And this is an epic landscape, when the viewer is shown all the grandeur of the surrounding world. endlessly turned to antiquity, E. Volkov knew how to turn any discreet landscape into a poetic picture, amazed the viewer with his marvelous light in the landscapes, and could endlessly admire forest corners, parks, sunsets and convey this love to the viewer.

Each of the landscape painters concentrated his attention on the landscape that fascinated him especially strongly. Many artists could not ignore large-scale construction projects and painted many industrial and urban landscapes. Among them are works,

In the 17th century, a division of painting genres into “high” and “low” was introduced. The first included historical, battle and mythological genres. The second included mundane genres of painting from Everyday life, for example, everyday genre, still life, animal painting, portrait, nude, landscape.

Historical genre

The historical genre in painting does not depict a specific object or person, but a specific moment or event that took place in the history of past eras. It is included in the main genres of painting in art. Portrait, battle, everyday and mythological genres are often closely intertwined with the historical.

"Conquest of Siberia by Ermak" (1891-1895)
Vasily Surikov

Artists Nicolas Poussin, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix, Peter Rubens, Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev and many others painted their paintings in the historical genre.

Mythological genre

Tales, ancient legends and myths, folklore- the depiction of these subjects, heroes and events has found its place in the mythological genre of painting. Perhaps it can be distinguished in the paintings of any people, because the history of each ethnic group is full of legends and traditions. For example, such a plot of Greek mythology as the secret romance of the god of war Ares and the goddess of beauty Aphrodite is depicted in the painting “Parnassus” by an Italian artist named Andrea Mantegna.

"Parnassus" (1497)
Andrea Mantegna

Mythology in painting was finally formed during the Renaissance. Representatives of this genre, in addition to Andrea Mantegna, are Rafael Santi, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach, Sandro Botticelli, Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov and others.

Battle genre

Battle painting describes scenes from military life. Most often, various military campaigns are illustrated, as well as sea and land battles. And since these fights are often taken from real story, then the battle and historical genres find their intersection point here.

Fragment of the panorama “Battle of Borodino” (1912)
Franz Roubaud

Battle painting took shape during the Italian Renaissance in the works of artists Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, and then Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya, Franz Alekseevich Roubaud, Mitrofan Borisovich Grekov and many other painters.

Everyday genre

Scenes from the everyday, public or private life of ordinary people, be it urban or peasant life, are depicted in the everyday genre in painting. Like many others genres of painting, everyday paintings are rarely found in their own form, becoming part of the portrait or landscape genre.

"Musical Instrument Seller" (1652)
Karel Fabricius

The origin of everyday painting occurred in the 10th century in the East, and it moved to Europe and Russia only in the 17th-18th centuries. Jan Vermeer, Karel Fabricius and Gabriel Metsu, Mikhail Shibanov and Ivan Alekseevich Ermenev are the most famous artists of everyday paintings in that period.

Animalistic genre

The main objects of the animalistic genre are animals and birds, both wild and domestic, and in general all representatives of the animal world. Initially, animal art was included in the genres Chinese painting, since it first appeared in China in the 8th century. In Europe, animal painting was formed only during the Renaissance - animals at that time were depicted as the embodiment of human vices and virtues.

"Horses in the Meadow" (1649)
Paulus Potter

Antonio Pisanello, Paulus Potter, Albrecht Durer, Frans Snyders, Albert Cuyp are the main representatives of animal painting in fine arts.

Still life

The still life genre depicts objects that surround a person in life. These are inanimate objects combined into one group. Such objects may belong to the same genus (for example, only fruits are depicted in the picture), or they may be dissimilar (fruits, utensils, musical instruments, flowers, etc.).

"Flowers in a Basket, Butterfly and Dragonfly" (1614)
Ambrosius Bosshart the Elder

Still life as an independent genre took shape in the 17th century. Particularly distinguished are the Flemish and Dutch school still life. Representatives of a wide variety of styles painted their paintings in this genre, from realism to cubism. Some of the most famous still lifes painted by painters Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder, Albertus Jonah Brandt, Paul Cezanne, Vincent Van Gogh, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Willem Claes Heda.

Portrait

Portrait is a genre of painting that is one of the most common in fine art. The purpose of a portrait in painting is to depict a person, but not just his appearance, but also to convey inner feelings and the mood of the person being portrayed.

Portraits can be single, pair, group, as well as a self-portrait, which is sometimes distinguished as a separate genre. And most famous portrait Of all times, perhaps, is the painting by Leonardo da Vinci entitled “Portrait of Madame Lisa del Giocondo”, known to everyone as the “Mona Lisa”.

"Mona Lisa" (1503-1506)
Leonardo da Vinci

The first portraits appeared thousands of years ago in Ancient Egypt - these were images of pharaohs. Since then, most artists of all times have tried themselves in this genre in one way or another. Portrait and historical genres of painting can also intersect: the depiction of a great historical figure will be considered a work of historical genre, although at the same time it will convey the appearance and character of this person as a portrait.

Nude

The purpose of the nude genre is to depict the naked human body. The Renaissance period is considered the moment of the emergence and development of this type of painting, and the main object of painting then most often became the female body, which embodied the beauty of the era.

"Rural Concert" (1510)
Titian

Titian, Amedeo Modigliani, Antonio da Correggio, Giorgione, Pablo Picasso are the most famous artists who painted nude paintings.

Scenery

The main theme of the landscape genre is nature, the environment - city, countryside or wilderness. The first landscapes appeared in ancient times when painting palaces and temples, creating miniatures and icons. Landscape began to emerge as an independent genre in the 16th century and has since become one of the most popular genres. genres of painting.

It is present in the works of many painters, starting with Peter Rubens, Alexei Kondratyevich Savrasov, Edouard Manet, continuing with Isaac Ilyich Levitan, Piet Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and ending with many contemporary artists of the 21st century.

« Golden autumn"(1895)
Isaac Levitan

Among landscape paintings, one can distinguish such genres as sea and city landscapes.

Veduta

Veduta is a landscape, the purpose of which is to depict the appearance of an urban area and convey its beauty and flavor. Later, with the development of industry, the urban landscape turns into an industrial landscape.

"St. Mark's Square" (1730)
Canaletto

You can appreciate city landscapes by getting acquainted with the works of Canaletto, Pieter Bruegel, Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev, Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin.

Marina

A seascape, or marina, depicts the nature of the sea element, its grandeur. The most famous marine painter in the world is perhaps Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, whose painting “The Ninth Wave” can be called a masterpiece of Russian painting. The heyday of the marina occurred simultaneously with the development of the landscape as such.

"Sailboat in a Storm" (1886)
James Buttersworth

with their own seascapes also known are Katsushika Hokusai, James Edward Buttersworth, Alexey Petrovich Bogolyubov, Lev Felixovich Lagorio and Rafael Monleon Torres.

If you want to learn even more about how painting genres in art arose and developed, watch the following video:

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Gothic

"Altar of the Merode family." Robert Campin. 1430s.

Gothic is a movement in art that has covered all the countries of Western and Central Europe. Then Gothic was in everything - in sculpture, painting, stained glass, etc. it was used everywhere possible, a “cultural boom” occurred. This popularity is due to the latest step in the evolution of medieval art. Center and main figure gothic style there was architecture - high arches, stained glass windows, lots of details. The Roman era could not withstand such onslaught and remained on the sidelines of history.

Years: 1150 - 1450.
Bartolo di Fredi, Giotto, Jan Polak, Jan van Eyck.

Renaissance (Renaissance)

"The Penitent Mary Magdalene." Titian. 1560s.

Renaissance arose from the fall of the Byzantine Empire and the cultural upheaval that occurred on this occasion in Europe. The Byzantines, who were forced to flee, along with cultural ties, brought works of art and libraries to the lands of Europe. Thus, there was a kind of revival of ancient views, but in a modern way. Over the years, many points have been revised and questioned. In general, secular humanism and ideas of prosperity reigned.

Years: 1400 - 1600.
Hieronymus Bosch, Leonardo da Vinci, Titian.

Baroque

"Judith and Holofernes." Caravaggio. 1599

Baroque— European cultural heritage originally from Italy. Characterizes ironic vicious beauty, unnatural elitism and pretentiousness. The characteristic features of such paintings are high contrast, plot tension, and character dynamics stretched to the limit. The quintessence of Baroque is considered to be the church of Santa Maria della Vittoria, located in Rome.

Years: 1600-1740.
Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Rubens, Jan Vermeer.

Classicism

"The Mercy of Scipio Africanus." Pompeo Batoni. 1772

Classicism played a huge role in art, as a fundamental movement in 18th-century painting. Everything becomes clear from the name itself (Latin classicus means exemplary, exemplary).
The artists set themselves the goal of introducing the viewer to the lofty, and their paintings were a guiding star. High morality, restrained culture and traditional ancient values became the basis of classicism. During the era of classicism in Europe there was cultural growth and revaluation of values, art reached a completely different level.

Years: 1700 - 1800.
Karl Bryullov, Jean-Baptiste Greuze, Poussin Nicolas.

Realism

"Roaming Acrobats" Gustave Dore. 1874

Realism tries to convey with the greatest authenticity the mood of the moment, a moment of reality on the canvas. But in turn, it is not limited by clear boundaries; the only rules are that there should be no room in the picture for things that exclude realism. During experiments, at the end of the 18th century, this style was divided into naturalism and impressionism. But realism managed to survive and is popular even in modern painting.

Years: 1800 - 1880.
William Bouguereau, Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet.

Impressionism

"Impression. Rising Sun". Claude Monet. 1872

Impressionism originated in France, this concept was introduced by Louis Leroy. The impressionists who worked in this style wanted to capture a second impression of every object or moment; they painted right here and now, regardless of form and meaning. The paintings showed exclusively positive and bright moments and moments. But later, on this basis, disagreements began among the impressionists; over time, masters appeared who could be impressed by social problems, hunger, and disease. However, impressionism is kind and positive style painting that shows the good and bright moments.

Years: 1860 - 1920.
Claude Monet, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas.

Post-Impressionism

"Self-Portrait in a Gray Felt Hat III." Vincent Van Gogh. 1887

Post-Impressionism has absorbed many various styles and technician. European masters with fresh views on painting gave birth to new trends and actively tried to move away from the then boring impressionism and realism.

Years: 1880 - 1920.
Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Roderick O'Conor.

Pointillism

"Rio San Trovaso. Venice". Henri Edmond Cross. 1904

Pointillism(point - dot) - a stylistic direction in painting, which is the same impressionism, only in a different shell. Instead of jagged strokes, dotted or rectangular shapes were used. Also, the artists abandoned mixing colors on the palette; instead, pure colors were applied to the canvas and mixed directly on the canvas itself without touching each other.

Years: 1885 - 1930.
Henri Edmond Cross, Georges Seurat, Paul Signac.

Modernism

"Butterflies up close." Odilon Redon. 1910

Modernism - general characteristics all genres and styles in painting from 1850 to 1950. Includes such trends in painting as impressionism, expressionism, neo- and post-impressionism, fauvism, cubism, futurism, abstract art, dadaism, surrealism and many others. The existence of these styles marks the complete departure of fine art from academicism. After leaving academicism, it became almost impossible to keep track of all the trends and styles that have been formed and are still being formed.

Years: 1850 - 1950.
Salvador Dali, Kazimir Malevich, Auguste Renoir and many others.

Academicism

Academicism- a direction in art that follows the rules and customs of antiquity and the Renaissance. Academicism seeks to impose clear foundations and boundaries and excludes fantasy and creative flight. Instead, the emphasis is on improving the shortcomings, the “roughness” of nature - hiding or eliminating. Improving reality towards a beautiful perception is the essence of academicism. Plots are often taken from ancient mythology, and biblical and historical motifs are also used.

Years: 1500 - today.
Karl Bryullov, William Bouguereau, Fyodor Bruni.

Primitivism

“In the Kitchen” Epifaniy Drovnyak. 1940~

Primitivism- deliberately simplifying a painting to such an extent that it looks as if it were the work of a child. Various folk drawings and illustrations can be attributed to primitivism. Only at first glance the paintings look simple and absurd. But if you look closely, you can see the correct proportions and compliance with the rules of horizon and composition. Most of the famous masters of primitivism and naive art were great admirers of the history of their people and their culture. That is why all their paintings are rich in the color of the area in which they lived. Today this genre has transformed into naive art, often mixed with symbolism. This is due to the fact that the modern viewer is not ready to perceive primitivism in its pure form.

Years: 1900 - today.
Epiphany Drovnyak, Henri Rousseau, Niko Pirosmanishvili.

Cubism

"Seated woman in a blue dress." Pablo Picasso. 1939

Cubism is a movement of modernism, often used in relation to painting and fine arts. The masters divided their subjects into geometric shapes, giving each unique element its own dense sector.

Years: 1906 - 1925.
Pablo Picasso, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay.

Surrealism

"The Persistence of Memory". Salvador Dali. 1931

Surrealism is mixing dreams with reality. In this style, artists released their dreams outward, mixing images from real life with each other, combining incompatible things. Also, personal themes of dreams were touched upon - fears, secret desires, unconscious fantasies, complexes. Everything that a person can see in his dreams. Today, surrealists copy the outer shell, using only beautiful forms, without instilling in them the meaning that was characteristic of the masters of the past.

Years: 1920 - today.
Salvador Dali, Max Ernst, Rene Magritte.

Abstractionism

"Yellow red blue." Wassily Kandinsky. 1925

Abstractionism- a direction in art where there was a refusal to depict reality and the correctness of forms. The main goal is to depict many colorful shapes that together can tell the story of the painting. Russia and America are considered to be the birthplace of abstract art.

Years: 1910 - today.
Wassily Kandinsky, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian.

Expressionism

"Scream." Edvard Munch. 1893

Expressionism sets itself one single task, to convey what the author of the picture felt at the time of its writing. Artists in this style want to express themselves and their feelings, which is why expressionism is the antipode of impressionism, in which the emphasis is on the expression of a purely external shell. Expressionists are characterized by a tendency towards mysticism, pessimism and despondency.

Years: 1890 - today.
Egon Schiele, Karl Eugen Kehl, Jerzy Hulewicz.

Pop Art

"Green bottles of Coca-Cola." Andy Warhole. 1962

Pop Art — Modern style in art, using symbols popular culture and consumer products. Helped to manipulate and combine objects modern technologies, because of this, pop art was often criticized by the gatekeepers of the old school. Over time, pop art absorbed many trends in painting.

Years: 1950 - 1980.
Andy Warhol, David Hockney, Robert Rauschenberg.

Minimalism

Gran Cairo. Frank Stella. 1962

Minimalism should minimize the author's interference with the environment. Minimalism means only the most important points. Its origins lie in constructivism, suprematism, and dadaism. It is a very controversial genre of painting, due to the overly minimalist views of some authors of this style. Today, minimalist trends in painting are transforming extremely quickly.

Years: 1960 - today.
Frank Stella, Carl Andre, Sol LeWitt.

Hyperrealism

"Fruits". Jacques Bodin. 2016

Hyperrealism appeared in connection with the popularization of photography; artists were interested in competing with photographers. Hyperrealists create an alternative reality, a realistic illusion.

Years: 1970 - today.
Gnoli, Gerhard Richter, Delkol.

That's all the directions in painting

That's all I could and wanted to say on this topic 😉 In fact, there are many more directions in painting, and they are unintentionally developed literally every day. In this article I wanted to talk about the most popular and influential ones. If you liked the material, share it on social networks, let's develop art together. Thank you all for your support!

Painting is a type of fine art that consists of creating paintings and canvases that most fully and life-like reflect reality.

A work of art made with paints (oil, tempera, watercolor, gouache, etc.) applied to any hard surface, is called painting. The main expressive means of painting is color, its ability to evoke various feelings and associations enhances the emotionality of the image. The artist usually draws up the color required for painting on a palette, and then turns the paint into color on the painting plane, creating a color order - coloring. According to the nature of color combinations, it can be warm and cold, cheerful and sad, calm and tense, light and dark.

The images in the painting are very visual and convincing. Painting is capable of conveying volume and space, nature on a plane, revealing the complex world of human feelings and characters, embodying universal ideas, events of the historical past, mythological images and flights of fancy.

Unlike painting as an independent type of fine art, the pictorial approach (method) can be used in its other types: in drawing, graphics and even in sculpture. The essence of the pictorial approach lies in depicting an object in relationship with the surrounding spatial light-air environment, in a fine gradation of tonal transitions.

The variety of objects and events of the surrounding world, close

artists' interest in them led to the emergence during the 17th -

XX centuries genres of painting: portrait, still life, landscape, animalistic, everyday (genre painting), mythological, historical, battle genres. In works of art there may be a combination of genres or their elements. For example, a still life or landscape can successfully complement a portrait image.

According to the technical techniques and materials used, painting can be divided into the following types: oil, tempera, wax (encaustic), enamel, glue, water paints on wet plaster (fresco), etc. In some cases, it is difficult to separate painting from graphics. Works made in watercolor, gouache, and pastel can relate to both painting and graphics.

Painting can be single-layer, done immediately, or multi-layer, including underpainting and glazing, transparent and translucent layers of paint applied to the dried paint layer. This achieves the finest nuances and shades of color.

Important means of artistic expression in painting are, in addition to color (color), the spot and character of the stroke, the treatment of the paint surface (texture), values showing subtle changes in tone depending on the lighting, reflexes that appear from the interaction of adjacent colors.

The construction of volume and space in painting is associated with linear and airy perspective, spatial properties of warm and cold colors, light and shadow modeling of form, and the transfer of the overall color tone of the canvas. To create a picture, in addition to color, you need good drawing and expressive composition. The artist, as a rule, begins work on the canvas by searching for the most successful solution in sketches. Then, in numerous picturesque sketches from life, he

works out the necessary elements of the composition. Work on a painting can begin with drawing the composition with a brush, underpainting and

directly painting the canvas with one or another pictorial means. Moreover, even preparatory sketches and sketches sometimes have independent artistic significance, especially if they belong to the brush famous painter. Painting is a very ancient art, which has evolved over many centuries from Paleolithic rock paintings to the latest trends in 20th century painting. Painting has a wide range of possibilities for realizing ideas from realism to abstractionism. Enormous spiritual treasures have been accumulated in the course of its development. In ancient times, a desire arose to reproduce the real world as a person sees it. This caused the emergence of the principles of chiaroscuro, elements of perspective, and the emergence of volumetric-spatial pictorial images. New thematic possibilities for depicting reality through pictorial means have opened up. Painting served to decorate temples, dwellings, tombs and other structures, and was in artistic unity with architecture and sculpture.

Medieval painting was predominantly of religious content. It was distinguished by the expression of sonorous, mainly local colors, and expressiveness of contours.

The background of frescoes and paintings, as a rule, was conventional, abstract or golden, embodying the divine idea in its mysterious flickering. Color symbolism played a significant role.

During the Renaissance, the feeling of the harmony of the universe, anthropocentrism (man at the center of the universe) was reflected in pictorial compositions on religious and mythological themes, in portraits, everyday and historical scenes. The role of painting has increased, developing a scientifically based system of linear and aerial perspective, chiaroscuro.

Abstract painting appeared, which marked the abandonment of figurativeness and the active expression of the artist’s personal attitude to the world, emotionality and conventionality of color, exaggeration and geometrization

forms, decorativeness and associativity of compositional solutions.

In the 20th century The search for new colors and technical means of creating paintings continues, which will undoubtedly lead to the emergence of new styles in painting, but oil painting still remains one of the most favorite techniques of artists.