THE PROBLEM OF PERSISTENCE AND COURAGE OF THE RUSSIAN ARMY DURING MILITARY TESTS
1. In the novel L.N. Tostogo's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky convinces his friend Pierre Bezukhov that the battle is won by an army that wants to defeat the enemy at all costs, and not one that has a better disposition. On the Borodino field, every Russian soldier fought desperately and selflessly, knowing that behind him was the ancient capital, the heart of Russia, Moscow.
2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young girls who opposed the German saboteurs died defending their homeland. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The anti-aircraft gunners showed courage and restraint and showed themselves to be true patriots.
THE PROBLEM OF TENDERNESS
1. an example of sacrificial love is Jane Eyre, the heroine novel of the same name Charlotte Bronte. Jen happily became the eyes and hands of the person most dear to her when he went blind.
2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Marya Bolkonskaya patiently endures her father's severity. She treats the old prince with love, despite his difficult character. The princess does not even think about the fact that her father is often too demanding of her. Marya's love is sincere, pure, bright.
THE PROBLEM OF PRESERVING HONOR
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin" Captain's daughter"for Petr Grinev the most important life principle it was an honor. Even in the face of danger death penalty Peter, who swore allegiance to the empress, refused to recognize Pugachev as sovereign. The hero understood that this decision could cost him his life, but a sense of duty prevailed over fear. Alexey Shvabrin, on the contrary, committed treason and lost his own dignity when he joined the camp of the impostor.
2. The problem of maintaining honor is raised in the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". The two sons of the main character are completely different. Ostap is honest and brave man. He never betrayed his comrades and died like a hero. Andriy is a romantic person. For the sake of love for a Polish woman, he betrays his homeland. His personal interests come first. Andriy dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal. Thus, you always need to remain honest first of all with yourself.
THE PROBLEM OF DEVOTED LOVE
1. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev and Masha Mironova love each other. Peter defends the honor of his beloved in a duel with Shvabrin, who insulted the girl. In turn, Masha saves Grinev from exile when she “asks for mercy” from the empress. Thus, the basis of the relationship between Masha and Peter is mutual assistance.
2. Selfless love- one of the themes of the novel by M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita". A woman is able to accept the interests and aspirations of her lover as her own and helps him in everything. The master writes a novel - and this becomes the content of Margarita's life. She rewrites the finished chapters, trying to keep the master calm and happy. A woman sees her destiny in this.
THE PROBLEM OF REPENTANCE
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" is shown long haul to the repentance of Rodion Raskolnikov. Confident in the validity of his theory of “permitting blood according to conscience,” the main character despises himself for his own weakness and does not realize the gravity crime committed. However, faith in God and love for Sonya Marmeladova lead Raskolnikov to repentance.
THE PROBLEM OF SEARCHING FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE IN THE MODERN WORLD
1. In the story by I.A. Bunin "Mr. from San Francisco" American millionaire served the "golden calf". Main character believed that the meaning of life lies in the accumulation of wealth. When the Master died, it turned out that true happiness passed him by.
2. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" Natasha Rostova sees the meaning of life in family, love for family and friends. After the wedding with Pierre Bezukhov, the main character refuses social life, devotes himself entirely to his family. Natasha Rostova found her purpose in this world and became truly happy.
THE PROBLEM OF LITERARY ILLITERACY AND LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION AMONG YOUTH
1. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev claims that a book teaches a person better than any work. The famous scientist admires the ability of a book to educate a person and shape his inner world. Academician D.S. Likhachev comes to the conclusion that it is books that teach one to think and make a person intelligent.
2. Ray Bradbury in his novel Fahrenheit 451 shows what happened to humanity after all books were completely destroyed. It may seem that in such a society there is no social problems. The answer lies in the fact that it is simply unspiritual, since there is no literature that can force people to analyze, think, and make decisions.
THE PROBLEM OF EDUCATION OF CHILDREN
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from parents and educators. As a child, the main character was an inquisitive and active child, but excessive care led to Oblomov’s apathy and weak-willedness in adulthood.
2. In the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the spirit of mutual understanding, loyalty, and love reigns in the Rostov family. Thanks to this, Natasha, Nikolai and Petya became worthy people, inherited kindness and nobility. Thus, the conditions created by the Rostovs contributed to the harmonious development of their children.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONALISM
1. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson works tirelessly. The main character rushes to help the sick in any weather. Thanks to his responsiveness and professionalism, Dr. Janson managed to gain the love and respect of all residents of the city.
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THE PROBLEM OF A SOLDIER'S FATE IN WAR
1. The fate of the main characters of the story by B.L. was tragic. Vasiliev "And the dawns here are quiet...". Five young anti-aircraft gunners opposed the German saboteurs. The forces were not equal: all the girls died. Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Lisa Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich and Galya Chetvertak could have survived, but they were sure that they had to fight to the end. The girls became an example of perseverance and courage.
2. V. Bykov's story "Sotnikov" tells about two partisans who were captured by the Germans during the Great Patriotic War. Further fate soldier's life turned out differently. So Rybak betrayed his homeland and agreed to serve the Germans. Sotnikov refused to give up and chose death.
THE PROBLEM OF EGOISM OF A PERSON IN LOVE
1. In the story by N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" Andriy, because of his love for a Pole, went over to the enemy's camp, betrayed his brother, father, and homeland. The young man, without hesitation, decided to take up arms against his yesterday’s comrades. For Andriy, personal interests come first. A young man dies at the hands of his father, who could not forgive the betrayal and selfishness of his youngest son.
2. It is unacceptable when love becomes an obsession, as in the case of the main character of P. Suskind's "Perfumer. The Story of a Murderer." Jean-Baptiste Grenouille is incapable of high feelings. All that is of interest to him is smells, creating a scent that inspires love in people. Grenouille is an example of an egoist who commits the most serious crimes to achieve his goals.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL
1. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin "Two Captains" Romashov repeatedly betrayed the people around him. At school, Romashka eavesdropped and reported to the head everything that was said about him. Later, Romashov went so far as to begin collecting information proving Nikolai Antonovich’s guilt in the death of Captain Tatarinov’s expedition. All of Chamomile’s actions are low, destroying not only his life but also the fates of other people.
2. The action of the hero of the story by V.G. entails even deeper consequences. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. This irreparable mistake not only dooms him to loneliness and expulsion from society, but is also the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya.
THE PROBLEM OF DECEITIVE APPEARANCE
1. In Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", Helen Kuragina, despite her brilliant appearance and success in society, is not rich inner world. Her main priorities in life are money and fame. Thus, in the novel, this beauty is the embodiment of evil and spiritual decline.
2. In Victor Hugo's novel "The Cathedral" Notre Dame of Paris"Quasimodo is a hunchback who has overcome many difficulties throughout his life. The appearance of the main character is completely unsightly, but behind it lies a noble and beautiful soul capable of sincere love.
THE PROBLEM OF BETRAYAL IN WAR
1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "Live and Remember" Andrei Guskov deserts and becomes a traitor. At the beginning of the war, the main character fought honestly and courageously, went on reconnaissance missions, and never hid behind the backs of his comrades. However, after some time, Guskov began to think about why he should fight. At that moment, selfishness took over, and Andrei made an irreparable mistake, which doomed him to loneliness, expulsion from society and became the reason for the suicide of his wife Nastya. The hero was tormented by pangs of conscience, but he was no longer able to change anything.
2. In V. Bykov’s story “Sotnikov,” the partisan Rybak betrays his homeland and agrees to serve “great Germany.” His comrade Sotnikov, on the contrary, is an example of perseverance. Despite the unbearable pain he experienced during torture, the partisan refuses to tell the truth to the police. The fisherman realizes the baseness of his act, wants to run away, but understands that there is no turning back.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF LOVE FOR THE MOTHERLAND ON CREATIVITY
1. Yu.Ya. Yakovlev in the story “Woke by Nightingales” writes about a difficult boy Seluzhenka, whom those around him did not like. One night the main character heard the trill of a nightingale. The wonderful sounds amazed the child and awakened his interest in creativity. Seluzhenok signed up for art school, and since then the attitude of adults towards him has changed. The author convinces the reader that nature awakens in the human soul best qualities, helps to unleash creative potential.
2. Love to native land- the main motive of the work of the painter A.G. Venetsianova. He painted a number of paintings dedicated to the life of ordinary peasants. “The Reapers”, “Zakharka”, “Sleeping Shepherd” - these are my favorite paintings by the artist. Life ordinary people, the beauty of Russia’s nature prompted A.G. Venetsianov to create paintings that have attracted the attention of viewers with their freshness and sincerity for more than two centuries.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD MEMORIES ON HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" the main character considers childhood to be the most happy times. Ilya Ilyich grew up in an atmosphere of constant care from his parents and educators. Excessive care became the reason for Oblomov’s apathy in adulthood. It seemed that love for Olga Ilyinskaya was supposed to awaken Ilya Ilyich. However, his way of life remained unchanged, because the way of life of his native Oblomovka forever left a mark on the fate of the protagonist. Thus, childhood memories influenced life path Ilya Ilyich.
2. In the poem “My Way” by S.A. Yesenin admitted that his childhood played an important role in his work. Once upon a time, at the age of nine, a boy inspired by the nature of his native village wrote his first work. Thus, childhood predetermined S.A.’s life path. Yesenina.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PATH IN LIFE
1. The main theme of the novel by I.A. Goncharov's "Oblomov" - the fate of a man who failed to choose the right path in life. The writer especially emphasizes that apathy and inability to work turned Ilya Ilyich into an idle person. The lack of willpower and any interests did not allow the main character to become happy and realize his potential.
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From the book by M. Mirsky “Healing with a scalpel. Academician N.N. Burdenko” I learned that the outstanding doctor first studied at a theological seminary, but soon realized that he wanted to devote himself to medicine. Having entered the university, N.N. Burdenko became interested in anatomy, which soon helped him become a famous surgeon.
3. D.S. Likhachev in “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” states that “you need to live your life with dignity so that you are not ashamed to remember.” With these words, the academician emphasizes that fate is unpredictable, but it is important to remain a generous, honest and caring person.
THE PROBLEM OF DOG LOYALTY
1. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky "White Bim" Black ear"told tragic fate Scottish Setter. Bim the dog is desperately trying to find his owner, who had a heart attack. On its way, the dog encounters difficulties. Unfortunately, the owner finds the pet after the dog is killed. Bima can confidently be called a true friend, devoted to his owner until the end of his days.
2. In Eric Knight's novel Lassie, the Carraclough family is forced to give up their collie to other people due to financial difficulties. Lassie yearns for her former owners, and this feeling only intensifies when the new owner takes her far from her home. The collie escapes and overcomes many obstacles. Despite all the difficulties, the dog is reunited with its former owners.
THE PROBLEM OF MASTERY IN ART
1. In the story by V.G. Korolenko "The Blind Musician" Pyotr Popelsky had to overcome many difficulties to find his place in life. Despite his blindness, Petrus became a pianist who, through his playing, helped people become purer in heart and kinder in soul.
2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Taper" boy Yuri Agazarov is a self-taught musician. The writer emphasizes that young pianist amazingly talented and hardworking. The boy's talent does not go unnoticed. His playing amazed the famous pianist Anton Rubinstein. So Yuri became known throughout Russia as one of the most talented composers.
THE PROBLEM OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LIFE EXPERIENCE FOR WRITERS
1. In Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago, the main character is interested in poetry. Yuri Zhivago - witness of the revolution and civil war. These events are reflected in his poems. Thus, life itself inspires the poet to create beautiful works.
2. The theme of a writer's vocation is raised in Jack London's novel Martin Eden. The main character is a sailor who has been doing heavy lifting for many years. physical labor. Martin Eden visited different countries, saw the life of ordinary people. All this has become main theme his creativity. So life experience allowed a simple sailor to become a famous writer.
THE PROBLEM OF THE INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON THE MIND OF A PERSON
1. In the story by A.I. Kuprin" Garnet bracelet"Vera Sheina experiences spiritual cleansing to the sounds of a Beethoven sonata. Listening to classical music, the heroine calms down after the trials she has endured. The magical sounds of the sonata helped Vera find inner balance, find the meaning of future life.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria "Casta Diva" awaken in his soul feelings that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength that seemed to rise from the bottom of his soul, ready for a feat.”
THE PROBLEM OF MOTHER'S LOVE
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In the story by A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" describes the scene of Pyotr Grinev's farewell to his mother. Avdotya Vasilyevna was depressed when she learned that her son needed to leave for work for a long time. Saying goodbye to Peter, the woman could not hold back her tears, because nothing could be harder for her than parting with her son. Avdotya Vasilievna’s love is sincere and immense.
THE PROBLEM OF THE IMPACT OF WORKS OF ART ABOUT WAR ON PEOPLE
1. In Lev Kassil’s story “The Great Confrontation,” Sima Krupitsyna listened to news reports from the front every morning on the radio. One day a girl heard the song " Holy war". Sima was so excited by the words of this anthem for the defense of the Fatherland that she decided to go to the front. Thus, the work of art inspired the main character to a feat.
THE PROBLEM OF Pseudoscience
1. In the novel by V.D. Dudintsev "White Clothes" Professor Ryadno is deeply convinced of the correctness of the biological teaching approved by the party. For the sake of personal gain, the academician is launching a fight against genetic scientists. He vehemently defends pseudoscientific views and goes to the extreme dishonorable acts to achieve fame. The fanaticism of an academician leads to the death of talented scientists and the cessation of important research.
2. G.N. Troepolsky in the story “Candidate of Sciences” speaks out against those who defend false views and ideas. The writer is convinced that such scientists hinder the development of science, and, consequently, of society as a whole. In the story by G.N. Troepolsky focuses on the need to combat false scientists.
THE PROBLEM OF LATE REPENTANCE
1. In the story by A.S. Pushkin " Stationmaster» Samson Vyrin was left alone after his daughter ran away with Captain Minsky. The old man did not lose hope of finding Dunya, but all attempts remained unsuccessful. The caretaker died from melancholy and hopelessness. Only a few years later Dunya came to her father’s grave. The girl felt guilty for the death of the caretaker, but repentance came too late.
2. In the story by K.G. Paustovsky “Telegram” Nastya left her mother and went to St. Petersburg to build a career. Katerina Petrovna had a presentiment imminent death and more than once asked her daughter to visit her. However, Nastya remained indifferent to the fate of her mother and did not have time to come to her funeral. The girl repented only at Katerina Petrovna’s grave. So K.G. Paustovsky argues that you need to be attentive to your loved ones.
THE PROBLEM OF HISTORICAL MEMORY
1. V.G. Rasputin, in his essay “The Eternal Field,” writes about his impressions of a trip to the site of the Battle of Kulikovo. The writer notes that more than six hundred years have passed and during this time much has changed. However, the memory of this battle still lives thanks to the obelisks erected in honor of the ancestors who defended Rus'.
2. In the story by B.L. Vasilyeva “And the dawns here are quiet...” five girls fell fighting for their homeland. Many years later, their combat comrade Fedot Vaskov and Rita Osyanina’s son Albert returned to the site of the death of the anti-aircraft gunners to install a gravestone and perpetuate their feat.
THE PROBLEM OF THE LIFE COURSE OF A GIFTED PERSON
1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “My horses are flying...” Smolensk doctor Janson is an example of selflessness combined with high professionalism. The most talented doctor rushed to help the sick every day, in any weather, without demanding anything in return. For these qualities, the doctor earned the love and respect of all residents of the city.
2. In the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri" tells the life story of two composers. Salieri writes music in order to become famous, and Mozart selflessly serves art. Because of envy, Salieri poisoned the genius. Despite Mozart's death, his works live on and excite people's hearts.
THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF WAR
1. In A. Solzhenitsyn’s story “ Matrenin Dvor"depicts the life of a Russian village after the war, which led not only to economic decline, but also to a loss of morality. The villagers lost part of their economy and became callous and heartless. Thus, the war leads to irreparable consequences.
2. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov’s “The Fate of a Man” shows the life path of soldier Andrei Sokolov. His house was destroyed by the enemy, and his family died during the bombing. So M.A. Sholokhov emphasizes that war deprives people of the most valuable thing they have.
THE PROBLEM OF CONTRADICTION OF THE HUMAN INNER WORLD
1. In the novel by I.S. Turgenev's "Fathers and Sons" Evgeny Bazarov is distinguished by his intelligence, hard work, and determination, but at the same time, the student is often harsh and rude. Bazarov condemns people who give in to feelings, but is convinced of the incorrectness of his views when he falls in love with Odintsova. So I.S. Turgenev showed that people are characterized by inconsistency.
2. In the novel by I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov" Ilya Ilyich has both negative and positive features character. On the one hand, the main character is apathetic and dependent. Oblomov is not interested real life, she makes him bored and tired. On the other hand, Ilya Ilyich is distinguished by his sincerity, sincerity, and ability to understand the problems of another person. This is the ambiguity of Oblomov’s character.
THE PROBLEM OF TREATING PEOPLE FAIRLY
1. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Porfiry Petrovich is investigating the murder of an old money-lender. The investigator is a keen expert on human psychology. He understands the motives for Rodion Raskolnikov’s crime and partly sympathizes with him. Porfiry Petrovich gives young man a chance to confess. This will subsequently serve as a mitigating circumstance in Raskolnikov’s case.
2. A.P. Chekhov, in his story “Chameleon,” introduces us to the story of a dispute that broke out over a dog bite. Police warden Ochumelov is trying to decide whether she deserves punishment. Ochumelov’s verdict depends only on whether the dog belongs to the general or not. The warden is not looking for justice. His main goal is to curry favor with the general.
THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN AND NATURE
1. In the story by V.P. Astafieva “Tsar Fish” Ignatyich was engaged in poaching for many years. One day, a fisherman caught a giant sturgeon on his hook. Ignatyich understood that he alone could not cope with the fish, but greed did not allow him to call his brother and the mechanic for help. Soon the fisherman himself found himself overboard, entangled in his nets and hooks. Ignatyich understood that he could die. V.P. Astafiev writes: “The king of the river and the king of all nature are in one trap.” So the author emphasizes the inextricable connection between man and nature.
2. In the story by A.I. Kuprin "Olesya" the main character lives in harmony with nature. The girl feels like an integral part of the world around her and knows how to see its beauty. A.I. Kuprin especially emphasizes that love for nature helped Olesya keep her soul unspoiled, sincere and beautiful.
THE PROBLEM OF THE ROLE OF MUSIC IN HUMAN LIFE
1. In the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov" music plays an important role. Ilya Ilyich falls in love with Olga Ilyinskaya when he listens to her singing. The sounds of the aria “Casta Diva” awaken feelings in his heart that he has never experienced. I.A. Goncharov especially emphasizes that for a long time Oblomov did not feel “such vigor, such strength, which seemed to all rise from the bottom of the soul, ready for a feat.” Thus, music can awaken sincere and strong feelings in a person.
2. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don“Songs accompany the Cossacks throughout their lives. They sing on military campaigns, in the fields, and at weddings. Cossacks put their whole soul into singing. The songs reveal their prowess, love for the Don and the steppes.
THE PROBLEM OF REPLACEMENT OF BOOKS BY TELEVISION
1. R. Bradbury's novel Fahrenheit 451 depicts a society that relies on popular culture. In this world, people who can think critically are outlawed, and books that make you think about life are destroyed. Literature was replaced by television, which became the main entertainment for people. They are unspiritual, their thoughts are subject to standards. R. Bradbury convinces readers that the destruction of books inevitably leads to the degradation of society.
2. In the book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” D.S. Likhachev thinks about the question: why is television replacing literature. The academician believes that this happens because television distracts people from worries and forces them to watch some program without rushing. D.S. Likhachev sees this as a threat to people, because TV “dictates how to watch and what to watch” and makes people weak-willed. According to the philologist, only a book can make a person spiritually rich and educated.
THE PROBLEM OF THE RUSSIAN VILLAGE
1. A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s story “Matryonin’s Dvor” depicts the life of a Russian village after the war. People not only became poorer, but also became callous and soulless. Only Matryona retained a feeling of pity for others and always came to the aid of those in need. Tragic death the main character is the beginning of the death of the moral foundations of the Russian village.
2. In the story by V.G. Rasputin's "Farewell to Matera" depicts the fate of the inhabitants of the island, which is about to be flooded. It’s hard for old people to say goodbye to their native land, where they spent their whole lives, where their ancestors are buried. The ending of the story is tragic. Along with the village, its customs and traditions are disappearing, which over the centuries have been passed down from generation to generation and formed the unique character of the inhabitants of Matera.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TO POETS AND THEIR CREATIVITY
1. A.S. Pushkin in the poem “The Poet and the Crowd” calls that part “stupid rabble” Russian society, who did not understand the purpose and meaning of creativity. According to the crowd, the poems are in the interests of society. However, A.S. Pushkin believes that a poet will cease to be a creator if he submits to the will of the crowd. Thus, the poet’s main goal is not national recognition, but the desire to make the world more beautiful.
2. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “At the top of his voice” sees the poet’s purpose in serving the people. Poetry is an ideological weapon that can inspire people and motivate them to great achievements. Thus, V.V. Mayakovsky believes that personal creative freedom should be given up for the sake of a common great goal.
THE PROBLEM OF TEACHER'S INFLUENCE ON STUDENTS
1. In the story by V.G. Rasputin "French Lessons" classroom teacher Lidia Mikhailovna is a symbol of human responsiveness. The teacher helped a village boy who studied far from home and lived from hand to mouth. Lydia Mikhailovna had to go against generally accepted rules in order to help out the student. While additionally studying with the boy, the teacher taught him not only French lessons, but also lessons of kindness and empathy.
2. In the fairy tale-parable of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry “ A little prince“The old Fox became a teacher for the main character, talking about love, friendship, responsibility, and loyalty. He opened it to the prince main secret of the universe: “You can’t see the main thing with your eyes – only your heart is vigilant.” So the Fox taught the boy an important life lesson.
THE PROBLEM OF ATTITUDE TOWARDS ORPHANS
1. In the story by M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" Andrei Sokolov lost his family during the war, but this did not make the main character heartless. The main character gave all his remaining love to the homeless boy Vanyushka, replacing his father. So M.A. Sholokhov convinces the reader that, despite life’s difficulties, one must not lose the ability to sympathize with orphans.
2. The story “The Republic of ShKID” by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev depicts the life of students at a social and labor education school for street children and juvenile delinquents. It should be noted that not all students were able to become decent people, but the majority managed to find themselves and followed the right path. The authors of the story argue that the state should pay attention to orphans and create special institutions for them in order to eradicate crime.
THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN'S ROLE IN WWII
1. In the story by B.L. Vasiliev “And the dawns here are quiet...” five young female anti-aircraft gunners died fighting for their Motherland. The main characters were not afraid to speak out against the German saboteurs. B.L. Vasiliev masterfully portrays the contrast between femininity and the brutality of war. The writer convinces the reader that women, on an equal basis with men, are capable of military feats and heroic deeds.
2. In the story by V.A. Zakrutkin’s “Mother of Man” shows the fate of a woman during the war. main character Maria lost her entire family: her husband and child. Despite the fact that the woman was left completely alone, her heart did not harden. Maria took care of seven Leningrad orphans and replaced their mother. Tale by V.A. Zakrutkina became a hymn to a Russian woman who experienced many hardships and troubles during the war, but retained kindness, sympathy, and a desire to help other people.
THE PROBLEM OF CHANGES IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
1. A. Knyshev in the article “O great and mighty new Russian language!” writes with irony about lovers of borrowing. According to A. Knyshev, the speech of politicians and journalists often becomes ridiculous when it is overloaded in foreign words. The TV presenter is sure that the excessive use of borrowings is polluting the Russian language.
2. V. Astafiev in the story “Lyudochka” connects changes in language with the decline in the level of human culture. The speech of Artyomka-soap, Strekach and their friends is clogged with criminal jargon, which reflects the dysfunction of society, its degradation.
THE PROBLEM OF CHOOSING A PROFESSION
1. V.V. Mayakovsky in the poem “Who to be? raises the problem of choosing a profession. Lyrical hero thinking about how to find the right path in life and type of activity. V.V. Mayakovsky comes to the conclusion that all professions are good and equally necessary for people.
2. In the story “Darwin” by E. Grishkovets, the main character, after graduating from school, chooses a business that he wants to do for the rest of his life. He realizes the “uselessness of what is happening” and refuses to study at the cultural institute when he watches a play performed by students. The young man has a firm belief that a profession should be useful and bring pleasure.
The main ills of our time are lies and duplicity. From a psychological point of view, lying is a bad habit, a consequence bad character, bad upbringing. What is the spiritual view on this problem?
Think, main reason The reason why people lie is fear and lack of self-confidence. A person wants to appear better than he is, he is afraid to fail. If we add to this personal complexes, ambitions, envy, then lies and pretense become both a tool for achieving goals and a way of life for such a person.
Of course, upbringing, the level of culture, and manners instilled by parents play an important role in this problem. It is from the family that we learn fundamental concepts about life and the “matrix” of behavior. Unfortunately, in Lately Parents from a young age try to teach their children to achieve their goals in any way. This is the so-called psychology of leadership - if you are kind, honest and sentimental, then you will simply be “eaten up” by stronger ones. Life is regarded as competition, struggle, and virtuous character traits as weakness. We are already reaping the bitter fruits of such an approach to life - the lumpenization of society, the inability to hear and understand others, disunity and embitterment. As the Holy Scripture says: “The fathers have eaten sour grapes, but the teeth of the children are set on edge” (Ezek. 18:2). It’s not surprising, because false priorities lead to false goals. Initially, the deception in in this case is that a true leader is not one who knows how to manipulate people and get benefits in everything, but one who is able to sacrifice himself for the sake of others.
I am talking about this to make it clear that lying is not only a personal problem for an individual person, but it is something that can globally influence the life of the entire society and even all of humanity. And with all the diverse types of human lies, the circumstances of their occurrence, it is obvious that its main reason lies exclusively in the spiritual realm. It is no coincidence that the second name of the devil is Liar, Slanderer. This is the original reason for the dark energy with which the slightest untruth, any distortion of the truth is associated.
Lying is not just a sin. This is the main “component” of sin, it is the basis of any sinful action or thought. Probably, a person would never sin if he were not deceived by the messages of sin. As St. Basil the Great says, “Hell cannot be made attractive, so the devil makes the road there attractive.” Sin always deceives a person, and in each of his falls, the sinner becomes a hostage to lies.
According to the teachings of the Venerable Abba Dorotheos, lies are manifested in three ways: in thought, in word, and in life itself. If a lie by thought consists in the unintentional replacement of the true self with a certain “role” in which a person would like to see himself, then a lie by word is already a conscious distortion of reality. By the concept of “lie by life,” Abba Dorotheos refers to the deep sinful depravity of a person who is accustomed to vice, is not afraid of it, and is not embarrassed. But since public opinion nevertheless condemns vice, but still values virtue, then a person considers it advantageous to hide under a virtuous mask. This lie lies in the cynical duality of life itself.
Abba Dorotheos names three reasons that prompt people to lie, which are also the basis of all sin. This is, firstly, voluptuousness, that is, the desire to fulfill every desire; secondly, love of money - the desire to acquire material values; and thirdly, love of fame, which in the case of the monks was expressed in a reluctance to humble themselves.
- Lies on the outside give rise to lies to oneself: a person ceases to expose himself, to admit to himself honestly what he has done. This leads to false confession and, as a result, to depression. How to start telling the truth to yourself? And what are the consequences of self-deception?
Saint Theophan the Recluse teaches that “one must be able to divide oneself into oneself and the enemy hidden within me.” The main trick of the devil is that he convinces a person that his thoughts and feelings are himself. When we begin to separate ourselves from our own emotions, feelings and thoughts, they can no longer control us.
Self-deception is always associated with self-justification, the belief that anyone can be to blame for a particular problem, but not myself. Avoiding problems in this way deprives a person of the opportunity to solve them. Therefore, the Monk Paisius the Svyatogorets said: “By justifying yourself, it is as if you are building a wall separating you from God, and thus breaking off all connection with him.” We need to learn to be responsible before God and people for our lives, actions and thoughts. Don’t bury your head in the sand, but open your heart to God, who, seeing a person’s sincere aspiration, will always help and guide you on the true path.
The starting point of everyone’s spiritual life is an honest look turned inward. That is why the holy fathers said that the first sign of recovery of the soul is the vision of one’s sins, as countless as the sand of the sea. Until a person realizes the depth of his fall, sees his weakness and tries to build his life on his own, only disappointment and endless wandering await him. Passions blind us and manipulate our consciousness. So to see real picture your position, you need to shift your own ego from the center of life and look at yourself from a different perspective. It is important, in addition to your shortcomings and spiritual illnesses, to also see the One who can cure them. It is only in the power of the Lord to save us from ourselves, our own passions and sinful habits. Without God, an honest look at yourself can end in despondency and despair. Spiritual illnesses are cured by the grace that a person receives in the Sacraments of the Church, prayer and repentance.
The Gospel gives us not only the truth about ourselves, but also hope for correction. I came across an interesting analogy from one spiritual writer. He compared the sinful fall of a person to exercise on a trampoline: the lower the point of fall, the higher the person “rises” in repentance. Therefore, knowing the truth about yourself, honestly exposing your shortcomings, seeing them is not self-flagellation or humiliation, but the only way out of the personality crisis.
Interviewed by Natalya Goroshkova
Is there a white lie? Maybe. A couple of times I had to hold back or lie with the best intentions. I think you did that too. But what can be considered a white lie, and how justified is its use? Let's try to figure it out.
Naturally, the most popular reason is the desire to deceive for one’s own benefit or for the sake of preserving a relationship. But there is a second form of lying - the so-called white lie. When to use it:
- to encourage a person to fight;
- to keep calm, not to make someone nervous;
- so as not to offend a friend;
- to avoid scandal;
- so as not to traumatize the psyche of the interlocutor;
- so as not to upset or disappoint someone;
- for the sake of safety;
- to set the mood.
White lies border very closely on the personal or personal. Often this boundary is blurred. Perhaps the most harmless and justified lies are fictitious encouraging stories like “you won’t believe it, this happened to me too.” It’s difficult to judge everything else unambiguously.
Interesting fact: many experiments in psychology began with deception of participants. They were told that they would study one thing, but in fact the psychologists were studying a different phenomenon. Otherwise, the participants would not be able to be natural or would refuse to participate, which would derail the experiment and slow down the progress of science.
Pros and cons
Why any lie, even a good one, is dangerous:
- It does not solve the problem, but only masks fears, complexes, anxieties, etc.
- It distorts the perception of reality, puts on a person pink glasses. Imagine that one person is hiding his illness from other people. As a result, they do not know which relationship regime is wiser to adhere to or, if we are talking about a fatal disease, they do not have time to come to terms with the diagnosis.
- Lies are dangerous. If a person, with good intentions, hides his real location or real company, then in the event of problems or an accident, relatives and friends will not have any real clues. This point is especially relevant for young girls who hide from their parents who and where they are dating. Or for lovers.
- Lies in the form of making up problems and childish excuses such as “my stomach hurts, so I can’t go with you” can cause concern among relatives or an offer to visit the hospital. What's next? Real examination and treatment or admission that you just didn’t want to go. In general, a lie can drive the author into a corner and cause even more harm. negative consequences than the original truth.
When a lie is justified:
- You can remain silent about some fact from the past if it does not clearly affect the present and future.
- If you are confident that you can cope with difficulties and they really will not affect the other person.
- When communicating with young children in certain circumstances and due to their age, for example, you should not inform a 2-year-old child about the death of a beloved pet. However, it is better to get as close to the truth as possible and convey it gently.
- In a situation where the truth can destroy a reputation or relationship, but hiding it will not cause harm. We are talking about some shameful experience of the past, from which you learned a lesson and will definitely not repeat it.
- During interrogation to expose the criminal.
- In a situation where this is required job description to prevent panic. Relevant for medical practice.
Lying should not be a spontaneous action, a habit. It is justified only when it has become a meaningful and deliberate decision. Moreover, it is important to understand the full responsibility of this choice, to see its consequences and to be confident in one’s own ability to cope with them.
It must be a healing, thoughtful plan, not just a lie. And if you decide to lie, then never reveal the deception yourself. This is the difficulty. Is it possible to live with a secret or a train of secrets, to remember every little detail so as not to screw up?
Who are they lying to?
If we do not consider pathological lies, then in the relationships of healthy people the root cause is the one to whom they lie. He either does not know how to accept the truth, or is dangerous with his reactions.
This doesn't justify lying. But in this case it is as inadequate as the weakness of the one to whom they lie. And the inability to accept the truth is nothing more than weakness. It is better not to communicate with such a person at all, but if an unpleasant topic cannot be avoided, then you can lie.
But this, in my opinion, is more relevant for “unvirtuous” lies. As for white lies, I think it is present in any relationship and depends on all participants.
Afterword
In my opinion, the truth should be told in most cases. But if there is an opportunity to encourage or keep a person calm without building castles in the air and without harming adequate perception, then you can lie.
After all, it’s better if a friend finds out from loved one that the jacket doesn’t suit him very well or that the product of his creativity leaves much to be desired, as a stranger will later say with disgrace. Any lie, and especially a white lie, must be carefully thought out.
There is no point in lying to a person that his drawing is a work of art if it is not. Constructive criticism and assistance in development in this context is a much better deed than a white lie. True, in this case we have to remember the previous point: does a person know how to accept constructive criticism?
In general, you should always consider all alternatives and check whether a white lie is actually a white lie. It often leads to yet another choice of the lesser evil. In the previous example, one might have to choose between offending a friend and failing publicly. What will be more useful for him in this case? For him, not for you.
Each person decides for himself whether he should always tell the truth.
Essay 1.
Is it easy to tell the truth?
Truth and lie. They do not even live next to us, but together, they are revealed in our behavior, in relation to each other. Many people lie all the time. I also cannot say about myself that I am always honest. Why are we doing this? It seems not very bad people. Apparently it depends on the circumstances. By hiding the truth, we sometimes avoid responsibility. Lying helps us appear better in the eyes of the people around us. Sometimes we make our life easier by lying, as it seems to us. We want to reduce some guilt in front of our loved ones. Ingoda, it happens like this: it’s hard to tell the truth due to the cessation of communication. Of course, we understand that lies do not decorate a person. It's ugly and dishonest. The topic of the essay makes you think about the question: what then should be done so as not to lose human dignity? There is only one answer: you need to live in such a way that there is no need to lie. You need to not break the law, behave accordingly, then you won’t have to tell lies. It's difficult, especially nowadays. But it's possible. And fiction convinces us of this.
Epigraph to the story by A.S. Pushkin's “The Captain's Daughter” is the proverb “Take care of your honor from a young age.” While studying this work, we begin to think seriously about such things for the first time. moral concepts as honor, pride, human dignity, conscience, honesty. A man of honor means fair, noble, honest. The father of Pyotr Grinev, the main character of Pushkin's story, was an honest servant with self-esteem. Service for him is a duty, although for others it was a means to make a career. Therefore, saying goodbye to his son, the father told him: “Serve faithfully to whom you pledge allegiance; obey your superiors; Don’t chase their affection; don’t ask for service, don’t talk yourself out of service; and remember the proverb: take care of your dress again, and take care of your honor from a young age.”
Does the son fulfill the father's commandment? Yes. He finds himself in different situations, but always comes out of them with honor. With his clear conscience, honesty, and courage, Grinev was able to conquer even Pugachev, the leader of the popular uprising. But next to Grinev there is another hero - Shvabrin, a dishonest and deceitful person, the complete opposite of Grinev. If we respect Grinev, then Shvabrin evokes indignation and disgust. His first lie is revenge on Masha Mironova, who refused Shvabrin. Having failed to win Masha's love, he slanderes her, saying that the girl is capable of selling herself for trinkets. Grinev takes this as an insult, above all he puts the honor of his beloved, her name, and therefore goes to defend this honor with a sword in his hand. Shvabrin does not stop there. He seeks to interfere with the girl's happiness, trying to force her to marry him through threats, force and deception. And the worst thing is, saving his life, Shvabrin is one of the first to swear allegiance to the impostor Pugachev. And when the empress finds out about this, Shvabrin, appearing before the court, perjures against Grinev, who actually refused to serve the impostor, honestly declaring: “I am a natural nobleman. I swore allegiance to the Empress: I cannot serve you.” Conscience and honesty did not allow him to answer differently. But it was not easy for Shvabrin to tell the truth, so he decided to slander the other.
Such people who do not resort to lies deserve people's respect. When you tell the truth, life is easier. To lie means to complicate your life. Therefore we must be honest. Our Russian literature leads us to this conclusion.
Essay 2
Is it easy to tell the truth?
Is it easy to tell the truth? It probably depends on the situation and the person himself. For some, lying has become the norm of life. Is our modern society saturated with lies. Lies have permeated almost all areas of human activity. Facilities mass media allowed themselves to write false articles. The so-called “yellow press” appeared. And people calmly talk about her. For some reason, no one punishes for false articles that appear even in newspapers such as “ TVNZ" Deputies lie, promising to “move mountains” before the elections, various companies lie, sending people hopes of winning “a million rubles”, they lie in pharmacies, selling counterfeit drugs instead of real ones. Sometimes it just becomes scary who to believe and where to find the truth. Fortunately, there are, of course, truthful, honest people who do not allow any lies. Our land still rests on these. Telling the truth, living honestly and righteously is much easier and freer. Let life be difficult, but honest.
But I want to talk a little about another lie. At the beginning of the 20th century, the concept of “white lies” appeared with the name of M. Gorky. Is such a lie necessary? - the question asked by Gorky in the play “At the Depths”. The main characters of the play are Luka and Satin. The only words that come from Luke's mouth are words of comfort. The hero finds these consolations for almost every inhabitant of the shelter. Luka tells thief Vaska Ash about happy life, which a free person can find in Siberia. To the chronic drunkard Actor - about a wonderful clinic that provides free treatment for alcoholism. For poor Anna, dying of consumption, the old man finds other words: “So, if you die, you will be at peace... you won’t need anything else, and there’s nothing to be afraid of!.. Death - it calms everything down... If you die, you’ll rest...”. Satin does not want to put up with Luke’s words, calling it a lie. Is such a lie necessary? Did she help anyone? For example, Anna listens to Luka, asks him to speak, but before her death, despite Luka’s assurances about a happy afterlife, she dreams of living at least a little. Ash ends up in hard labor for the murder of Kostylev. After the old man left, the actor lost faith and hanged himself. Thanks to Luke, people began to have some kind of faith, but it immediately disappeared. And Luke himself does not believe his own words, or rather, in the reorganization of life. And yet, a comforting lie is probably sometimes needed. To ease suffering, to calm the soul. Moreover, if we analyze Gorky’s work in more detail, it must be said that not everything in Luke’s words was a lie.
Let's take the second hero - Satin. He has another life position. Satin is a fighter for truth. He went to prison only because he stood up for the honor of his sister. He sympathizes with people no less than Luke, but does not see a way out in simple consolation of people and irrevocably denies lies, calling it “the religion of slaves and masters”: “Lies are the religion of slaves and masters... Truth is god free man! It is in his mouth that the writer puts a monologue in defense of man and human rights: “Man is free, he pays for everything himself.”
It is difficult to answer unequivocally what kind of truth is needed. But one thing is clear: only “comforting” lies are acceptable. In all other cases, the main moral criterion of a real person has always been and will be honesty, which is close to the concept of honor and dignity. It's always harder to live with a lie. A truthful life is a life with your head held high, which means an honest life, on a straight path.
Essay 3
Is it easy to tell the truth?
The topic of the essay makes you think about the question of whether it is easy to tell the truth. It seems easy to me. The truth is the truth. It’s another matter what the truth is, in what situation. If the truth is that you did a bad thing, but people should know about it, then it’s difficult to say. It's a shame because... This requires willpower, courage, if you like. It is always easier to hide something bad about yourself, especially not very to an honest man. His conscience doesn’t torment him, no one knows, and that’s okay. He lied, they believed him, and that was good. The problems of truth and lies are moral problems. Therefore, writers and poets have been raising them in their works for a long time.
Alexei Tolstoy has a wonderful work - the story “Russian Character”. It just fits our topic. It is impossible to read this work without tears. I think it's worth conveying summary to understand main idea, and see how the writer reveals the problem of truth and lies. The main character of the story is Yegor Dremov. The action takes place in the spring of 1944. Egor Dremov is a reserved and modest person. He fights like everyone else. And so he was seriously wounded in battle. I had to do it plastic surgery, which disfigured his face and voice beyond recognition.
The most tense moment is Egor's arrival home. He comes to his closest people, but they don’t recognize him. And open up, say the truth he can not. Why was it not easy for him to tell the truth? Pity and true filial love for his old parents did not allow him to open up right away: “Egor Dremov, looking through the window at his mother, realized that it was impossible to frighten her. It’s impossible for her old face to tremble desperately.” In addition, he hoped that the father and mother would guess without explanation that their son had come to them. The mother's behavior at dinner seems to confirm Yegor's expectations. Noticing the smallest details, Maria Polikarpovna seemed to begin to suspect the truth: the guest, without an invitation, sat down in exactly the place where her son had been sitting all his life, and his movements while eating seemed familiar: “And only at dinner, Senior Lieutenant Dremov noticed that his mother watches his hand with the spoon especially closely. He grinned, the mother raised her eyes, her face trembled painfully.”
He didn’t confess to his fiancee Katya either. I wanted to, but I saw how she shuddered and got scared, and also decided not to speak. And I even decided to leave quickly. It was a shame in my heart that they didn’t recognize him. There was even some kind of despair. But most of all he took care of his mother. “Let her not know about my misfortune for a long time.” Well, I decided to just forget about Katya.
The ending of the story is happy. The mother still realizes that the visiting officer was her son. Katya Malysheva, together with Maria Polikarpovna, comes to the regiment to visit Yegor and with this act proves without unnecessary words your love and loyalty to the groom.
To sum up my thoughts, I will say that there was no need to hide the truth. Scars don't tell bad deeds. On the one hand, Yegor felt sorry for his mother, but he did not think that the most important thing for his mother was a living son. It doesn't matter what he looks like. Moreover, the son grew up to be a real person. It turns out that in all cases, it is difficult to tell the truth, but it is necessary.
End of form
How often in modern world we meet people who lie. And we cannot always understand whether they are telling the truth or not. But what if this lie is for the benefit of a person? So how should you feel about this and should you lie?
The great Soviet and Belarusian writer Vasil Vladimirovich Bykov is trying to answer the question: “Do people always need to tell the truth?” He is considering this question on specific example from the life of old Petrovich.
In his work, the author talks about the sad story of an old man - how he waited until the last moment for his sons to return from the war, but everyone had known for a long time that they had died, but the old man did not want to believe it. Most believed that there was no need to tell the truth - it would cut the ground from under the old man’s feet. But one person in town argued otherwise. Kolomiets believed that there was no need to hide the truth - someday you have to tell it. He said that everyone was “leading the old man by the nose” and hiding real life from him.
V.V. Bykov believes that the truth should help a person live, and not knock him out of his life rut.
After all, the truth cannot always give hope and faith in life.
To prove my words, I will cite the following literary example- this is the story by V.P. Astafiev “A Horse with pink mane" He tells us about one episode from the boy’s childhood. The boy goes to pick strawberries, and his grandmother promises him a gingerbread horse with a pink mane in return. But the boy falls under the influence of his friends and, in the end, commits fraud - he picks up herbs and covers them with berries. All day and all night the boy is tormented by his conscience, but he never admits to his grandmother what he has done. In this story, the author talks about lying and responsibility for one’s actions. What made the boy decide to cheat was the fear of punishment. But so that he does not deceive again, the grandmother not only does not punish her grandson, but also gives him a horse with a pink mane. Of course, the boy remembers this incident for a long time and no longer lies to anyone.
And in the work of M. Gorky “At the Depths” the story is told about the bitter truth and sweet lies. The author depicts the bottom of society, the inhabitants of the shelter: an actor who drank himself to death, the Baron, whose fate deprived him of all his inheritance, Satin - a former prisoner, Vaska Pepel - the son of a thief. The problem of truth is connected with the images of two characters: Luke and Satin. Luke believes that a person can do anything if only he wants it. Satin confirms Luka’s opinion, but believes that there is no need to feel sorry for yourself, but to look at life realistically. Luke's idea is saving lie. And Satin calls to open your eyes to life problems. And the very course of events of the play is supported by Satin: Vaska Pepel’s exile to Siberia, the death of the actor, the death of Anna. Therefore, when Luke leaves, a conflict arises between truth and lies, and it all ends in murder. Satine’s truth warmed people much more than Luke’s lies. After all, the bitter truth is better than a sweet lie. This is what the characters in the play lived their entire lives.
Thus, reasoning led me to the conclusion that the truth is not always better. You need to see the difference between a lie and the truth, and before you say anything, you need to think about what it might lead to.