On the one hand, the book by G. Belykh and L. Panteleev “The Republic of SHKID”, written by former street children, one of those for whom fate was preparing the fate of vagabonds, thieves, and raiders; on the other hand, the book by the great teacher and educator V.N. Soroka-Rosinsky "School named after Dostoevsky".
Both of these books tell the story of the “Dostoevsky School of Social-Individual Education,” later shortened by its defective inhabitants into the sonorous “Shkid.”
A new boarding school operates in a crumbling three-story building on Peterhofsky Prospekt. Where it is not at all easy for teachers to curb the riotous horde of teenagers who have been accustomed to a free, nomadic, reckless life since childhood. Each of them has their own biography, rich in adventures, their own special character, developed in a desperate struggle for life. skid of white pantelei Rosinsky
"Republic of Shkid" is a kind and cheerful book about the restless residents of a boarding school for street children, about their teachers, about how hooligans and pickpockets turn into people whose actions are determined by the concepts of "honor", "conscience", "friendship". In this book, the authors excellently, and sometimes brilliantly, talk about what they personally and their comrades experienced during their stay at school. They managed to draw an amazingly vivid range of characters and the almost monumental figure of Vikniksor, the head of the school.
The story was written by the authors three years after leaving school, in 1926, when the eldest of them, Belykh, was twenty years old, and Panteleev was eighteen years old. In the office of the head of the Petrograd provincial department of public education, Lilina Zlata Ionovna, two young men appeared with a large pile of paper. “We wrote a book about Dostoevsky’s school,” they said, and dumped a huge plump manuscript on the table... Further events spun the guys with incredible speed. Just a year later, the manuscript, slightly “combed” by the hand of Schwartz and Marshak, and supplemented with illustrations by Tyrsa, was embodied in a most talented book. A book that quickly got people talking. A book that unexpectedly gained enormous popularity among the reader and became a real event in literature. A book that, finally, after 40 years, will be talentedly filmed by director Gennady Poloka.
But the "Republic of Shkid" is literary work, where in artistic form former students of the school talk about their studies there, about their pranks and pranks and about their impressions of everything they experienced here. A work of art is not a photograph of reality; its author can dispose of facts in his own way: he can highlight some in the first place, obscure others, and remain silent about others. He is free to illuminate and evaluate them in his own way. He can add something, add something - something that did not exist, but which still could have been.
The school named after Dostoevsky V.N. Soroka-Rosinsky is completely different. In the book "Dostoevsky's School" he spoke fully and deeply about his pedagogical method, about his system and - more broadly - about his entire life as a teacher. This is not fiction, and real people who lived and acted in it in 1920-1925. This is a pedagogical system, expressed in a number of actions of teachers and educators of this school, in a number of their pedagogical techniques. These are the guys who studied there, were subjected to the process of their re-education and somehow responded to these influences on themselves from the teachers. This manuscript breaks off mid-sentence. But one hundred and fifteen of its pages, and those articles and materials that have now become known, the memories of students and colleagues - all this provides sufficient grounds to determine the significant contribution of V.N. Soroka-Rosinsky - practice and theorist - in the development of Soviet pedagogical science. In 1920, Soroka-Rosinsky became the head of the Dostoevsky school. Running this boarding school for troubled children was probably the most significant work of his life. He also remembers his school colleagues with a feeling of deep gratitude. “Never before,” he writes, “have Leningrad teachers worked with such enthusiasm, so inspired and fruitful, despite everything - neither hunger, nor devastation, nor general impoverishment.”
So, let's look at the characteristics of the teachers who worked side by side with the brilliant head of the “difficult” school, Vikniksor.
1) Traits and psychological characteristics of teachers who worked at the school named after. Dostoevsky.
Of the sixty teachers who came to Dostoevsky’s school at different times, only ten stayed. But these were, as V.N. Soroka-Rosinsky wrote, “thoroughbred” teachers with a clearly defined personality.” The core of the teaching team was Soroka-Rosinsky’s comrades from the Putilov School: the kind and sympathetic Ella Andreevna Lyuminarskaya or Elanlyum, as the Shkids called her , who risked taking the post of deputy; Konstantin Aleksandrovich Medennikov (Kostalmed), who taught the children gymnastics; Alexander Nikolaevich Popov (Alnikpop), who taught history. They all agreed to give several lessons a week in their specialties. absorb knowledge with an appetite or ignore everything that teachers say.
Ella Andreevna Luminarskaya, she had such a feature as the subtle ability of sympathy in the literal sense of the word, that is, the ability to become infected with the mood of another person - to feel his joy or directly experience his grief. This helped her gain the favor of her students.
Another of the teachers was described by Soroka-Rosinsky himself in his book:
“There was a mathematics teacher D. Imagine a burning brunette, far from his first youth, with luxuriant hair, with an extremely expressive Caucasian physiognomy, with eyes like plums, and with an unusually wide range of different emotional reactions...
This teacher was able, despite all his antics, to ensure that mathematics became a favorite subject for his students. D. had no conflicts with them: he knew his job well, always taught with passion, was always sincere and friendly, made every effort to teach his students, rejoiced with them in their successes, and grieved with them in their failures. And the guys appreciated him."
So what kind of teacher do you need to be to win the favor of the Shkids? In order not to be expelled by this republic?
I believe that you need to be real, love what you do and believe that the seeds of good that you sow will definitely bear fruit and help a homeless child’s soul “come out into the world.” A true teacher will treat his students with maternal tenderness, fatherly love and the wisdom of a mentor.
2) What Viktor Nikolaevich Soroka-Rosinsky valued in his colleagues.
In the book “Dostoevsky’s School”, Viktor Nikolaevich distinguishes two groups of teachers: those with individuality, “breed” and indifferent, “mongrel”. He valued first of all in a teacher his personality, a certain character, and his unique style. Only those teachers who are able to subtly feel the mood of the children, know how to rejoice and grieve with them, and live in the interests of each of them, achieved the favor of Soroka-Rosinsky and his students.
And the authors of the book “Republic of SHKID” warmly described the literature teacher who won their favor by performing street folklore during classes. But Vikniksor did not accept this method and principle of the teacher’s work, because he believed that a mentor should not only captivate and lead his students, but also give a rational grain of knowledge.
3) What techniques and methods did the school teachers use in their work? Dostoevsky with children.
He valued non-standard approaches, but only those that were beneficial, so he used the following methods in his work:
1) “Turn all knowledge into action.” The use of play in teaching and educating students was the basis of the Dostoevsky school. The Shkids valued any knowledge only when it could be immediately put to use, made into something tangible and interesting. For example, after a history lesson, the guys in the circle drew pictures on historical topics, manufactured visual aids. The use of play in teaching not only greatly enlivened classroom work, but also provided the opportunity to continue learning in evening classes in the form of fun dramatizations.
“At first the teachers read aloud, and then the brightest children. And when they moved from prose to poetry, the Shkids realized that there was another form of art - recitation. And this immediately attracted the most gifted students in this regard and aroused the interest of the rest and the spirit of competition. They moved from simple recitation to acting out the plot, to reading by roles - just like in the theater, and soon they recited under the guidance of a teacher of the German language and in German.
2) “The day by hours and minutes.”
Viktor Nikolaevich valued every minute, so he established a strict daily routine. Breakfast, lunch and dinner were at certain hours and only in the dining room, and not in the bedrooms, as the Shkids were accustomed to do. Those who played pranks were punished - they received their breakfast for dinner. This helped to organize order in the dining room. Also, the head of the school paid special attention to cleanliness. The school brought its household into a neat appearance. Maintaining cleanliness and order is one of the principles of Soroka-Rosinsky’s work.
3) “Children’s initiative in any activity” - this is how Viktor Nikolaevich formulated one of the main principles of education. Various creative unions of children constantly arose at school; any of the Shkid residents had the right to publish their own newspaper or magazine, the right to debate. All this gave scope for the development of independence and creativity. It is no coincidence that among Shkida graduates there were many people who found their calling in literary activity, in intellectual work.
4) "Power to the people." In order for the pupils to feel themselves not only as objects, but also as subjects of the educational process, the kitchen, pantry and wardrobe were completely handed over to the children. For each of these parts of the farm, a headman was elected, to help whom people on duty were appointed every day. The attendants received food from the pantry and checked that the food was being put into the cauldron. All food was distributed through them. All the employees ate with the guys at the same table.
There was also compulsory physical work at Dostoevsky's school - participation in economic life: preparing firewood, washing dishes, cleaning rooms for sleeping and studying, stairs, restrooms, making winter shoes, as well as duty in the kitchen, dining room, dressing room and bedroom. But no kind of labor was ever used as punishment. Moreover: if ordinary work orders were assigned on a first-come, first-served basis, such unpleasant work as cleaning latrines was carried out only on a voluntary basis. Moreover, there were always more people willing than required. The introduction of registration of voluntary good deeds by each pupil led to a general passion for “volunteering”, when the children themselves began to ask for work: to wash the floor, stairs, restrooms, chop firewood, etc. Voluntary work became the norm of life for Shkid residents.
5) "Rank system". The school assessed the behavior of pupils. But not a point system was adopted, but a rank system. There were five categories. In the first category are those who did not have a single comment in the Chronicle for four weeks. First-class students enjoyed weekly vacations from Saturday to Monday if they had parents or acquaintances known to the manager. First-class students enjoyed the right to walk in free time and during the work week.
The second category included those who had no entries in the Chronicle for a week. They, like the first-class students, enjoyed vacation, but the right to freely walk for them was limited to the time after lunch and the beginning of evening classes.
The third category included those who received no more than three entries in the Chronicle during the week. Such people only enjoyed vacation if they had parents, but they did not enjoy the right to freely walk, and could only play in the yard or walk with a group, accompanied by a teacher on duty.
Those who received more than three criticisms were considered in the fourth category, and therefore were deprived of both the right to leave and walks outside of school, even with a teacher.
Finally, in the fifth category were those who were caught stealing, allowed themselves to commit violence towards younger or weaker comrades, were guilty of deliberate damage to school property and insolent behavior towards teachers. Such people did not take advantage of either vacation or walks outside the school yard; In critical cases, an isolator could also be used - a small room where mats and other gymnastics equipment were usually stored.
All comments received during the day were considered by the head or his deputy. Everyone recorded had the right to object to the entries, and if he managed to prove that he was right, the entry was crossed out. The grades were established by teachers at weekly class meetings with the right of appeal to the head of the school. As a result, the distribution of all benefits was greatly simplified: a list of things to be distributed was announced, the elders made a list of those in need, and then these things were distributed in order of priority according to category.
Along with comments, such actions as intercession for an offended comrade, good initiative, excellent work done, or volunteering other than some hard or unpleasant work were included in the Chronicle. Such encouraging records were taken into account when determining the rank, especially when the question of its reduction was raised.
In those cases when some fourth- or fifth-rate student failed to move up, often a “smaler” would come to his aid and declare that he would take him on bail. This measure, invented by the pupils themselves, stemmed from the “slama” adopted among street children - a community of two comrades, each of whom had to share everything they had with their “slammer” and help him in everything. But the “smaler” did not just bail his comrade - he also answered for him with his rank: any reprimand was recorded not only on the offender, but also on the guarantor.
All of the above methods of work of teachers at the Dostoevsky School contributed to the formation of intellectuals from street children. So what were the guys like before they were assigned to the skidu?
4) Psychological and pedagogical characteristics of pupils of the school named after. Dostoevsky.
These brats were raised by the street. She put her own rules into their heads, where theft is not a crime, but a way of survival. Homeless children, pickpockets, thieves, hooligans, who, despite their young age, managed to go through thick and thin, were sent to the threshold of a new life. These were children crippled by experiences beyond their age. Half have a criminal record. Everything in them - the psyche, the nerves, and the attitude towards life - required not even repair, but complete restructuring.
The book by Belykh and Panteleev is structured in such a way that you begin to see how Shkida’s traditions, rules and laws gradually took shape, how step by step it imperceptibly changed as a whole, and the appearance of each of its pupils individually changed. These guys made good ones. honest people- workers, military men, writers, directors, teachers, agronomists...
Shkida's former pupils not only acquired professions: they became participants in the big life of the country. To become a good thief, a shnifer or a housekeeper - the Gypsy saw his happiness in this. Now he has a completely different dream - to serve people. This is the merit of Dostoevsky’s school and its teachers. It was they who were able to invest only the best from the unstable psyche of each child every day, brick by brick, to build the right way of life and the right view of the world.
5) Analysis of the pedagogical situation based on books and films:
Pedagogical techniques capable of influencing students were introduced daily under the leadership of the Head of the school, who reveals himself from a variety of sides: kind and gentle, formidable and punishing, realistically, soberly and wisely seeing life and the children entrusted to him - and an eccentric, literally a child who knows nothing It’s worth fooling an experienced, seasoned hooligan. The authors talk only about facts, but every word, every gesture, every detail is so eloquent that behind Vikniksor’s specific actions one can also guess another life, hidden from the eyes of the pupils, and the long hours of thought and reflection of the teacher are clearly felt.
So, this background is wonderfully felt in the episode when Vikniksor gives a speech to the guys who stole tobacco. And in the searching look with which he casts his subdued pupils, and in his solemn and menacing words, and in the way he pauses unbearably long before the final decision and, only after thoroughly exhausting the children, announces their complete forgiveness, causing a storm of joy and repentance. , - in all this one can, of course, see a thoughtful and balanced calculation. However, it is unlikely that calculation alone, even the most subtle, could influence these highly experienced bus drivers. With every fiber of their being, they feel that what is standing in front of them is not only an angry manager who has the right to decide the fate of any of them. Next to them is a close, necessary person: in their eyes, Vikniksor now looks like a father. The not at all sentimental Grishka wants to show his face to the manager, “to show that he is in tears and that these tears are real, like real repentance.” But Grishka is also destined to see that “Vikniksor - the thunderstorm of the Shkids, Vikniksor - the strict head of the school - also cried, just like he, Yankel, the Shkids.”
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to say that when reading these works, you find yourself in a world unknown to you with its own orders and foundations. It is difficult for our generation to judge a time that has long passed. And these books allow the reader to learn and rethink the times of bygone years. Praise be to those people who, then and now, put their souls into education and re-education for the benefit of society and the individual himself. Yes, a lot depends on the teacher, and it is very difficult to be a real teacher, a mentor for children's souls. This is difficult but rewarding work, because you invest the best in children, and children are our future. The wonderful school named after Dostoevsky returned the most valuable thing to the Shkid residents - the right to feel like human beings. Closing this cheerful and lyrical book, you understand how dear the authors are to their past, the roads and their unforgettable, difficult and complex youth, and that home, that republic of Shkid, which brought them into the people. These books confirm my faith in man, the most amazing, the greatest thing that exists on our earth.
Belykh Grigory Georgievich, born in 1906, native of Leningrad, Russian, citizen of the USSR, non-partisan, writer (member of the Union of Soviet Writers), lived: Leningrad, Krasnykh Komandirov Ave., 7, apt. 21
wife - Gramm Raisa Solomonovna
daughter - Nikolaeva Tatyana Efimovna
On December 27, 1935, in connection with charges under Art. 58-10 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR (anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda) the NKVD in the Leningrad region was given a written undertaking not to leave.
The verdict of the Special Board at the Leningrad Regional Court on February 25, 1936 determined 3 years of imprisonment. Determination of the Special Board Supreme Court RSFSR dated April 10, 1936, the sentence was upheld.
There is no data on the date, cause of death and place of burial of G. G. Belykh in the case, however, there is evidence from the writer L. Panteleev, from which it follows that G. G. Belykh died in the summer of 1938 in Leningrad in the prison hospital named after. Gaza. By a resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR of March 26, 1957, the verdict of the Leningrad Regional Court of February 25, 1936 and the ruling of the Special Board of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR of April 10, 1936 in relation to G. G. Belykh were canceled, and the case was dismissed due to the lack of corpus delicti in his actions .
Belykh G.G. was rehabilitated in this case.
Belykh Grigory Georgievich (20 or 21.VIII. 1906, St. Petersburg - 1938), prose writer, children's writer. He was a homeless child. Studied at the School of Social-Individual Education named after. F. M. Dostoevsky (SHKID). He studied journalism in Leningrad. The most significant work - “The Shkid Republic” - was written together with another student of this school, L. Panteleev.
The incredible success that befell the Republic of Shkid immediately made the names of two young authors widely known - Gr. Belykh and L. Panteleev. Beginning in 1927, the book was reprinted annually until it was withdrawn from use in 1937 - for almost a quarter of a century.
“Republic of Shkid” has regained its former popularity, but the name of one of its authors, G. Belykh, is almost unknown to the general reader. Only now, when the opportunity has arisen to get acquainted with his “business” and get, probably, far from full material, you can to some extent imagine his life, his fate, understand why a gifted and brilliant writer published so little in the 30s! Only now, getting acquainted with earlier unknown facts His biography, one can be convinced that he not only understood a lot then, but also dared to do a lot.
Far from being innocent were the materials that the relative took out of his desk drawer in order to pass them on “for their intended purpose.” What Belykh’s sister’s husband did, he did because of minor troubles in a communal apartment - this, which seems terrible and unnatural by the standards of human morality, was precisely, from the point of view of that time, an everyday and ordinary act.
“A long line to the prison window on Shpalernaya was a common occurrence during the years of Stalin’s terror in Leningrad. But then there was another, perhaps no less long, queue at the NKVD reception: there stood those who wanted to settle scores with their enemy, to put the unwanted person behind bars at any cost. The immorality of Stalinism consisted in the fact that it used for its own purposes the basest, most vile things in man.”*
Almost the entire life of Grigory Georgievich Belykh (August 20, 1906, St. Petersburg - August 14, 1938, Leningrad) was spent in house No. 7 on Izmailovsky Prospekt. The house was huge. Inside, in the outskirts, there was a two-story building nicknamed “Smurygin’s Palace.” These backyards were the noisiest and most populated part of the entire building; they were dubbed the “House of the Merry Beggars.”
Grisha Belykh spent his entire childhood here. He was the youngest in the family. The father died early, the main breadwinner remained his mother, Lyubov Nikiforovna, a laundress, a charwoman (later she worked at the Red Triangle).
Grisha's childhood was similar to the childhood of his peers. He mastered reading and writing early, but as soon as he was convinced that his knowledge was enough to read the “detectives” - “Nat Pinkerton” and “Bob Ruland”, he abandoned school and did not want to study anymore.
When the war began, first world war, then civil war, and the life of the family collapsed, he, like hundreds of St. Petersburg boys, became a street boy. His long fingers deftly handled the donation mug at the chapel; Together with other boys, he, having acquired a sled, was on duty at the stations and transported heavy sacks for a loaf of bread.
In 1920, among the children collected from children's colonies, straight from the street, from distribution centers, from prisons, Grisha Belykh found himself in a newly opened institution with a complex title: “School of social and individual education named after Dostoevsky for difficult-to-educate people.” Following the habit of the criminal world, the guys changed the name and made it familiar to themselves: it turned out to be SKIDA. The first, patronymic and last name of the head, Viktor Nikolaevich Soroka-Rosinsky, was shortened to Vikniksor, and each student received a nickname. The keen eye of a street child highlighted characteristic external signs, and now black-haired, with thick curly hair, Nikolai Gromonostsev became a Gypsy, the fat and lazy Baron von Offenbach - a Merchant, slender, with slightly slanted eyes Eonin - Japanese, fair-haired, but with a long sloping nose Grisha Belykh - Yankel, followed by the no less colorful Gorbushka, Sparrow, Naked Master, Turka, Guzhban and so on.
Nowadays, the name of V.N. Soroka-Rosinsky has already entered the history of Russian pedagogy and has taken its rightful place among its outstanding figures. Many children experienced the peculiarities of the school, where they studied ten hours a day, where they instilled an interest in history and literature, where they published their own newspapers and magazines. Almost at the first lesson, “Yankel for the first time felt that he had finally found the shore, that he had found a quiet pier from which he would no longer set sail.”
The pier was by no means quiet, and the greatest authority belonged to Yankel for his undoubted mastery of the buza, although his publishing and artistic talent were no less valued.
V. N. Soroka-Rosinsky left a warm and loving description of Grisha Belykh in his unfinished manuscript “The School named after Dostoevsky,” noting, first of all, his literary talent: “Gr. Belykh, even when he was at school, had a sense of humor that is so rare among our writers. His humorous articles, which appeared in numerous school magazines, made even those who were their victims, even teachers, laugh heartily.” And further: “There was Gr. Belykh and a very talented cartoonist and sometimes illustrated his articles himself. Sometimes his humor turned into caustic irony, and his caricature into caricature: for the sake of a beautiful word, Belykh would not have spared own father, but with all this he had a sense of proportion: he never sinned against the truth, he could caricature, but did not invent fables. He was a real realist."
By the end of the third year of their stay in Shkida, a friendship began, or, as it was called there, “slama” between Belykh and Lenka Panteleev (Alexey Eremeev received this nickname in honor of the famous raider): this “slama” was special. The guys bonded over their love of literature, passion for cinema, general plans, dreams. Already in Shkida they tried to create something of their own, “shkidkino,” and together they wrote dashing novels. “For a whole month,” recalls L. Panteleev, “Grisha Belykh and I published the newspaper “Day” in two editions - daytime and evening - and in the evening edition the great adventure novel “Ultus Fantomas for the Power of the Soviets” was published day after day.” .
At the end of the third year for Grisha and the second for Alexey, they received permission to leave Shkida. They were preparing to start a new life and start it with a trip to Baku, to the director Perestiani, who was filming the film “Little Red Devils”; They hoped to immediately enter his service - as directors or actors. In the meantime, in order to save money for the trip, they gradually began to publish in the humorous magazine “Begemot”, in “Smena”, in “Film Week”. There one day Grisha Belykh published an article “We need Charlie Chaplin”, modestly offering his candidacy for this “post”. Alas, they only got to Kharkov and, instead of film laurels, they barely got one temporary place for two - an apprentice projectionist.
Another thing was unforgettable: in 1925, Grisha’s mother invited Alexei to live with them: the room was near the kitchen, in an apartment on the same Izmailovsky, 7. The friends spent about three years here together. Subsequently, S. Marshak, E. Schwartz, the artist L. Lebedev, and the editor of the funny magazines “Hedgehog” and “Chizh” Nikolai Oleinikov came here to visit the young authors. Many Shkid residents visited and spent the night here.
In one magazine interview, Panteleev recalled how one frosty evening in 1926 he and Grisha were going to the Astoria cinema, and Grisha suddenly unexpectedly said: “Let’s write a book about Shkida!” The future chroniclers of Shkida scraped together some money, bought shag, millet, sugar, tea and, locking themselves in Grisha’s room, got down to business. In a narrow room with a window overlooking the backyard, there were two beds, with a small table between them. What else was needed?!
At one time, while working on a book about the work of L. Panteleev, I asked Alexey Ivanovich how exactly did they write together? The answer turned out to be very simple: a plan was drawn up for thirty-two plots, everyone got an equal share - sixteen chapters. Alexey Eremeev came to Shkida about a year later than Grisha: the first ten chapters, up to the chapter “Lenka Panteleev,” naturally fell on the Belykhs: an attentive reader of these ten chapters will highlight the remaining six. Alexey Ivanovich confirmed my assumptions regarding these six. He readily said that the book owed its catchy success to Grisha; It was the first chapters that concentrated the hottest, most unexpected, conflicting and explosive things that distinguished the existence of such an uncontrollable organism as Shkida was at its beginning. It was the first ten chapters that contained the main thing that later made it possible to talk about this book as “pre-original, lively, cheerful, creepy” (M. Gorky). In these chapters, the characters of the main characters were outlined and defined, the “monumental” figure of the wise, naive, punishing and forgiving Skidish president Vikniksor was outlined.
The Whites had, perhaps, almost tragic story in Shkida’s life, when the little “spider” Slaenov appeared in her, entangled almost all the children in debt and became the bread king in her. And in a completely unexpected, lyrical vein, one of the final chapters is written - “Shkida falls in love”, where the autobiographical hero is depicted in already tragicomic situations, as a sad loser who missed his love twice.
A success was the book Belykh wrote alone, “The House of the Merry Beggars” (1930). She showed the same temperament, the same ability to clearly and strongly highlight characters and situations. According to Panteleev, there are no fictional characters in the book: his mother, Lyubov Nikiforovna, brothers, sister, grandfather, countless artisans, craftsmen and peers of the hero - he kept their names for all of them (except for his own - he introduced himself under the name of Roman Rozhnov).
Motley and varied episodes add up to a picture of the life of “Smurygin’s Palace”, which in its own way reflected the spirit of Petrograd in the pre-revolutionary and revolutionary years.
New stories by Belykh about Shkida were published in separate publications, among them the story “White Guard” stands out, poignant, relevant for all times - about how one person in short term was able to corrupt almost the entire Shkida, distinguished precisely by the fact that she had not known any prejudices before.
In the early 30s, Belykh worked on the historical-revolutionary novel “Canvas Aprons.” This novel did not become an event, it was as if it was written by another person, everything is correct, everything is in place, but something important is missing. The writer looked closely at modern guys: how do they live, what do they do?
In 1935, his article “About books, readers, heroes” appeared in the magazine “Children’s Literature”, a hot article, it was written by a person passionate about literature, who wanted to say a lot of important, thoughtful things about the most important thing for youth - about friendship, about travel, about work, about love...
In Belykh’s “case” there are more than thirty ditties. According to the writer’s daughter, as she was told later, father recent years was fond of collecting folk poetry. It is difficult now to determine which ditties he recorded and which he composed himself.
Some ditties probably seemed harmless, while others were highlighted as the most criminal. Here are a few of them:
I'm not afraid of frost
And I'm afraid of the cold
I'm not afraid of the collective farm
And I'm afraid of hunger.
You are a collective farm, you are a collective farm
You're a big building
Men milk cows
Babam to the meeting.
I went to the collective farm
The skirt is new
Left the collective farm
F...naked.
Our pole is mountainous
We sow all sorts of seeds
Sow beans and peas
And only grass grows.
Ah, viburnum, viburnum
Stalin had many wives
The collective farmer has one
Cold and hungry.
Grigory Belykh spent two and a half years in prison, he was in Kresty. It is known that Alexey Ivanovich Panteleev tried to intercede on his behalf, sending telegrams to Stalin asking him to ease the camp conditions for a man seriously ill with tuberculosis.
There is the last letter from Belykh, addressed to Panteleev, with the stamp on the envelope dated 11.8.38, i.e. three days before his death. This is a response to Alexey Ivanovich’s letter. It’s difficult to read: it’s scary to look at the jumping, sometimes incoherent and illogical lines, but it’s even more scary to imagine the state of a completely sick person, in whose mind a lot is already confused, although somewhere he still believes in the future: “I was hoping for a couple more dates in August and see you on one. Sit on a stool and talk with you about the most simple things... Finally, don’t we have something to say about what is planned, about what is spoiled, about the bad and the good that is in the air.” And right there next to me: “Alexey, I have a strange impression that I’m writing, and the orderlies are dragging me upstairs, which is why the lines are trembling.”
He's waiting for his the day is near birth, believes in some kind of small holiday on this occasion. And suddenly the final line: “It’s all over...”
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In the early 20s of the last century, St. Petersburg teenagers Alyosha Eremeev (future writer L. Panteleev) and Grisha Belykh studied and were raised at the school named after F.M. Dostoevsky - a boarding school for difficult and street children. In 1927, their story about life in a boarding school, “The Shkid Republic,” was published. The story, or fate, of this book is remarkable. The book itself is extraordinary - both as a documentary story and as a work of fiction.
Word to Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky:
“The biography of Alexey Ivanovich Panteleev is very bright and impressive. As a child, he was a street child and stole light bulbs, watermelons, and felt boots. If he was caught, he was beaten. Then he was sent to a school for juvenile offenders.
After which, as a seventeen-year-old youth, he wrote, together with his peer Grigory Belykh, a talented and very loud book, which was met with stormy praise and controversy. It soon appeared abroad in translations into French, Dutch, Japanese and several other languages.<…>
Where did the “boys who just left the walls orphanage”, such a strong literary grip, as if “Republic of Shkid” is not their first attempt at writing, but at least their tenth or, say, fifteenth?
Now from the story “Lyonka Panteleev” we know that this was the case in reality. What did this extraordinary boy write: articles for homemade magazines, poems, dramas, pamphlets, ditties, satires, and stories.<…>Belykh was also not a novice author. Let us just remember the lively weekly “Komar”, which he published while still at school.
<…>...hundreds of thousands of street children who wandered across the endless expanses of what was then Russia and overcrowded all sorts of colonies, camps and shelters had premature experience. However, among them there was no one who would write “The Republic of Shkid”.
Because everyday experience alone would not be enough here. It was necessary that a genuine knowledge of life, all its grievances, troubles and anxieties be combined in these young writers with rich erudition, with that conscious desire for artistic “formation and harmony”, which every author is given not only by the instinct of talent, but also by long communication with books.
It was the “warehouse and harmony” of this story that provided her with long life in the offspring. Its composition is impeccable. All its episodes and scenes are distributed with geometric regularity in the order of increasing emotions.
<…>...there is not a single flabby or colorless page in this story. Each new chapter has a new plot, a new rounded plot, told with constant passion and often hilariously funny.
For, speaking about the merits of the “Republic of Shkid”, it is necessary to point out this: it was written with a cheerful pen.<…>
The whole story is imbued with that boyish, sharp mockery, that humor of daring, mischief and enthusiasm, which was a noticeable feature in the mental appearance of the street children of that time.
This humor is characterized by the words: “knee-deep sea”, “damn no brother.” Despite the seriousness of its content, the book about the Shkid Republic sparkles with young smiles..."(“Panteleev”, 1968).
Word to L. Panteleev:
“I started my school education at the preparatory school of Baroness von Merzenfeld in Petrograd, studied in two more preparatory schools, studied at a real school, at a former private gymnasium, at an agricultural school, at a vocational school, at a workers' school, at a military school, at film actors' courses... All the desks at which I had to You probably won’t even remember to sit. But if a miracle really happened, and one fine day I woke up, say, fifty years younger, and I had to decide which school I would like to study at again, I think I would call the school named after Dostoevsky, that a school for difficult-to-educate children, which Grisha Belykh and I later talked about in the story “Republic of Shkid”.<…>In Shkida, in winter and summer, we spent ten or more hours at our desks in winter and summer and did not feel any fatigue or the slightest overwork. On the contrary, studying was the highest joy for us. But we still found time for reading, and for playing, and for vigorous publishing activity, and for theatrical productions, and for active work in the “Old Petersburg - New Petrograd” society. And for the buzz. Yes, for that world buzz, which we were not afraid to tell our underage readers about on the pages of the “Republic of Shkid”"(“Only in Shkidu”, 1973) .
“The Republic of Shkid, a rather thick book, Grisha Belykh and I wrote in two and a half months. This is a very short period of time. True, the book was written by two authors. But a book is not a log that is easier to carry with two people than with one. We spent a lot of time arguing and even quarreling. And this book was written quickly because we didn’t have to invent anything. We simply remembered and wrote down what our boyish memory still retained so vividly. After all, very little time has passed since we left the walls of Shkida. One of us was eighteen, the other nineteen. In addition, at this age you don’t have a very good idea of what literary skill is. We wrote our first book without thinking about what God would put on our souls.”(“How I Work,” 1978).
“In the fall of 1923, Belykh and I left the walls of Shkida, and at the end of 1925 we were already working on the story. A year later, to the great surprise of the authors, she actually made a very loud noise.
We were lucky in every way. We found ourselves in the best editorial office of that time. Our editors S. Marshak and E. Shvarts, who knew how to help the author organize the book and advise him the right word, in this case, they left the author’s text completely intact (except for one chapter, which I wrote on some boyish whim in rhythmic prose. I rewrote this chapter at Marshak’s request)(“How I Became a Children’s Writer,” 1979).
Illustrations for the first edition of the book were made by the master of book graphics Nikolai Andreevich Tyrsa. Panteleev, both then and much later, admired his drawings:
“What he did with the Skid Republic seemed (and still seems) to me to be on the verge of magic.
This is a very accurate realistic drawing with a subtle touch of grotesque. In short, this is the style of the story itself.
<…>And how true, with what extraordinary insight into what is called the spirit of the era, Petersburg of the early twenties was written! How accurate everything is and how everything is from that time - the Narva Gate, and the old Peterhof road, and the taxi driver, and the young street vendors and - first of all - the Shkidians themselves, these gavros of the October Revolution, these reckless and at the same time, tramps who think, read, and write poetry!..”(“Tyrsa”, 1966).
Now, during its already long life, “Republic Shkid” has turned into a legend. Since 1966, her legend has been supported by the film of Gennady Poloka. It is interesting that Panteleev’s attitude towards the film, beloved by viewers, was ambiguous.
“...I know that the author of the script, and especially the author of the book being filmed, is rarely satisfied with the finished film. I understand that it is impossible to film a story or novel “word for word”: each art has its own language, its own laws.
And yet...
<…>Probably, there is something touching and humane in the picture, otherwise they wouldn’t go see it 5-10 times, as many of my readers of pioneer and Komsomol age admit. It is unlikely that the film captivates only with its expression, continuous fights, running around, cheap tricks (of which there are also a lot), boyish daring... No, the success of the film, as they say, is deserved, it was directed by talented people, talented actors take part in it, it is decorated with excellent music by composer S. Slonimsky. And yet I must say that, in my opinion, the film does not convey to the viewer all the harsh beauty of those distant years, all the complexity of the characters, all the versatility of the life of our freedom-loving boyish republic.<…>Shkida’s life on the screen looks poorer and rougher than it really was.”(“Where are you, heroes of the Shkid Republic?”, 1967).
Further in this article, published in Komsomolskaya Pravda, Panteleev talks about how the fate of his classmates turned out. It turns out that not only he and Belykh were involved in literary creativity. The early deceased Georgy Ionin (nicknamed the Japanese in Shkid) worked with the young Shostakovich on the libretto of the opera “The Nose”. Kostya Lichtenstein (Kobchik) released “The Adventures of Mr. Flust in the Leningrad Trade Port”, Evstafiev and Olkhovsky - “The Last Gymnasium”.
Myself "founder and permanent president" Republic of Vikniksor - the head of the school, Viktor Nikolaevich Soroka-Rosinsky (in the film, his role was played by Sergei Yursky), at the end of his life he wrote the book “Dostoevsky’s School”. And back in 1927, through the “Evening Red Newspaper”, he welcomed the success of his students and correctly noted that Belykh and Panteleev were able to unite “facts with fiction and prosaic reality with poetic fantasy”.
About his co-author (in “Republic of Shkid” he is Grishka Chernykh, nicknamed Yankel) Panteleev writes: “In addition to “Republic of Shkid,” he wrote several more books. One of them, “The House of the Merry Beggars,” after a long break, was republished the year before last by the publishing house “Children’s Literature.” “Republic Shkid” was also separated from readers for a long time. This is explained by the fact that in 1939 the life of G.G. Belykh was tragically cut short.”.
You need to understand it this way: Grigory Georgievich Belykh (1906-1938) was one of the victims of Stalin’s repressions. Neither the 1967 article nor the commentary to L. Panteleev’s collected works of 1983-85 directly mentions this. Although it is said that from 1927 to 1937, “Republic of Shkid” was published in Russian ten times, and from 37 to 60 - not once. But from Panteleev’s diary entry of 1943, we learn that he was twice offered to publish a book only under his last name. “Of course, neither then nor now did I agree to this shame.”, he says (see volume 4 of the same collected works).
When the republication of “The House of the Merry Beggars” became possible, Panteleev wrote a preface about his friend. And about the teachers and students of Dostoevsky’s school he different years He also wrote “Shkid Stories” and the story “Lyonka Panteleev” - about his pre-Shkid childhood. Together - “The House of Merry Beggars” by G. Belykh, “Lyonka Panteleev” by L. Panteleev, “The Shkid Republic” and “Skid Stories” - all this presents us with a picture of the pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary times, as seen by two difficult-to-educate and very gifted young men.
Bibliography:
Belykh G., Panteleev L. Shkid Republic / Fig. N. Tyrsy. - L.: Det. lit., 1988. - 270 pp.: ill. - (Bible ser.).
Belykh G., Panteleev L. Republic of Shkid. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2008. - 416 p. - (Favorite reading).
Panteleev L., Belykh G. Republic of Shkid. - M.: Terra - Book. club, 1999. - 464 p. - (Treasury of children's literature).
Panteleev L., Belykh G. Shkidsky stories; Belykh G. House of cheerful beggars. - M.: Terra - Book. club, 1999. - 432 p. - (Treasury of children's literature).
Founders of the Shkid Republic. – Sparrow as a killer. - Smashers. - First days.
On Staro-Petergofsky Avenue in Leningrad, among hundreds of other stone houses, a peeling three-story building was lost, which after the revolution was destined to turn into the Shkid Republic.
Before the revolution, a commercial school was located here. Then it disappeared along with the students and teachers.
Wind and rain alternately licked the stone walls of the deserted school, painted a consumptive grayish-yellow color. The cold penetrated the building and, along with dampness and mold, spread through the silent classes, settling on the desks in drops of congealed water.
The gray house with teary windows stood there. The street with queues and people in leather jackets rushing past seemed not to notice its emptiness, and there was no time to notice it. Life was in full swing in other places: in the council, in the district committee, in the consumer store.
But then one day the silence of the building was broken by the thunder of footsteps. People in leather jackets, with briefcases, came, examined something, wrote down something, and left. Then carts with firewood arrived.
They warmed up the building, repaired the pipes, and finally the first batch of noisy homeless children, collected from God knows where, arrived.
During the revolution, famine and civil war, many teenagers lost their parents and exchanged family for the street, and school for theft, preparing to become raiders in the future.
It was necessary to immediately take on them, and so hundreds and thousands of empty, dilapidated houses were again put in order in order to provide shelter, food and training for the little bandits.
Teenagers were gathered everywhere. They were taken from “normal” orphanages, from prisons, from distribution points, from exhausted parents and from police stations, where a motley homeless population was brought straight from raids on brothels. A commission under the Gubono sorted out these “defective” or “difficult to educate,” as children spoiled by the street were then called, and from there this motley crowd was distributed to new homes.
This is how a special network of orphanages-schools appeared, in the ranks of which the newly-baked “ School of Social and Individual Education named after Dostoevsky”, later shortened by its defective inhabitants into the sonorous “Shkid”.
In fact, Shkida's life began with the arrival of this small batch of unbridled shkets. The first days of the newborn school were in unimaginable chaos. Fourteen- and thirteen-year-old children, collected from the street, soon got together and began to make a fuss, completely unaware of their teachers.
Vorobyov immediately became the leader, nicknamed Sparrow from the first day - partly because of his surname, partly because of his appearance. He was small, despite his fourteen years, and during his entire stay at school he did not grow half an inch. Sparrow came along with a guy named Kosorov from a normal orphanage, where he was going to kill the head of the school.
One summer evening, by order of the head of the orphanage, Vorobyov was not allowed to go for a walk, and he vowed to brutally take revenge for such atrocity. The next day, Kosorov, his faithful comrade, got him a revolver, and Vorobiev went to the manager’s office. Kosorov stood at the door and waited for a single shot - there could be no other, since there was only one cartridge in the revolver.
What happened in the office remains unknown. Kosorov never heard the shot, but only saw how the door opened and the enraged manager quickly dragged the pale Sparrow by the collar.
Subsequently, Vorobiev said that when he commanded “hands up,” the manager fell to his knees and only a misfire ruined the whole thing.
For this failed attempt and for a whole series other exploits of Sparrow were transferred to Shkida. His faithful comrade, Kosorov, was transferred along with him.
“Mower,” in contrast to Sparrow, was a heavyset man, but he always walked with a gloom. Thus, having united into “slama”, they complemented each other.
Living “to slama” meant living in long and strong friendships. The “smashers” had to share everything among themselves, everyone had to help their friend.
Arriving in Shkida, the slashers immediately set things up in such a way that the remaining six shkets were afraid to die without their permission, and the stutterer Goga began to obsequiously serve the new bosses.
The composition of teachers has not yet been selected. The pupils lived at ease.
The day began at about eleven in the morning, when the disheveled cook brought yesterday's lunch and tea into the bedroom.
Without getting out of bed, we began to shamovka.
Sparrow, stretching on the bed, shouted menacingly in a thin voice at Goga:
- Give me some soup! Bring some porridge!
Goga unquestioningly followed orders, running around the bedroom, for which he graciously received a cigarette as a reward.
There were a lot of shamovkas, despite the fact that in the city, outside the school walls, they were still sitting on cards with “octams”. This happened because there were fifteen people in the orphanage, but they received forty rations. This allowed the first inhabitants of Shkida to lead a satisfying and even luxurious life.
There were no lessons in the first days, so we got up lazily, around twelve o'clock, then immediately got dressed and left school for the street.
Some of the guys, under the leadership of Goga, went to “scavenge”, collect cigarette butts, the other part simply walked along the surrounding streets, simultaneously looking at the market, where, by the way, they grabbed insignificant things from the trays of ungainly traders, such as knives, spoons, books, pies, apples etc.
By lunchtime Shkida in in full force I was getting ready in the bedroom and waiting for the pots of soup and porridge to be brought. There was no dining room yet; they dined in the same place where they slept, sitting comfortably on the beds.
Satiety was conducive to peace. Like young pigs, the pets rolled around on their beds and carried on lazy conversations.
The “penny pickers” sorted out the frozen “chinashi”, carefully tearing the paper off the tobacco and distributing it by variety. They put shag with shag, tobacco with tobacco. Then this damp, frozen mass was laid out on paper and drying began.
They dried it after evening tea, when, with the onset of winter twilight, the cleaning lady appeared and, clattering with a poker and dampers, lit the stove.
The gray, boring day passed dimly, and therefore the stove, constantly splashing red sparks with cheerful tongues of flame, always gathered the whole school around it. Having sat in a circle, the guys told each other their adventures, and right there on the edge of the stove was drying tobacco - the most expensive currency of the school.
The twilight, warmth, and the burning logs in the stove awakened new thoughts in the children. They became quiet. Everyone thought about their own things. Then Sparrow took out his balalaika and began to sing his favorite song in a melancholy voice:
I've been wandering around shelters since childhood,
Without having a native corner.
Oh, why was I born?
Oh, why did my mother give birth to me...
Nobody knew the song, but out of politeness they pulled it up until Goga, shaking his black head in a cavalier manner, began playing “Yablochko” on the “Zubars.”
“Zubari” or “Zubariki” was the favorite music in Shkida, and every beginner first of all studied this complex art diligently and for a long time in order to have the right to participate in general concerts.
For Zubarians, it was important to have hearing and good teeth; the rest came naturally. The technique of this case was as follows. They played on the upper teeth, clicking out the tune with the nails of four fingers, and sometimes eight fingers, when cramming with two hands at once. At the same time, the mouth either opened wide, or almost closed completely. This produced sounds of the required height. Zubar specialists reached such virtuosity that they could play any most complex motive without hesitation.
Goga was such a virtuoso. Being a stutterer, he could not sing and devoted himself entirely to zubariki. He was both a conductor and a soloist of the Shkid Zubar Orchestra. Baring his large white teeth, Goga dreamily threw his head back and began to beat out a melody in a quick beat. Then the whole orchestra picked up, and amid the ensuing silence the desperate crackling of the zubariks could be heard.
Alexey Panteleev is one of the heroes of the legendary “Republic of SHKID”. Every Soviet schoolchild read a book about street children. But few know about the fate of one of the authors. In his early years, L. Panteleev was left to his own devices. But the troubles of the prose writer were not limited to a homeless childhood.
Parents
Hundreds of thousands of children were left without parental care after the revolution. Most of them were destined for a criminal fate, and therefore - poverty, illness, early death. One of the orphaned Soviet children was Alexey Panteleev. Real name- Eremeev. The revolution first made the hero of this article an orphan, then forced him to hide his inconvenient biography.
Eremeev Alexey Ivanovich was born in merchant family. My father was a Cossack officer, but became disillusioned with the service and, following the example of his relatives, began selling wood. The eldest son was only eight years old when Ivan Eremeev left the family. The mother was left with three young children. Alexey Panteleev did not remember the October events, since in the fall of 1917 he fell ill and lay in a fever for several weeks.
Both the mother and father of the future prose writer belonged to a merchant family. Ivan Andrianovich Eremeev was an officer, his image remained forever in the memory of his son. The father of the hero of the story “Lenka Panteleev” has a lot common features with the writer’s parent, but unlike the fictional character, he was not a heavy drinker. Ivan Andrianovich did not leave his family of his own free will. In 1918 he met last time with his eldest son, he soon died. According to some reports, Ivan Andrianovich spent several months in prison.
Devastation
After the coup d'etat, chaos reigned in the country. Products that were present in abundance on the table before 1917 suddenly turned into a delicacy. Searches and arrests were carried out everywhere. The future writer’s mother decided to leave Petrograd: it was necessary to save her children from hunger. The family moved to Yaroslavl province.
Alexey Eremeev, later known throughout the country as the prose writer L. Panteleev, read voraciously from childhood. In addition, with early years he began to write stories and poems. The author of the story “Lenka Panteleev,” like his young hero, fell in love with literature from an early age. He read even when the country was mired in devastation, hunger, poverty, and poverty and illness reigned for a long time in the family of the future prose writer.
The family lived in the village for two years, then returned to hometown. There wasn't enough money. He spent what his mother gave the boy on books. AND future author the famous “Republic of SHKID” began to unscrew light bulbs for the purpose of further sale. For which he was arrested and sent to school, which he depicted in a work of art, co-authored with his friend Grigory Belykh.
Vikniksor
When we talk about such a figure in literature as Alexey Ivanovich Panteleev, it is impossible not to mention an outstanding teacher. N. Soroka-Rosinsky. His image is depicted in the book “Republic of SHKID”. G. Belykh and L. Panteleev created a character nicknamed by the students of the school. Dostoevsky Vikniksor.
Soroka-Rosinsky opposed the assertion that difficult children are morally and mentally defective. The teacher was sure that street children were ordinary children who found themselves in difficult life circumstances. If Alexey Eremeev had not gotten into the legendary orphanage, one of them would not have been created best books Russian literature about children and teenagers. And in literary world Such names as Belykh and Panteleev would never have become known.
The story "Republic of SHKID"
In the twenties, Alexey Eremeev met Grigory Belykh. In those years, rumors circulated around Petrograd about the raider Lenka Panteleev. The hero of this article, although distinguished by his thirst for knowledge, was a complex teenager, and stood out even among street children for his extremely tough disposition. Eremeev received his nickname in honor of the bandit. The future writer at school was known as Grigory Chernykh. The nickname of Panteleev's friend is Yankel.
Three years after the students left the school, it was written autobiographical story. The central characters of the book are Grigory Chernykh and Alexey Panteleev. However, the authors paid considerable attention to other characters in the story.
The school was located in an old three-story building on Peterhofsky Prospekt. It was not easy for teachers to curb the wild temper of their students. Each of them had a rich biography; before entering school, they led a free, nomadic and reckless life. Despite the difficulties, Soroka-Rosinsky later recalled that never before had Leningrad teachers worked with such enthusiasm and dedication. At the beginning of the story “The Republic of SHKID”, portraits of teachers and students predominate. In the second - stories from the life of the school. Alexey Panteleev subsequently gave preference to the theme of childhood.
Stories
The works, created in 1928, are dedicated to the psychology of adolescents. Such works include “Karlushkin Focus”, “The Clock”. Portrait characteristics Already at an early stage in Panteleev’s work, they were masterfully created.
In the thirties, the writer paid special attention to the educational topic. The motives of homeless childhood fade into the background. The leading theme in Panteleev’s stories becomes children's heroism, an example of which is the work “Honest Word”. Panteleev also applied the pedagogical principles in raising his own daughter. A kind of father’s diary is the work “Our Masha”, in which the author’s position is distinguished by Spartan exactingness, moral maximalism and at the same time boundless love for the child.
Grigory Belykh
The life of the writer's friend L. Panteleev ended tragically. Grigory Belykh might have created many works if not for his death at the age of thirty-two. In 1935, the prose writer-journalist was repressed. The reason for the accusation of counter-revolutionary activity was a poem about Stalin. A denunciation against the writer was made by his relative. The husband of G. Belykh’s sister accidentally discovered poems of suspicious content on his desk, which he immediately reported to the appropriate authorities. The journalist was convicted under Article 58. He died in 1938 in a transit prison.
The Tale of Lenka Panteleev
One of the editors of the work of young authors was Samuil Marshak. The children's poet recommended rewriting one of the chapters, adding to it, and creating a full-fledged literary work from it. This is how the story “Lenka Panteleev” appeared.
The work begins with a description of the hero's early years. Special attention The author devotes time to the portrait of his father, who is depicted as a complex, contradictory, but unusually honest man. Then the consequences of the October events and the beginning of Lenka’s thieving career are depicted. The boy miraculously managed to escape imprisonment. At the end of the story he ended up at the school named after. Dostoevsky. It begins with this event new life Lenka, like other heroes of the book by Belykh and Panteleev.
"Our Masha"
After the war, the prose writer wrote a lot. They eagerly published it. In 1956, the writer had a daughter, to whom he dedicated the work “Our Masha”. The book is a collection of observation notes kept by many parents. But as a rule, mothers are the authors of such diaries. In this case, the father showed extraordinary scrupulousness and observation.
Masha was a late child. Her father was at one time deprived of attention and care and, perhaps, therefore paid excessive attention to only daughter. Masha became an exceptionally well-read and developed girl, but she lacked live communication with her peers. In my youth, mental illness began to develop. Masha Panteleeva spent several years in hospitals. She died three years after the death of her father.
Criticism
In the thirties, when Belykh was arrested, Panteleev miraculously managed to avoid repression thanks to Chukovsky. Children's writer and the poet highly appreciated the talent of this author. Chukovsky noted expressive language Panteleev, as well as the sincerity and truthfulness present in his books. A person who has survived so much adversity cannot but inspire the trust of readers. But it is worth saying that Makarenko had a different opinion about the book by Panteleev and Belykh. The creator of the “Pedagogical Poem” did not accept the “Republic of SHKID”, or rather, the method that the main character of the story, Viktor Nikolaevich Sorokin, used in working with students.
Features of the story
“Republic of SHKID” contains memoirs, essays, stories and portraits of heroes. The book by Panteleev and Belykh is often compared to Makarenko’s work. The main difference is that in the first the story is not told on behalf of the teacher. The events described in the book about street children who ended up at the school named after. Dostoevsky, told from the perspective of difficult teenagers.
The authors of the story were interested in the most different people. Each of the characters could become the main one actor regardless of whether he was a pupil or a teacher. There is some confusion in the structure of the work. It is explained by the abundance of memories of school graduates. In the epilogue, written in 1926, the authors talk about a meeting with the heroes of the story. One of the Shkidovites became another worked in a printing house, the third became an agronomist.
"I believe..."
L. Panteleev was a deeply religious man, as evidenced by last book. “I Believe...” is a work published after the author’s death. The book has a confessional character. In it, the author conveyed his thoughts and experiences. The last essay has little in common with “The Republic of SHKID” and numerous stories aimed at young readers.
The writer died in 1987 in Leningrad. He is the author of four novellas and several dozen short stories. Three films and one animated film. But his name will always be associated with the book that he created in collaboration with Grigory Belykh - “The Republic of SHKID”.