When did folklore appear in literature? L.V. Shamina Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation, Professor of the Gnessin Russian Academy of Music. Calls folklore a set of genres of folk art, united by functionality, h

16.04.2019

Folklore(folk-lore) is an international term of English origin, first introduced into science in 1846 by the scientist William Toms. Literally translated it means " folk wisdom", "folk knowledge" and denotes various manifestations of folk spiritual culture.

Other terms have also become established in Russian science: folk poetry, folk poetry, folk literature. The name “oral creativity of the people” emphasizes the oral nature of folklore in its difference from written literature. The name “folk poetic creativity” indicates artistry as a sign by which a folklore work is distinguished from beliefs, customs and rituals. This designation puts folklore on a par with other types of folk art and fiction. 1

Folklore is complex, synthetic art. His works often combine elements various types arts - verbal, musical, theatrical. It is studied by various sciences - history, psychology, sociology, ethnology (ethnography) 2. It is closely connected with folk life and rituals. It is no coincidence that the first Russian scientists approached folklore broadly, recording not only works of verbal art, but also recording various ethnographic details and the realities of peasant life. Thus, the study of folklore was for them a unique area of national studies 3 .

The science that studies folklore is called folkloristics. If by literature we mean not only written artistic creativity, and verbal art in general, then folklore is a special department of literature, and folklore studies, therefore, is part of literary criticism.

Folklore is verbal oral creativity. It has the properties of the art of words. In this way he is close to literature. At the same time, he has his own specific features: syncretism, traditionality, anonymity, variability and improvisation.

The prerequisites for the emergence of folklore appeared in the primitive communal system with the beginning of the formation of art. Ancient art words were inherent utility- the desire to practically influence nature and human affairs.

The oldest folklore was in syncretic state(from the Greek word synkretismos - connection). A syncretic state is a state of unity, indivisibility. Art was not yet separated from other types of spiritual activity; it existed in conjunction with other types of spiritual consciousness. Later, the state of syncretism was followed by the separation of artistic creativity, along with other types of social consciousness, into an independent field of spiritual activity.

Folklore works anonymous. Their author is the people. Any of them is created on the basis of tradition. At one time V.G. Belinsky wrote about the specifics of a folklore work: there are no “famous names, because the author of literature is always a people. No one knows who composed his simple and naive songs, in which the internal and external life of a young people or tribe was so artlessly and vividly reflected. And he moves on the song from generation to generation, from generation to generation; and it changes over time: sometimes they shorten it, sometimes they lengthen it, sometimes they remake it, sometimes they combine it with another song, sometimes they compose another song in addition to it - and then poems come out of the songs, of which only the people can call themselves the author." 4

Academician D.S. is certainly right. Likhachev, who noted that there is no author in a folklore work not only because information about him, if he existed, has been lost, but also because he falls out of the very poetics of folklore; it is not needed from the point of view of the structure of the work. In folklore works there may be a performer, a storyteller, a storyteller, but there is no author or writer as an element of the artistic structure itself.

Traditional succession covers large historical periods - entire centuries. According to academician A.A. Potebny, folklore arises “from memorable sources, that is, it is transmitted from memory from mouth to mouth as far as memory lasts, but it has certainly passed through a significant layer of popular understanding” 5 . Each bearer of folklore creates within the boundaries of generally accepted tradition, relying on predecessors, repeating, changing, and supplementing the text of the work. In literature there is a writer and a reader, and in folklore there is a performer and a listener. "Works of folklore always bear the stamp of time and the environment in which they long time lived, or “existed”. For these reasons, folklore is called mass folk art. It does not have individual authors, although there are many talented performers and creators who are fluent in generally accepted traditional techniques of storytelling and singing. Folklore is directly folk in content - that is, in the thoughts and feelings expressed in it. Folklore is also popular in style - that is, in the form of conveying the content. Folklore is folk in origin, in all the signs and properties of traditional figurative content and traditional stylistic forms." 6 This is the collective nature of folklore. Traditionality- the most important and basic specific property of folklore.

Any folklore work exists in large quantities options. Variant (lat. variantis - changing) - each new performance of a folklore work. Oral works had a mobile, variable nature.

A characteristic feature of a folklore work is improvisation. It is directly related to the variability of the text. Improvisation (Italian improvvisazione - unforeseen, suddenly) - the creation of a folklore work or its parts directly in the process of performance. This feature in to a greater extent characteristic of lamentations and crying. However, improvisation did not contradict tradition and was within certain artistic boundaries.

Taking into account all these signs of a folklore work, we present the most short definition folklore given by V.P. Anikin: “folklore is the traditional artistic creativity of the people. It equally applies to oral, verbal, and other visual arts, both to ancient creativity and to new ones created in modern times and created in our days.” 7

Folklore, like literature, is the art of words. This gives reason to use literary terms: epic, lyric, drama. They are usually called childbirth. Each genus covers a group of works of a certain type. Genre- type artistic form(fairy tale, song, proverb, etc.). This is a narrower group of works than the genus. Thus, by genus we mean a way of depicting reality, by genre - a type of artistic form. The history of folklore is the history of changes in its genres. They are more stable in folklore compared to literary ones; genre boundaries in literature are wider. New genre forms in folklore do not arise as a result creative activity individuals, as in literature, but must be supported by the entire mass of participants in the collective creative process. Therefore, their change does not occur without the necessary historical grounds. At the same time, genres in folklore are not unchanged. They arise, develop and die, and are replaced by others. So, for example, epics arise in Ancient Rus', develop in the Middle Ages, and in the 19th century they are gradually forgotten and die out. As living conditions change, genres are destroyed and consigned to oblivion. But this does not indicate the decline of folk art. Changes in the genre composition of folklore are a natural consequence of the process of development of artistic collective creativity.

What is the relationship between reality and its reflection in folklore? Folklore combines a direct reflection of life with a conventional one. “Here there is no obligatory reflection of life in the form of life itself; convention is allowed.” 8 It is characterized by associativity, thinking by analogy, and symbolism.

Folklore(Folk-lore) is a special historically established area of folk culture.

The word "folklore", which often denotes the concept " oral folk art", came from the combination of two English words: folk - “people” and lore - “wisdom”.

The history of folklore goes back to ancient times. Its beginning is connected with the need of people to understand the natural world around them and their place in it. This awareness was expressed in inextricably fused words, dance and music, as well as in works of fine, especially applied, art (ornaments on dishes, tools, etc.), in jewelry, objects of religious worship...

From time immemorial, myths have come to us that explain the laws of nature, the mysteries of life and death in figurative and plot form. The rich soil of ancient myths still nourishes both folk art and literature. Unlike myths, folklore is already art form. Ancient folk art was characterized by syncretism, i.e. indivisibility different types creativity. In a folk song, not only words and melody could not be separated, but also the song could not be separated from the dance or ritual.

The mythological background of folklore explains why oral work did not have a first author.

Russian folklore is rich and diverse in terms of genres. Like literature, folklore works are divided into epic, lyrical and dramatic. TO epic genres include epics, legends, fairy tales, historical songs. TO lyrical genres These include love songs, wedding songs, lullabies, and funeral laments. TO dramatic - folk dramas(with Petrushka, for example). The initial dramatic performances in Russia were ritual games: seeing off Winter and welcoming Spring, elaborate wedding rituals, etc. In addition, there are small genres of folklore- ditties, sayings, etc.

Over time, the content of the works underwent changes: after all, the life of folklore, like any other art, is closely connected with history.

Significant difference folklore works from literary is that they do not have a permanent, once and for all established form. Storytellers and singers have honed their mastery of performing works for centuries.

Folklore is typical natural folk speech , striking in its richness of expressive means and melodiousness. Typical for a folklore work well-developed laws of composition with stable forms the beginning, development plots, endings. His style tends towards hyperbole, parallelism, constant epithets. Internal organization it has so much clear, stable character that even changing over the centuries, it retains its ancient roots.

Any piece of folklore functional- it was closely connected with one or another circle of rituals and was performed in a strictly defined situation.

Oral folk art reflected the whole set of rules of folk life. The folk calendar precisely determined the order of rural work. Rituals of family life contributed to harmony in the family and included raising children. The laws of life of the rural community helped to overcome social contradictions. All this is captured in various types of folk art. An important part of life is holidays with their songs, dances, and games.

Best works folk poetry close and understandable to children, have clearly expressed pedagogical orientation And distinguished by artistic excellence. Thanks to folklore, a child enters the world around him more easily and feels the beauty more fully. native nature, assimilates the people’s ideas about beauty, morality, gets acquainted with customs, rituals - in a word, along with aesthetic pleasure, absorbs what is called the spiritual heritage of the people, without which the formation of a full-fledged personality is simply impossible.

Since ancient times, there have been many folklore works specifically intended for children. This type of folk pedagogy has played a huge role in the education of the younger generation for many centuries and right up to the present day. Collective moral wisdom and aesthetic intuition developed a national ideal of man. This ideal fits harmoniously into the global circle of humanistic views.

2.2. The concept of children's folklore. Genres of works by U.N.T. accessible to preschool children.

Children's folklore- a phenomenon unique in its diversity: a huge variety of genres coexist in it, each of which is associated with almost all manifestations of a child’s life. Each genre has its own history and purpose. Some appeared in ancient times, others - quite recently, those are designed to entertain, and these are to teach something, others help little man get your bearings in big world…

The system of genres of children's folklore is presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Non-fiction folklore

The poetry of nurturing:

Pestushki(from “nurture” - “nurse, raise, educate”) - these are short rhythmic sentences accompanying different activities with the baby in the first months of his life: waking up, washing, dressing, learning to walk. For pestles, both content and rhythm are equally important; they are associated with the physical and emotional development of the child, help him move, and create a special mood. For example, stretches:

Stretch, stretch,

Hurry, wake up quickly.

Lullabies- one of the ancient genres of children's non-fiction folklore, performed by women over the cradle of a child in order to calm him down and put him to sleep; often contains magical (spell) elements. We can say that lullabies are also pester songs, only associated with sleep.

Bye-bye, bye-bye,

You, little dog, don't bark,

Whitepaw, don't whine,

Don't wake up my Tanya.

Jokes- These are small poetic fairy tales in verse with a bright, dynamic plot. of a comic nature, representing a comic dialogue, appeal, a funny episode built on illogic. They are not associated with specific actions or games, but are intended to entertain the baby.

And-ta-ta, and-ta-ta,

A cat married a cat,

For the cat Kotovich,

For Ivan Petrovich.

Boring tales- jokes that combine fairy-tale poetics with mocking or mocking content. The main thing in a boring fairy tale is that it is “not real, it is a parody of the established norms of fairy tale technique: beginnings, sayings and endings. A boring fairy tale is a cheerful excuse, a proven technique that helps a tired storyteller fight off the annoying “fairy tale hunters.”

For the first time, several texts of boring fairy tales were published by V.I. Dahlem in 1862 in the collection “Proverbs of the Russian People” (sections “Dokuka” and “Sentences and jokes”). In parentheses after the texts their genre was indicated - “annoying fairy tale”:

“Once upon a time there was a crane and a sheep, they mowed a haystack - should I say it again from the end?”

“There was Yashka, he was wearing a gray shirt, a hat on his head, a rag under his feet: is my fairy tale good?”

Amusing folklore

Nursery rhymes- small rhyming sentences that aim not only to amuse children, but also to involve them in the game.

Among the jokes we must include fables-shifters - a special type of rhyme songs that came in children's folklore from buffoonery, fair folklore and causing laughter by the fact that the real connections of objects and phenomena are deliberately displaced and broken.

In folklore, fables exist and how independent works, and as part of fairy tales. At the center of the fable is a obviously impossible situation, behind which, however, the correct state of affairs is easily guessed, because the shapeshifter plays out the simplest, well-known phenomena.

Techniques folk tale can be found in abundance in original children's literature - in the fairy tales of K. Chukovsky and P. P. Ershov, in the poems of S. Marshak. And here are examples of folk tales-shifters:

Tongue twisters- folk poetic works built on a combination of words with the same root or similar sound, which makes them difficult to pronounce and makes it an indispensable exercise for speech development. Those. tongue twisters - verbal exercises for quickly pronouncing phonetically complex phrases.

There are genres in children's folklore, reflecting relationships between children, child psychology. These are the so-called satirical genres: teasers and teases.

Teasers- short mocking poems ridiculing this or that quality, and sometimes simply attached to a name - a type of creativity almost entirely developed by children. It is believed that teasing passed down to children from an adult environment and grew out of nicknames and nicknames - rhyming lines were added to the nicknames, and a tease was formed. Now the tease may not be related to the name, but to make fun of some negative traits character: cowardice, laziness, greed, arrogance.

However, for every tease there is an excuse: “Whoever calls you names is called that!”

Underdress- a type of teaser containing a question fraught with a crafty catch. Suspenders are a kind of word games. They are based on dialogue, and dialogue is designed to take a person at his word. Most often it begins with a question or request:

Say: onion.

A knock on the forehead!

Mirilki- in case of a quarrel, peaceful sentences have been invented.

Don't fight, don't fight

Come on, make up quickly!

Game folklore

Counting books- short, often humorous poems with a clear rhyme-rhythm structure, which begin children's games (hide and seek, tag, rounders, etc.). The main thing in a counting rhyme is the rhythm; often the counting rhyme is a mixture of meaningful and meaningless phrases.

Game songs, choruses, sentences- rhymes that accompany children's games, commenting on their stages and the distribution of roles of participants. They either start the game or connect parts of the game action. They can also serve as endings in the game. Game sentences may also contain the “conditions” of the game and determine the consequences for violating these conditions.

Silent women– rhymes that are recited for relaxation after noisy games; After the poem, everyone should fall silent, restraining the desire to laugh or speak. When playing the game of silence, you had to remain silent for as long as possible, and the first person to laugh or let it slip would carry out a pre-agreed task: eat coals, roll in the snow, douse yourself with water...

And here is an example of modern silent games that have become completely independent games:

Hush, hush,

Cat on the roof

And the kittens are even taller!

The cat went for milk

And the kittens are head over heels!

The cat came without milk,

And the kittens: “Ha-ha-ha!”

Another group of genres - calendar children's folklore- is no longer associated with the game: these works are a unique way of communicating with the outside world, with nature.

Calls- short rhymed sentences, appeals in poetic form to various natural phenomena, having an incantatory meaning and rooted in ancient ritual folklore adults. Each such call contains a specific request; it is an attempt, with the help of a song, to influence the forces of nature, on which the well-being of both children and adults in peasant families largely depended:

Bucket sun,

Look out the window!

Sunny, dress up!

Red, show yourself!

Sentences- poetic appeals to animals, birds, plants, which have an incantatory meaning and are rooted in the ancient ritual folklore of adults.

Ladybug,

Fly to the sky

Your kids are there

Eating cutlets

But they don’t give it to dogs,

They just get it themselves.

Horror stories- oral stories-scarecrows.

Children's folklore is a living, constantly renewed phenomenon, and in it, along with the most ancient genres, there are relatively new forms, the age of which is estimated at only a few decades. As a rule, these are genres of children's urban folklore, for example, horror stories - short stories with a tense plot and a frightening ending. As a rule, horror stories are characterized by stable motifs: “black hand”, “bloody stain”, “green eyes”, “coffin on wheels”, etc. Such a story consists of several sentences; as the action develops, the tension increases, and in the final phrase it reaches its peak.

"Red Spot"

One family received new apartment, but there was a red spot on the wall. They wanted to erase it, but nothing happened. Then the stain was covered with wallpaper, but it showed through the wallpaper. And every night someone died. And the spot became even brighter after each death.

Folk songs, their types: lullaby, nursery rhymes, refrains, jokes, fables, etc. Richness of content, close to children's interests. Artistic Features. Principles for selecting works by U.N.T. for children.

Pestushki, nursery rhymes, lullabies, jokes, upside-down fables - this is the so-called maternal poetry. It is intended for the little ones and enters a child’s life literally from the first days.

Lullabies- a true miracle of folk poetry. The experience of many generations has produced and polished their form. The main purpose of a lullaby is to calm the baby and make him sleep, so it is simple and melodic. In the old days, mothers noticed which words and tunes children fell asleep to better, remembered them, and repeated them. She repeated these songs to her younger brothers and sisters eldest daughter. So they passed from generation to generation. Such songs most often talk about peace and quiet. The song has a lot of repetitions and onomatopoeic words:

Bye-bye, bye-bye,

Go to sleep quickly.

And swing, swing, swing,

The rooks flew to us.

They sat on the gate.

The gate is creaking, creaking!

And the knee is sleeping, sleeping.

Mother's love and tenderness is manifested in affectionate addresses to the child: Vasenka, our Lidochka, child, little child. The content of lullabies is related to the immediate environment of the baby: cradle, blanket, pillow, baby; cooing pigeons (“ghouls”, “gulenki”), a dog, a bunny, and killer whales are often mentioned. Diminutive suffixes enhance melodiousness and soften the text. The scary wolf, which is usually used to scare children, is simply a “gray wolf” here.

The most popular character is the cat. Bayun cat is a symbol of home, comfort, peace. He is called upon:

Come, Kotya, spend the night,

Movo Vanechka download

I'm already a cat

I'll pay for the work...

I'll give you a jug of milk

Yes, a piece of cake.

In the simple, unpretentious texts of lullaby poetry, echoes of ancient beliefs were preserved, when a baby was spoken to by the evil ones, dark forces. Some mythological Babai, Mamai are the spirits of darkness, and Dream, Drema, Ugomon, on the contrary, are called upon for calm. Sometimes whole poetic pictures emerge:

Sandman wanders near the house,

Dream walks through the hallway,

And Sleep tortures Drema:

“Where is the cradle hanging here?

Where is the baby?

I'll go put them to bed

I’ll close my eyes!”

Over time, most of the spell formulas lost their original meaning and began to be perceived as a purely artistic device, creating a colorful, joyful world of childhood, where everything is unusual, but nothing should be surprising:

At the cat, at the cat

Cradle of gold

And [Kolya] has my

Even better than that.

Each song contains tender love for the child; a happy, rich future is predicted for him: “how he will grow up great, walk in gold, wear pure silver.” The future is connected with work and caring for loved ones.

Just like a hen rows a grain of grain,

So Mashenka takes one berry at a time, -

The peasant mother depicts the quick participation of her daughter-assistant in family affairs. Lullabies allow for many variations: each performer inserts the name of her child, her own special soothing words and sounds. Such songs are often performed one after another, connected by a melodic chorus.

In the repertoire of lullabies there were also those that reflected a hostile attitude towards children, even wishing for death. Apparently, there are several reasons for their occurrence. There were deep echoes of the ancient belief in infant substitution evil spirits. Sometimes they wished death for a child born out of wedlock. There have been cases of rough treatment of children by young nannies:

Sleep, jack-of-all-trades,

Sleep, it sucks

Sleep, little potion,

Evil root.

You cry for a long time

You won't let me sleep.

In old songs there are elements of intimidation and the threat of punishment:

Bye-bye-bye-bye,

Don't lie on the edge.

The little gray wolf will come,

He'll grab the barrel

And he will drag you into the woods,

Under a broom bush.

IN in this case The nanny’s task was to warn the child from danger (“A child does not know the land”); the abundance of diminutive suffixes relieved emotional tension. This is one of the most popular stories.

The main purpose of lullaby lyrics is to calm and lull the child to sleep. This determines the melodic and poetic structure of the songs. The rhythm corresponds to the movement of a rocking cradle; assonances, i.e., consonances of vowels, noticeably predominate. All this helps you fall asleep quickly. For the same purpose, a melody without words can be performed: “A-a-a, A-a-a.”

Growing up, the baby gets acquainted with nursery rhymes - short play sayings. By listening, repeating and memorizing rhymed lines, the child masters the simplest movements and gestures, learns to speak, think, communicate with others, and express his emotions.

Pestushki. Pestushki (stretchers) are often associated with a lullaby - short rhymes, sentences that accompany the gentle stroking of a child's body, spreading of arms and legs (simple physical exercises).

Stretchers, stretchers!

Across the fat girl

And there are walkers in the legs,

And in the hands of grabbers,

And in the mouth there is a talk,

And come to your senses!

Rhythmic text is combined with active movements, evoking joyful emotions in the baby.

Dybok, Dybok,

Vanyusha will soon be one year old! -

adults say, helping the child stand on his feet. As he grows up, “maturing”, the texts of the pestles become more complex and funnier.

And when the child begins to show a conscious, interested attitude towards the environment, folk pedagogy will offer “funny” songs, or nursery rhymes - short play sayings. By listening, repeating and memorizing rhymed lines, the child masters the simplest movements and gestures, learns to speak, think, communicate with others, and express his emotions.

Nursery rhymes- these are funny songs that accompany games with a child. Here there is “The Horned Goat - Bearded,” which “gores, gores” the one who “doesn’t eat porridge, doesn’t drink milk,” and “Ladushki,” and numerous imitations of horse races accompanied by funny rhythmic verses.

With nuts

With nuts!

Let's gallop

With rolls,

With rolls!

The particular popularity of the nursery rhyme “The White-sided Magpie” was noted by the famous collector and researcher of folklore of the last century, I.P. Sakharov: “Magpie, as a children’s game, amuses only children and mothers, and is sacredly observed in family life.” This game gives the child an object lesson in hospitality, generosity and fairness. The smallest finger, the little finger, did not tear the croup, did not carry water, did not chop wood, for which he did not receive any porridge.

The verbal part of the nursery rhyme is accompanied by active flexion and extension of the child’s fingers and stroking the palm. And this is by no means accidental. Brilliant folk wisdom has been confirmed by modern physiology: the development of the fingers of the hand affects the development of the brain of a growing person and his speech skills. It is no coincidence that exercise games like Soroka are so widespread among Slavic peoples, known to many peoples of Asia and Africa. These games represent the ideal combination of words and actions, beneficially influencing the aesthetic, mental and physical development of the child.

Towards the end of the lullaby period, the child's need for play and fun increases. And jokes are indispensable here.

Jokes- already more complex look verbal creativity. A joke combines a song, a little fairy tale (pobaska), a tongue twister, and a game. The characters of this entertainment genre: “the long-nosed crane that went to the mill and saw wonders,” and “a bunny with short legs, morocco boots,” and a raven sitting on an oak tree, “playing a trumpet,” and many other birds and animals, well familiar to children. Jokes develop a child's imagination and sense of humor. Note that he is not a passive listener here either - he laughs, claps his hands, stomps to the beat of the words.

Often jokes have a dialogue form: question and answer. This gives the text dynamism, holds the child’s attention, is easily remembered by him and reproduced later. Here, for example, is how the dialogue is structured in the joke about Thomas riding a chicken:

Where are you going, Foma?

Where are you going?

Cut the hay!

- What do you need hay for?

Feed the cows!

What do you need cows for?

Milk it!

What do you need milk for?

Give the kids something to drink!

Among the jokes there are many “stupid absurdities”, fables , built on the displacement of concepts. The world of images familiar to the child appears in unusual, bizarre combinations:

Where have you seen this?

Where have you heard this?

So that the hen brings a bull,

The little piglet laid an egg,

So that a bear flies across the sky,

He waved his black tail.

Playing on incongruities and folkloric jokes characteristic of jokes attract the attention of professional poets. The poetics of fables has given rise to a rich literary tradition. IN Russian literature these are poems by K.I. Chukovsky, S.Ya. Marshak, I.P. Tokmakova. Inverted tales have analogies in other languages. The English call this kind of poetry (“upside down” poetry).

The word "folklore" came to us from English language, and it means “oral folk art”. These are fairy tales, proverbs, sayings, riddles, counting rhymes and jokes. Every nation has its own folklore. It's called oral creativity, because it was created in those distant times when there was no writing yet. Folklore was passed on “from mouth to mouth,” that is, the father told his son, who then told his children... this is how folklore was preserved among the people. And when writing appeared, scientists began to collect and record all this wealth with great interest. A lot of fairy tales, songs (runes), epics were recorded here in Karelia.

And today scientists and amateur experts folk traditions collect folklore. Thanks to their many years of work, you will get acquainted with children's games, tongue twisters, and nursery rhymes that have long been common in Karelia.

Tongue twisters

Tongue twisters are pure tongue twisters. The better you learn to pronounce tongue twisters, the clearer and more understandable your speech will be. They can be taken as entertainment, fun, and their benefits are great. Practice:

Dear Mila washed herself with soap.

A baker bakes rolls in the oven.

And now more complicated:

The parrot says to the parrot: “Parrot, I’ll scare you.” The parrot answers him: “Parrot, parrot, parrot.”

Margarita collected daisies in the yard, Margarita lost daisies in the yard.

But your grandparents also knew these tongue twisters:

There is grass in the yard, there is firewood on the grass, don’t split firewood on the grass in the yard.

From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field.

Helpful tip: Tongue twisters are first pronounced slowly and clearly, and then faster and faster.

The first who paid attention to tongue twisters and wrote them down was Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, the famous compiler of “ Explanatory dictionary living Great Russian language." By the way, his grandfather and father lived in Petrozavodsk.

Teases and teases

Although they are called that, in fact smart person never gets offended by them. You have to play some pranks sometime! Teases usually come in the form of small rhymes in which a name and nickname rhyme, or highlight some quality of the person they are trying to tease. For example:

Alyoshka the cook-

Raw potatoes.

Alka-stick-servelat-

Don't go to the parade.

Andrew the Sparrow swam in the lake,

When I saw the sparrow, I immediately got scared.

But crybabies are sometimes told this:

Kok-mli, kok-mli

Your eyes are wet

If you cry for a long time,

You will begin to croak like a frog.

We laughed and joked a little. We are friends again and play together. IN ordinary life, not during the game, you should remember: “Whoever calls names is called that himself.”

Riddles

You already know what a “riddle” is. Guys love to solve riddles! Guess these:

1. They appeared in a yellow fur coat, goodbye two shells.

2. Two brothers look into the water, but still can’t get together.

3. Not a horse, but running, not a forest, but making noise.

4. In the fall he undresses, in the spring he dresses.

5. Yarmulka stands in a red yarmulke: whoever passes by makes every bow.

6. In a fur coat in the summer, and naked in the winter.

7. A boy in a gray army jacket sneaks around the yards, collects crumbs, spends the night in the fields, steals hemp.

8. I swam in the lake and was left dry.

9. First - shine, after shine - crackling, after crackling - splashing

10. Twelve brothers follow each other, but do not bypass each other.

You will find the answers at the end of the section.

Karelian proverbs and sayings.

That's why it's expensive because it's short.

Proverbs are folk wisdom. Knowing proverbs is very useful; they help express thoughts and make our speech more beautiful. But thinking about the meaning of proverbs and speculating is not only useful. but also exciting! Think about these proverbs. How do you understand them?

The Karelian land is rich and sweet.
Human power moves rocks too.
Then you water the field and you will return strength with bread.
An ax is warmer than a fur coat.
The guest will dine, the house will not become poor.
A person's work is beautiful.
The beginning is difficult, the end makes the work beautiful

Think and answer.

Why do they say “A proverb is said for a reason”?

Homework.

1. Find out from your relatives what tongue twisters, proverbs or riddles they know. Write them down.

2. Try with the whole family or on your own to come up with your own riddles or tongue twisters.

On your bookshelf.

CM. Loiter. “Where there is a flower, there is honey

Calls and rhymes

Calls

What do you think the word “cliques” means? It comes from the word “click”, that is, to call, call. You “call” your friends to go out for a walk (and then your mother “calls” you home). In the old days, children and adults called not only to each other, but also to rain, sun, snow and other natural phenomena. After all, people used to depend on nature much more than they do now. That's why such nicknames were born

Bucket sun,

Look through the window!

Sunshine, appear

Red, show yourself!

Rain, rain, more,

I'll give you the grounds

I'll go out onto the porch,

I'll give you a cucumber

I'll give you a loaf of bread too.

Rain, water it more!

Rainbow-arc,

Don't let it rain

Give me some sunshine -

Bell tower!

Come up with nicknames that can be used, for example, while searching for mushrooms in the forest! Or for the cold to go away and summer to finally come, and with it the summer holidays.

Counting books

Counting tables - what are they for? The name itself suggests that they are used to decide (count) who to drive, who to squint, who to play in what role. In a counting rhyme there really is always a count, this is its main part:

One-two three-four-five

I'm already going to look.

One-two - lace,

Three or four - hooked,

Five or six - eat porridge,

Seven-eight - we mow hay,

Nine-ten - the butter is kneaded,

Eleven or twelve - people are arguing in the street.

Everyone says - they share sundresses.

To whom should you sing, to whom should you stand?

Who needs a whole sundress.

Lemon glass –

Get out!

In this counting rhyme there are two unclear words: “Tonya” is a net for catching fish, “stan” is a part of clothing.

The counting game in the game teaches the laws of equality, honesty and friendship. Usually, the number of players determines the score with which the counting game is chosen. If there are many players, then count to ten or twelve, if there are fewer, then to five.

One-two-three-four

There were mice living in an apartment,

They drank tea, broke cups, and paid three pieces of money.

Those who don't want to pay should drive.

The fox tore the stripes,

the fox weaved bast shoes -

Two for my husband, three for myself

And the kids - bast shoes.

And here is the Pomeranian counting rhyme:

Scows, scows,

Over the bush, over the bridge,

Along Swan Mountain,

On the other side

There are cups, nuts,

Honey, sugar -

Get out, little wren!

"Scows, scows"- these words in this case mean nothing. Often such meaningless words are inserted into rhymes, just for the sake of rhyme.

Tear the stripes– process birch bark so that it is thin and flexible.

And here is a counting aid. Although it is humorous, it makes it very easy to remember musical notes, you just have to repeat the first two lines several times.

Do, re, mi, fa, salt, la, si,

The crucian carp lived together.

How did we get to the note “B” -

We asked for a taxi.

And there was a cat in the taxi

Smiled at them through the window!

The crucian carp got scared -

And we were left without a taxi.

Homework.

What counting rhymes do you know? Learn a new rhyme.

To the children's poet Boris Zakhoder, whose funny poems are loved by many children, liked the counting rhymes so much that he wrote a whole book about the fairy tale, amazing country and called it "Calculia".

Boris Zakhoder “Calculations”

Children's games and fun

Don't be lazy - go for a run

Outdoor games in which several children participate are the most fun and favorite. Boys and girls are taught dexterity, endurance, intelligence, imagination, and the ability to follow the accepted rules of the game. And while playing, you learn to come up with new words, speak correctly, pronounce letters clearly, and count correctly! All this will be useful to you and your peers in adulthood.

It turns out that children's fun is very important! Agree?

Here are the games recorded by Viola Malmi:

Running. The players stand in pairs. The leader draws a line for the pair to run to. When the leader claps, the first couple, holding hands, runs up to him, and then runs away in different directions. If the leader catches someone, then they become the last pair, and the one who remains becomes the leader. The game continues until all the pairs have run.

Crows on the field. The owner of the field is chosen. A small square is drawn on the ground. This is the field that the owner must guard. All other players are crows. They fly into the field and shout: “We trample the field, we peck the grain.” The awakened owner tries to catch the impudent birds. But if they fly out of the field, they can no longer be caught. The owner tries to pretend to be asleep longer so that the emboldened crows will come closer to him. The caught crow becomes the owner, and the owner becomes the crow.

Cockfight. A competition game for boys. Two people play at first. Standing on one leg and tucking the other, they try to push each other out of place. The one who stands on two legs or falls is the loser. The next rooster emerges from the audience and the fight continues. The winner is the one who managed to defeat two or three (agreed in advance) roosters. The winner will receive a reward or the right to choose a new pair of rooster fighters.

Sit, sit Yasha.

Someone voluntarily becomes “Yasha”. He is blindfolded and placed in the center of the circle. The rest join hands and walk counterclockwise to the song:

Sit, sit Yasha,

You are our fun.

Nibble some nuts

For your own amusement.

Put your hands on the dark

And tell us a word:

One, two, three - look!

After these words, “Yasha” jumps up - and everyone runs away. “Yasha” is trying to catch someone. The one who is caught becomes "Yasha". The game continues.

Cube. A circle is drawn in the center of the playing field - the leader's hole. 5-6 players draw their smaller holes at an equal distance from the central one. All players have sticks in their hands, with which they rest against the hole. The driver places a wooden cube in his hole and hits it with a stick, trying to direct it into someone else's hole. Players use a stick to try to prevent the cube from flying into their hole and hit it back in the center. The driver runs to this player's hole and tries to touch him with his stick. If he succeeds, they change places, but if not, the game starts over.

For the curious and active.

Collect the games you know with the kids and hold “Karelian games” in the classroom. You can go outside or gather in the gym. Invite your parents to these fun games too.

Homework.

1. Together with your parents, come up with a chant or rhyme.

2. If you have books with Karelian fairy tales at home, bring them to class. This will be useful to you in the next lesson.

On your bookshelf.

V. Malmi “Games of Karelian children.”

Tales of the native land.

Fairytale land.

Karelia is often called a fabulous land for its rare beauty and its wondrous nature. Our pine trees are able to withstand bare granite. Their heroic roots push the stone apart in search of food. The harsh land and the cold, but gentle water managed to embrace so closely under the common sky that traveling around Karelia is impossible without a nimble boat. Every strait, cape, island is a new mystery. A fairy tale has helped people resolve it since ancient times. Therefore, Karelia is also the land of fairy tales. Fairy tales have always been spread, even in those distant times when books had not yet been published. Storytellers spread them orally. Each one added something different to the well-known story. Heard from old people, the fairy tale was passed on to their grandchildren and has reached our days.

Lapotok.

Read this Karelian fairy tale by role:

“Once upon a time there lived an old woman. And all she had was one paw. The old lady went around the world. She walked and walked and saw a house. She went into the hut and said:

Is it possible to spend the night at your place?

It’s possible, the owners said.

I have a little shoe, where should I put it?

Place it under the bench, with the bast shoes.

“I don’t want it with bast shoes,” said the old lady, I’ll confuse it. I'll put it with the chickens.

And she threw the shoe to the chickens.

In the morning she began to get ready for the journey and said:

I had a chicken...

The hostess was surprised:

It wasn’t a chicken you had, but a lapot!

Old lady arguing:

There was a chicken, a chicken!

And she took the chicken."

In the next house she put the chicken not in the chicken coop, but with the calves. So she had a calf. And then a cow, a horse and a sleigh to boot! She drove on. On the way, she put a mouse, a hare, a fox, a wolf and a bear in the sleigh.

“We drove and drove - the shaft broke. The old woman sent the hare for the shafts. He brought a thin twig - it’s not good.

The fox has gone. I brought a thin twig - it’s not good.

The wolf has gone. He brought a very long tree - it also doesn’t fit.

Go now, bear.

The bear brought a thick, knotty log - and it was no good.

“You’ll have to go yourself,” said the old woman. - And you are guarding the horse.

While the old woman was looking for the shaft, the animals ate the horse and left one skin. They pulled the skin onto the poles. An old woman came, changed the shaft, and harnessed the horse. I started to urge him - the horse wouldn’t go. She hit the horse and the horse fell.

My little shoe was gone, I had nothing left. - the old woman said and began to cry.

New, incomprehensible words.

Shafts are light, strong poles that connect the cart to the horse's harness. You can't ride without a shaft.

To urge - to encourage, to force.

Think and answer.

1. Name the animals from the fairy tale “Lapotok”.

2. What do you think? main idea fairy tales?

3. What Karelian fairy tales do you know?

Animals in Karelian fairy tales.

When people come up with fairy tales, of course, all the living (and sometimes inanimate) creatures that people see around them become its heroes. Therefore, animals could not help but appear in Karelian fairy tales; the forests in the old days were very rich in them. Animals in fairy tales are endowed human qualities. The most common species are bear, fox, and hare. For a bear, the main thing is strength, for a fox, it’s cunning, and for a hare, it’s cowardice. There are tales about how a bear “lost” its tail; and about why the hare has a split lip, and about the mouse bride.

Read Karelian fairy tales, think about them! Often the most main meaning fairy tales are hidden, but they are always there.

For further reading.

About books.

Full text You will find the fairy tale “Lapotok”, as well as many other fairy tales, in books. This version of the text is from the book “Karelian Tales”, published in 1977. In it wonderful illustrations artist Nikolai Bryukhanov. Fairy tales from our region were published not only in Karelia, but also in Moscow, in Russian and Karelian languages. There was even a very beautiful gift edition “Karelian Tales”. This little book fits in the palm of your hand. And it is decorated with drawings by the famous artist Tamara Yufa. Her drawings cannot be confused with any others. Once upon a time, this wonderful artist taught drawing to children in the village of Ladva. Lucky for them! They are probably now proud to say that their teacher was T. Yufa herself! photographic reproductions of Yufa's drawings.

A fairy tale beckoned me into the distance,

The fairy tale captivated my heart,

Laughed loudly in joy,

She cried with me in grief.

Think and answer:

Why is a fairy tale dear to a poet?

Why do people need fairy tales at all?

Tell us about your favorite fairy tales.

Homework.

1. Why is a fairy tale called a fairy tale? Think about it!

2. Read fairy tales at home with the whole family. These can be not only Karelian, but also Russian, Vepsian, Finnish, and fairy tales of other peoples living in Karelia today. A journey “On the roads of fairy tales” awaits you. Why Journey? Because fairy tales came to us in Karelia from different places. Welcome, fairy tales!

Answers to riddles.

1 - chickens, 2 - banks, 3 - river, 4 - tree, 5 - strawberries, 6 - forest, 7 - sparrow, 8 - duck, 9 - thunderstorm, 10 - months

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How many interesting books my parents read to me as a child! It was they who introduced me to the fairy tales of A. S. Pushkin and K. I. Chukovsky, to the poems of S. Ya. Marshak and S. V. Mikhalkov, to the works about nature by V. V. Bianchi and M. M. Prishvin. And how many interesting fairy tales my grandmother read to me. But from none of them did I hear such words as folklore. That’s why I couldn’t answer the teacher’s questions: “What works of oral folk art do you know? What is folklore?

The teacher’s story about folklore interested me very much, so I decided to learn as much as possible about folklore, study the opinions of my classmates about the meaning of folklore in human life, find out which works of oral folk art the parents introduced their children to, which genres of folklore are most famous, and which we don't know anything.

My theme research work I was very interested not only in me, but also in my classmates. The children especially enjoyed finding and guessing Russian folk riddles, which differ from modern riddles. Therefore, we decided to collect all the materials we found about the riddles together. This is how our book “Russian Folk Riddles” was born.

The true history of the working people cannot be known without knowing oral folk art.

M. Gorky

For a long time, man cared not only about food and housing, he sought to understand the world around him, compared various phenomena, created new things in nature and in his imagination. The fruits of centuries-old observations and thoughts of the people, their dreams and hopes were embodied in artistic images stories and legends, fairy tales and songs. This is how the people created their art, their poetry.

Fairy tales, epics and songs, proverbs, riddles and other types of oral folk art are called folklore. The word "folklore" is of English origin (folk lore). It means: folk wisdom, folk knowledge.

IN Explanatory word S.I. Ozhegova explains the meaning of this word as follows: folklore is folk art, a set of folk ritual actions.

The science of folklore - folkloristics - is a living and interesting science that is closely related to historical life people in various manifestations. Of course, in folklore works there is no exact description historical facts, no dates, and the events and characters depicted are often even impossible in reality. The historical value of folklore is that it is a spiritual biography of the people, a poetic chronicle of their centuries-old life. Various phenomena nature and public life in the minds of ancient people they were personified in the images of good and evil creatures that helped or harmed a person. People have always dreamed of victory over evil forces and believed in victory over them. This belief determines the victories of fairy-tale heroes over monsters and evil wizards. Fairy-tale heroes, fearless and persistent in achieving their goals, and their adventures delighted people, awakened in them good feelings and hatred of everything dark, selfish, and unfair. Combat life epic heroes reminds of the heroic and difficult past of the Russian people, instills in people pride in their homeland and love for it.

Work did not always bring joy to a person. The Russian people suffered for many centuries from the oppression of boyars and landowners. However, difficult trials did not kill the people’s hope for happy life, the desire for justice and freedom. People sought to bring joy and beauty into their meager, often hungry lives. During the holidays they walked, danced and sang; greeted spring with cheerful round dances; they worked with song and whiled away the long journey; for a long time winter evenings asked riddles and listened to fairy tales.

Folklore provides not only historical picture spiritual development people. The works of all his genres reveal the unique character of the Russian people. Courageous, strong, stern - according to epics and historical songs; cunning, mocking and mischievous - according to everyday tales; cheerful, playful and cheerful - in dance and comic songs; sad, deeply feeling and experiencing - according to lyrical songs; wise, observant, witty - according to proverbs - such is the Russian man in all his greatness, simplicity and beauty.

Folklore genres did not appear at the same time. Some of them arose in the era of the tribal system (fairy tales, riddles, ritual songs), others arose in a class society (epics, ditties, historical and lyrical songs). In villages and cities, in the vast expanses of the Russian land, there have always been many talented singers and storytellers, masters of apt and living words. However, they were not the only ones who participated in creative process. Once created, the text of an epic or fairy tale did not remain unchanged. In the performance of other people it was changed and remade. Each generation brought something new. In the mouth various performers the changes were unequal, so variations of one song, fairy tale, etc. arose. Thus, folklore works are collective in creation, performance and in the views and ideas expressed in them.

CONCLUSION: it is necessary to remember that we are all Russian people and it is our sacred duty to know the history of our homeland, the history of our ancestors. And where, if not in works of folk art, can one fully glean all historical knowledge and events.

Maybe we don’t always pay attention, but it’s worth watching, listening to conversations, and you can notice how beautifully some people speak, like my first teacher. Her speech contains many proverbs, sayings, funny and witty phrases. And let the old folklore disappear from oral existence, but it remains the spiritual value of the Russian person.

RITUALS POETRY

Nature and its phenomena have long been incomprehensible and mysterious to ancient man. His imagination infused fantastic creatures into the world around him, who ruled it, and in whose will lay the fate of man. Belief in supernatural forces forced ancient people to look for means of influencing these forces to obtain desired results. The essence of the rituals lies in the fact that the performance of certain actions in a certain order, accompanied by verbal spells or songs, was supposed to help complete the necessary processes. Later, belief in ritual songs and the rituals themselves became not a means of influencing supernatural forces, but fun, a form of expressing the festive mood.

The following works differ ritual poetry: calendar ritual poetry

Ours is a kalyada

Neither small nor great,

She doesn't get into doors

And he sends us out the window:

"Don't break, don't bend -

Serve the whole pie!

The grapes are red and my green!”

Larks, come,

Take away the cold winter,

Bring warmth to spring!

We're tired of winter

She ate all our bread.

Family ritual poetry

It's not thunder that thunders in the mansion,

It is not the willow tree that is staggering in the field,

Bows to the damp earth -

Sweet child is blessed

Go to the golden crown!

The bells rang throughout the city,

The following people brought gifts around the house:

Gave gifts of light (name of the bride),

The good fellow accepted the gifts,

Good fellow - newlywed prince.

PROVERBS AND SAYINGS

Proverbs and sayings are familiar to each of us. How convincing and beautiful speech sounds if a person backs up his thoughts with a proverb or saying! A house cannot be built without corners, speech cannot be said without a proverb - this is how the people very accurately defined the meaning of the proverb.

Proverbs and sayings are very close to each other. They differ in that the first are usually expressed as an independent complete sentence, while the second is included in the sentence as its separate parts. Often the original meaning of a proverb is forgotten, since the phenomenon that gave rise to it passes away, but it is used in an allegorical sense. The collection of proverbs began in the 17th century. The most valuable and complete collection of proverbs is the book by V. I. Dahl “Proverbs of the Russian People,” which includes about 30,000 texts. All proverbs can be combined into the following groups: about the homeland

A man without a homeland is like a nightingale without a song.

The Holy Russian land is great, and the sun is everywhere.

about study and work

Live forever, learn forever.

about a person, his essence, appearance, virtues and vices

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

It's warm in the sun, good in mother's presence.

about religion

An icon and a shovel are from the same tree.

about historical events

The royal favors are sown into the boyar sieve.

about health

Keep your head cold, your stomach hungry, and your feet warm.

practical philosophy

Live for people, people will live for you.

Riddles, like proverbs, have come to us from ancient times. In their origin, they are associated with the secret conventional speech of primitive tribes. The presence of such speech was due to the views primitive people who believed that all the nature and living things around them understood human speech. In order to hide their intentions from those animals that people were going to hunt, or from the fictitious owners of the forest or river where they wanted to hunt, primitive hunters and fishermen used special invented words, believing that their meaning was clear only to them.

Every person who lived in such a primitive community had to be able to use secret speech. Works of folklore indicate that riddles were used to test the intelligence and wisdom of a particular hero.

Having freed themselves from ritual purposes in the course of a long life, riddles turned into a means of education and entertainment. They became interesting questions about objects or phenomena that should be named in answers - guesses. The search for clues develops intelligence and ingenuity, leads a person to understand the connections of some objects with others and realize the unity of the surrounding world.

Riddles began to be written down along with proverbs at the end of the 17th century, but their systematic collection began only in the middle of the 19th century. The most famous collector of riddles was D. N. Sadovnikov and M. A. Rybnikova.

Riddles about man

In the morning - at four, at noon - at two, in the evening - at three. (Human)

Clothing and jewelry

I'm sitting on horseback

I don't know who

I'll meet an acquaintance,

I’ll jump off and pick you up. (cap)

Hut, housework

The box is full of golden sparrows. (coals in the stove)

Peasant farming

He's thin, his head is about as big as a pound. (hammer)

Riddles about nature

Mother in the spring in a colored dress, stepmother in the winter in one shroud. (bird cherry)

About studying and books

Black, crooked, all mute from birth; stand in a row, now they'll start talking (letters)

About animals

Kharitonov’s wife walked under a tun,

I found seven hundred shirts,

The wind blew, all the shirts blew out (chicken)

Epics - epic works about the heroic past of the Russian people. The word “epic” is one of the popular names for these works, more often they were called “antiques”. As with any phenomenon of the distant past, there is a lot of mysterious and unclear things in epics for us. The study of epics is complicated by the fact that the time of their recording is separated from the time of their composition. And the epics changed from oral transmission from person to person. Something in their content was forgotten, something became incomprehensible. Nevertheless, through the efforts of many scientists, it was possible to resolve many issues relating to the Russian epic. This was facilitated by research into written documents, archaeological materials, and comparison of epics with other types of folk art. The origin of epics is associated with the time of the emergence and flourishing of the ancient Russian Kievan state. It is no coincidence that all the exploits of heroes are subordinated to the interests of the capital Kyiv.

In epics, heroes are glorified who did the impossible. ordinary person affairs. Only heroes are capable of the feats described in epic songs. IN fairy tales the unusual and fantastic are also depicted, but there the heroes are helped by wonderful things, magical powers. The epic heroes themselves possess all the necessary qualities to perform feats that only an entire people can do.

The people made Ilya Muromets the strongest and most powerful among all the heroes. An epic about this beloved folk hero, the defender of his interests has survived more than about anyone else.

CONCLUSION: There has not been a single century when the Russian people did not have to fight with those who like to profit at the expense of other lands. And in this struggle epics play a significant role. Since childhood, they instill in each of us a sense of patriotism, devotion to our country, pride in our people and their heroes.

SVYATOGOR

Svyatogor got ready for a walk in the open field.

Saddles his good horse

And he drives through an open field.

Svyatogor has no one to measure his strength with,

And the strength is in the veins

This is how it shimmers with life.

It feels heavy, like a heavy pregnancy.

This is what Svyatogor says:

“How would I find traction,

So I would lift the whole earth!”

Svyatogor runs over in the steppe

For a small saddle bag.

He takes the chaser, touches the purse - she won’t hide.

If he moves his finger, it won’t collapse,

Enough with a horse's hand - it won't rise:

“For many years I traveled around the world,

But I didn’t experience such a miracle,

Such a diva; haven't seen:

Small saddle bag

It won’t hide, it won’t collapse, it won’t rise!”

Svyatogor gets off his good horse.

He grabbed the purse with both hands.

He raised his purse above his knees, -

And Svyatogor sunk into the ground up to his knees,

And on the white face there are not tears, but blood flowing.

Where Svyatogor sunk, he couldn’t get up.

That was the end for him.

PESTUSHKS AND Rhymes

Pestushki are songs and rhymes that accompany the child’s first conscious movements. This “children's folklore” is intended to entertain and amuse children. They often reflect pictures of everyday work life. Nursery rhymes – songs and rhymes for a child’s first games with fingers, arms and legs. When the child wakes up and stretches, they stroke his tummy, saying:

Stretchers, stretchers!

Rotok - talkers,

Hands are grasping,

Legs are walkers.

Taking turns fingering the child’s fingers, they say:

Bolshak to chop wood,

And you should carry water,

And you have to heat the stove,

And sing songs to the baby,

Sing songs and dance,

Amuse my siblings.

Taking the child’s hands, they clap them to the beat, and at the last words, the hands are spread and raised on the child’s head:

Okay, okay!

Where were you?

At grandma's.

What did you drink?

Sweet porridge,

The drunken gang

Grandma is kind.

We drank, ate, -

Shu-u-u - they flew,

They sat on their heads.

CALLS AND SENTENCES

Calls - children's song appeals to the sun and rainbow. Rain. To the birds. Sentences - verbal references to a snail, bugs, etc.

At the beginning of March, children call for spring:

Spring is red! What did you come with?

On the bipod, on the harrow,

On a sheaf of oatmeal,

On a rye ear.

It’s already raining, it’s raining,

Water with a ladle!

Sieve, decide,

A whole tub!

Rainbow - arc,

Don't let it rain

Come on honey,

Bell tower!

When there is a drought and the rains pass by or a little rain falls, they ask the rainbow not to take away the rain:

Rainbow is an arc.

Bring us some rain.

“A fairy tale is a twist, a song is a reality,” says the proverb. This folk saying aptly captures the essence of fairy tales: they tell about what did not happen and could not happen. Everyone knows about this, but they still love to listen or read fairy tales, these extraordinary stories made up from beginning to end. We excitedly follow all the adventures of Ivan Tsarevich, we are upset when he gets into trouble, we rejoice when he happily gets rid of the danger that threatened him and defeats Koshchei. We are pleased that a greedy wolf or a slow-witted bear gets into trouble, deceived by peaceful pets. We are fascinated by the cunning tricks of the fox, but when she survives the hare from the hut, we wish that she would be quickly and severely punished. The peasant's funny and evil jokes about the envious priest and stupid master evoke our sympathy. We even seem to believe that everything was exactly as it is told in fairy tales. In fairy tales, even inanimate objects become alive.

All fairy tales have their roots in the distant past, when people thought that animals lead the same intelligent lives as people. In the fairy tale the strong and beasts of prey are defeated, and the weak and defenseless are the winners. Fairy-tale heroes are brave and courageous, selfless, persistent in achieving their goals, kind and responsive to the grief of others. All best qualities, with which the people endow their heroes, turn out to be precisely the reason why they find support among good wizards, inhabitants of wonderful worlds. And, on the contrary, greedy, envious, evil and ungrateful people are punished.

Fairy tales occupied significant place in the life of a working person. Heroes of fairy tales who embodied the best qualities of the people and carried out in various ways his dreams and desires brought up his dignity in a person, awakened hopes and aspirations for a better, happy, beautiful life.

CONCLUSION: The fairy tale affirms faith in goodness and justice. Fairy tales help to understand complex human relationships, see the good and bad in life, expose meanness and cowardice, lies and betrayal, hypocrisy and hypocrisy.

There was a tower in the field. A fly fly has arrived and knocks:

Nobody responds.

A fly fly flew in and began to live in it.

A jumping flea galloped up: