Tasks 6, 11, 12, 13 KIM Unified State Examination in literature are designed for knowledge of artistic and visual means and the ability to find them in a literary text and apply them in literary analysis.
These questions in to the greatest extent are aimed at practical skills of applicants. For this reason, studying the topic “Artistic and Visual Means” from “Theory of Literature” on specific texts will be very helpful when solving tasks on the exam.
In addition, the SECOND CRITERION can be satisfied by the ability to include some literary terms(tropes, figures, sound writing) into analysis when writing an essay.
Example
6. In the work, two noblemen Grinev and Shvabrin are sharply contrasted. What is the name of the technique of sharp opposition in literary text?
Example
11. Indicate the number of the stanza (the number is written as an ordinal number in nominative case), in which G. R. Derzhavin uses an oxymoron.
Answer: _________________________
For a detailed analysis, watch the video.
Example
12. From the fourth stanza, write down an epithet that characterizes G. R. Derzhavin’s attitude to poetic skill.
Answer:__________________________
For a detailed analysis, watch the video.
Example
13. From the list below, select three names of artistic means and techniques used by the poet in the first stanza of this poem. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) hyperbole;
2) antithesis;
3) metaphor;
4) repeat;
5) comparison.
I erected a wonderful, eternal monument to myself,
It is harder than metals and higher than the pyramids;
Neither a whirlwind nor a fleeting thunder will break it,
And time's flight will not crush it.
Answer:___________________________
For a detailed analysis, watch the video.
REFERENCE MATERIAL
In order to make our speech richer, we use words in a figurative sense. Such words are called paths(from the Greek word tropos "turn"). Trope- this is a figure of speech used in a figurative and not a literal meaning, for example: a sharp mind, a strong character, he is from the Eiffel Tower, the flames of battle were slowly burning out.
Epithet - artistic definition, which emphasizes the qualities, properties, and features of the depicted object that are important to the author. Each object has several qualities, so there can be many epithets that define the same word. For example, the sea can be menacing, alluring, raging, boundless, a free element. Writer I. A. Goncharov, describing his first acquaintance with Atlantic Ocean, says: “I looked unfavorably at the ocean and at ... mentally checked the epithets given to him by Byron, Pushkin, Benediktov, and others - “gloomy, gloomy, powerful,” and Fadeev (sailor) - “angry,” “salty, boring, ugly and monotonous! - I added to this list.” So, when we use properties familiar to us to emphasize some feature of an object, phenomenon, event, we use an epithet. An epithet is an emotionally charged word (most often an adjective) that helps create a more vivid figurative idea of the object, action or phenomenon that it characterizes. This happens often ambiguous word, used figuratively. Feelings and assessments in an epithet can be expressed directly. IN folk art there are so-called constant epithets, i.e. invariably repeating characteristics that are closely merged with the word, or the one being defined. For example, “clear sun”, “daring good fellow", "silk grass". Constant epithets are sometimes found in the literature. Epithets do artistic speech richer, more imaginative, more expressive. They carry not only memorable poetic image, but also the writer’s attitude towards the person depicted conveys his feelings and moods.
Comparison- this is a figurative expression that is built on the comparison of two objects. It seems easy to define because it is often accompanied by the words as, exactly, as if, as if, like. Pay attention to the comparisons that A. S. Pushkin uses in his poems:
In front of them
Already white-stone Moscow,
Like heat, golden crosses
Ancient chapters are burning.
special artistic role in the description of the Battle of Borodino (“Borodino” by M. Yu. Lermontov) comparisons were played (“the French moved like clouds”, “banners rushed like shadows”). Comparison is a figurative expression built on the comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature, due to which the meaning of the first object is enhanced.
Metaphor- translated from Greek means “transfer”. When we speak " It is raining", we transfer human action to a natural phenomenon. This is a metaphor. The basis of a metaphor is an unnamed comparison of one object or phenomenon with another based on a common feature. It is often said that a metaphor is a hidden comparison. Metaphors are familiar to our speech and help make it more expressive: dizzy, commercial network, spring has come... Even in ancient times, Aristotle spoke about the importance of using metaphors: “To create good metaphors means to notice similarities in nature.” Poetic metaphor is distinguished by its freshness and novelty. We read, for example, from Pushkin:
Driven by spring rays,
There is already snow from the surrounding mountains
Escaped through muddy streams
To the flooded meadows.
All the tropes that you will find on the pages of works of fiction make more expressive speech writer. You need to be able to see, feel and understand them. It’s even better if you use these artistic means in your speech. Metaphor- this is a word or expression used in a figurative meaning; the basis of such a figurative meaning is the similarity of objects or phenomena on some basis. As a result of this transfer, a artistic image. Metaphor is a hidden comparison. In a comparison there are always two elements: what is being compared and what is being compared with. And metaphor boldly discards one of the elements and transfers its meaning to another. A metaphor is very similar to a riddle, and just like a riddle, you need to guess it, to understand what element of comparison is hidden behind it. A literary text containing a metaphor also invites us to guess poetic riddles
AUXILIARY DICTIONARY
ALLEGORY- allegory, expression of abstract concepts or phenomena in specific images. Allegory is used in riddles, fairy tales, and fables. Cowardice is presented in the form of a hare, cunning in the form of a fox, etc.
ALLITERATION- repetition of identical or similar-sounding consonants, usually used to sound expressiveness, but also possessing pictorial capabilities: The forest drops its crimson headdress (A. Pushkin).
These possibilities of alliteration are not limited to onomatopoeia (They beat their hooves, they sang as if. // Mushroom, Grab. Coffin. Grub, - V. Mayakovsky). Linking together different in meaning, but similar sounding words, alliteration thereby establishes unconventional semantic connections between them, for example: I see lightning from the darkness // And the wraith of marble thunder (A. Bely),
In the literature of the twentieth century, alliteration becomes the property of not only poetic, but also prosaic speech.
ALLUSION- an allusion to a real literary, historical, political phenomenon, which is thought of as generally known and therefore not named. For example, lines A. Blok“Bronze horseman, flying // On a motionless horse” (“ Pushkin House") - an allusion to Pushkin's poem "The Bronze Horseman".
ANAGRAM- rearrangement of letters or sounds of a given dictionary, giving a new word. An anagram “encrypts” the original word, so its scope is often literary game(pseudonyms, puzzles, riddles); for example, in the novels of Vladimir Nabokov, anagrammatic versions of the writer’s name—Vivian Dator-Blok or Baron Klim Avidov—are signs of the author’s presence in the text.
ANAPHORA(unity of command) - repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of several verses, stanzas, phrases.
When horses die, they breathe,
When the grasses die, they dry up,
When the suns die, they go out,
When people die, they sing songs,
V. Khlebnikov
ANTITHESIS- 1) a stylistic figure based on a sharp contrast of images and concepts: “...How we greeted a black day // With a White Night of Fire” (A. Blok); 2) in in a broad sense- any meaningful contrast on different levels a work of art.
ASSONANCE- 1) repetition of vowel sounds, most often percussive, for example: “Rock and cloak. A rock, and a cloak, and a hat...” (B, Pasternak); 2) an imprecise rhyme in which the stressed vowels coincide and the consonants do not coincide, for example:
Since those days, it began to move over the depths of the park
Harsh, leaf-chilling October.
The dawns forged the end of navigation,
The larynx spiraled and the bones ached,
B. Pasternak
I fly quickly along cast iron rails, / I think my thoughts (N. Nekrasov)
APHORISM- a short saying that expresses a significant, deep thought in an original, artistically sharpened form. An aphorism resembles a proverb, but unlike it, it belongs to a certain person, a writer, a scientist ( Happy Hours are not observed. - A. Griboyedov).
HYPERBOLA- 1) means artistic image based on exaggeration. 2) artistic exaggeration (“rivers of blood”).
At one hundred and forty suns the sunset glowed(V. Mayakovsky).
GROTESQUE- (from French bizarre) - deliberate deformation, distortion of the real proportions of the depicted object, a bizarre combination of verisimilitude and fantasy. The basis of G. is hyperbole; stable features of the grotesque image - illogicality, emphasized paradoxicality, demonstrative conventionality. The grotesque image combines the comic and the tragic, the beautiful and the ugly, causing laughter and horror at the same time. In Russian literature of the 20th century, G. was addressed by A. Platonov (“The pit”), V. Mayakovsky (“Bathhouse”, “Bedbug”), E. Schwartz (“Dragon”).
INVERSION- unusual word order. Inversion gives the phrase special expressiveness. I. logically and/or intonationally highlights a word (part of a sentence), for example: “Listen... far away, on Lake Chad // An exquisite giraffe wanders” (N. Gumilyov).
IRONY- 1) type of trail; contrasting the literal meaning of a word with the meaning that the speaker puts into it; 2) a kind of comic, an expression of ridicule under the guise of seriousness: “Chernyshevsky was a straight and firm man, like an oak trunk” (V. Nabokov),
COMIC- cheerful, funny in life and art.
WINGED WORDS- widely used apt words, figurative expressions, famous sayings of historical figures.
LITOTES- an artistic understatement. Thumb Boy.
METAPHOR- a type of trope, the transfer of properties or characteristics of one object to another according to the principle of similarity. In the literature of the 20th century, expanded metaphor becomes widespread: a metaphorical image covers several phrases or the entire work (usually poetic), turning into independent picture. For example, in N. Gumilyov’s poem “The Lost Tram,” the capital M. unfolds into a whole plot - a phantasmagoric journey through night St. Petersburg. The use of M., in a direct, literal sense (the conditional likening of one phenomenon to another is thought of as their real identity) is called the implementation of M., The implementation of M. is associated with the further development of M, and its transformation into an event series. An example of M.’s implementation is the poem by V. Mayakovsky “The Violin and a Little Nervously”, “That’s How I Became a Dog”,
METONYMY- type of trope, “renaming” of an object or phenomenon, possible due to replacement direct designation a word associated with it according to the principle of contiguity (containing-content; thing - the material from which it is made; author's work, etc.). Metonymy example:
And now the strings struck something in response,
The bows sang frantically...
A. Blok
PERSONALIZATION - special kind metaphors, transference human traits and actions on inanimate objects and phenomena.
PERIPHRASE- a type of trope, replacing the direct name of an object or phenomenon with a descriptive phrase (P. is built on the same principle as a riddle; the essential “identifying” signs of an unnamed object are listed). In Russian poetry " silver age", especially in symbolist poetry of "mysterious hints" and "ineffable truths", P. is one of the most frequently used techniques; in P. the tendency to blur the literal, “dictionary” meaning of a word, to the unlimited polysemy of any statement finds expression. Riddle poems are a common phenomenon in the poetry of the Futurists:
And only a glowing pear
O shadow broke the spears of the fight,
On a branch of lies with plush flowers
Heavy tailcoats hung.
V. Mayakovsky.
In the language of literal correspondences, the above passage means approximately the following: the lights went out, the theater was filled with people,
alias- fictitious name or symbol, under which the author publishes his work.
REMINISCENCE- a reminder (memory) of others literary works through the use of characteristic images, motifs, speech patterns, and in poetic speech - rhythmic and syntactic moves. As a meaningful device, poetry is designed for the memory and associative perception of the reader. Example R:
I loved you. Love still (perhaps
that it's just pain) drills into my brain.
I. Brodsky
SARCASM- caustic, caustic mockery.
SATIRE- a type of comic that most mercilessly ridicules the imperfections of the world and human vices.
SYMBOL- an image that expresses an idea or idea in the most general and expressive way distinctive features any event or phenomenon.
SYNECDOCHE — stylistic device- the name of the part instead of the whole or vice versa (“my little head is missing” instead of “I’m missing”, “hearth” instead of “house”).
SYNTACTIC PARALLELISM- identical or similar construction of adjacent fragments of literary text (usually poetic lines or stanzas):
I called you, but you didn't look back,
I shed tears, but you did not condescend.
A. Blok
STYLIZATION- deliberate imitation of someone else's style. The object of S. can be not only individual style of this or that author, but also the generally perceived styles of a literary era, national culture. IN historical prose most often expressed in the use of archaic features of the language. The purpose of historical S. is to create the flavor of the era, the effect of the reader’s presence in the described circumstances,
ELLIPSIS- stylistic figure: omission of a word, the meaning of which is easily restored from the context. The meaningful function is to create the effect of lyrical “understatement,” deliberate negligence, and emphasized dynamism of speech. Example:
The beast has a den,
The way for the wanderer,
To the dead - drogues,
To each his own.
M. Tsvetaeva
what is a sharp contrast called? various situations V work of art and got the best answer
Answer from Bob Faratiev[guru]
Antithesis is one of the techniques of stylistics, which consists in comparing specific ideas and concepts related to each other by a common design or inner meaning. Eg. : “He who was nothing will become everything.” Sharply highlighting the contrasting features of the compared members, A., precisely because of his sharpness, is distinguished by his too persistent persuasiveness and brightness (for which the romantics loved this figure so much). Many stylists therefore had a negative attitude towards A., and on the other hand, poets with rhetorical pathos, such as for example, have a noticeable predilection for it. from Hugo or today from Mayakovsky. The symmetry and analytical nature of A. make it very appropriate in some strict forms, such as. in Alexandrian verse (see), with its clear division into two parts.
Answer from Hope[active]
Antithesis - (from the Greek antithesis - opposition), in fiction stylistic figure, juxtaposition of sharply contrasting or opposing concepts and images to enhance the impression. For example: “I am a king, - I am a slave, - I am a worm, - I am god” (G. R. Derzhavin) or in the titles - “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy, “Crime and Punishment” by F. M. Dostoevsky , "Cunning and Love" by F. Schiller.
Answer from ASL[newbie]
antithesis, no doubt
Answer from Vladislav Vishnyakov[newbie]
Literary asshole)
Answer from 3 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: what is the sharp contrast of different situations in a work of art called?
§ 6. Co- and oppositions
In the construction of works, comparisons of subject-speech units play an almost decisive role. L.N. Tolstoy said that “the essence of art” lies “in<…>an endless labyrinth of couplings."
At the origins of compositional analogies, similarities and contrasts (antitheses) - figurative parallelism, characteristic primarily of song poetry different countries and eras. This construction technique was carefully studied by A.N. Veselovsky. The scientist explored numerous comparisons between phenomena inner life man and nature in historically early poetry, especially folk poetry. According to his thought, the original and “simplest” form of “analogies” and “comparisons” in poetic creativity is binomial parallelism, which compares nature and human life. Example from Russian folk song: “The silk grass spreads and curls/Across the meadow/Kisses and favors/Mikhail his wife.” Binary parallelism can also have other functions, for example, bringing different natural phenomena. These are the words of the folk song “Height, height under heaven, / Depth, depth of the ocean-sea,” known from Sadko’s aria (opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov).
Veselovsky associates two-term parallelism in its original form with the animism of historically early thinking, which connected natural phenomena with human reality. He also claims that it was from binary parallelism of this kind that symbols, metaphors, and allegorical imagery of fables about animals grew. Poetry's commitment to parallelism was, according to Veselovsky, predetermined by the manner of performing song texts in two voices: the second performer picked up and complemented the first.
Along with the parallelism of syntactic constructions, comparisons (both in contrast and in similarity) of larger text units: events and, most importantly, characters are rooted in literary works. Fairy tale, as shown by V.Ya. Propp always correlates the images of the hero and his opponent (“pest”). As a rule, it is impossible to do without sharp and evaluatively clear character antitheses, without “polarization” of what is being recreated, without contrasting favorable and unfavorable circumstances and events for the heroes.
Incompatibilities and opposites prevail in the character organization and plot construction works and other genres. Let us remember the epic about Ilya Muromets and the filthy Idol, the fairy tale about Cinderella, the antipode of which is the Stepmother; or - from later artistic experience - Molière's opposition to Tartuffe of Cleante. The sane Chatsky in “Woe from Wit” is “opposite,” according to A. S. Griboedov, with twenty-five fools; To the dragon in the famous play by E.L. Schwartz is the antithesis of Lancelot.
The principle of opposition, however, does not reign supreme in literature. Over time, from era to era, along with antitheses (character and event), more dialectical, flexible comparisons of facts and phenomena as simultaneously different and similar became stronger. Thus, in Pushkin’s novel in verse, the three main characters - Onegin, Tatyana, Lensky - are opposed to each other and at the same time similar to one another in their sublime aspirations, “not fitting” into the surrounding reality, and dissatisfaction with it. And the events in the lives of the heroes (first of all, the two explanations of Onegin and Tatyana) with their inescapable drama are more similar to each other than contrasting.
Much is based on comparisons of similarities in “War and Peace”, and in “The Brothers Karamazov”, and in “The Master and Margarita”. This type is most clear artistic construction made itself felt in the plays of A.P. Chekhov, where the oppositions (of heroes and events) moved to the periphery, giving way to the disclosure of various manifestations of the same essentially the same, deepest life drama of the depicted environment, where there are neither completely right nor completely guilty. The writer recreates the world of people helpless in front of life, in which, according to Olga from “Three Sisters,” “everything is not done our way.” “Every play says: it is not individual people who are to blame, but the entire existing structure of life as a whole,” wrote A.P. Skaftymov about Chekhov's plays. “And people’s only fault is that they are weak.” And the fates of the characters, and the events that make up Chekhov’s dramatic plots, and stage episodes, and individual statements are linked in such a way that they appear as an endlessly stretching chain of confirmations that the discord between people and life and the destruction of their hopes are inevitable, that thoughts of happiness and the fullness of being are vain. The “components” of the artistic whole here do not so much contrast as complement each other. There is something similar in the so-called “theater of the absurd” (almost in most of the plays of E. Ionesco and S. Beckett), where events and characters are similar to each other in their incongruity, “puppet-likeness,” and absurdity.
The components of what is depicted in the work, as can be seen, are always correlated with each other. An artistic creation is the focus of mutual “roll calls”, sometimes very numerous, rich and varied. And, of course, meaningful in content, activating the reader, directing his reactions.
This text is an introductory fragment.1. What is the name for the form of allegory characteristic of fables, a parable? ( Allegory)
2. Name the term that is used in literary criticism to designate an expression that has become popular? OR: In the speech of the heroes of the play there are many short, figurative sayings that express original thoughts (for example, in the speech of Ash: “You are not a nail, I am not pliers...”). What are such statements called? OR: Many of the remarks of the characters in the play have become commonly used (for example: “You can’t always cure your soul with the truth”). Indicate the term that denotes apt figurative expressions containing a complete philosophical thought. (Aphorism)
3. In literary criticism, what are characters who do not appear on stage called? OR: In the stories of Mrs. Prostakova and Skotinin, the “dead father” and uncle Vavila Faleleich appear. What are the names of the characters mentioned in the speech of the heroes, but not appearing on stage? ( Off-stage)
4. In a literary work, what is the name of the monologue that the hero pronounces “to himself”? ( Inner monologue)
5. Wanting to show his importance, Khlestakov uses a clear exaggeration: “thirty-five thousand couriers alone.” What is the name of an artistic technique based on exaggeration? ( Hyperbola)
6. One of the characteristic techniques of classicism is revealing the character of the hero through his last name. What are these surnames called? OR: In the surname of Khlestakov, as in the surnames of others characters plays, a certain figurative characteristic is laid down. What are these surnames called? ( Speakers)
7. Indicate the name of the appointment artistic exaggeration, in which verisimilitude gives way to fantasy and caricature. ( Grotesque)
8. What is the name of an expressive detail that carries an important semantic load in a literary text? OR: Indicate the name of the detail that gives the story special expressiveness (for example, the tear that rolled out of Chichikov. OR: What term denotes a significant small detail that contains an important meaning (for example, Father’s chest from the story of Mrs. Prostakova)? ( Detail)
9. What term refers to the form of speech of characters that represents an exchange of remarks? OR: The text of the fragment is an alternation of statements of the characters addressed to each other. What is this form called? verbal communication? (Dialogue)
10. Specify genre, to which the work belongs. ( Epic genres: Novel, story, tale, fairy tale, fable, epic, short story, essay... Dramatic genres: drama, comedy, tragedy...
11. Define genre of work. Fonvizin “The Minor” is a comedy. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" - comedy. Gogol "The Inspector General" is a comedy. Ostrovsky “The Thunderstorm” – drama. Chekhov “ The Cherry Orchard"- comedy. Gorky "At the Bottom" - drama.
12. Which one genre variety refers to the novel? ( Social-philosophical, psychological, social-everyday...)
13. What stage in the development of action does this fragment belong to? ( Commencement, climax, denouement). OR: What is the moment called? highest voltage in development dramatic plot. (Climax).
14. The free, relaxed nature of the characters’ speech is emphasized in this fragment by violating the direct word order in their phrases: “I’ll give you money for them”; “After all, I’ve never sold dead people before.” Name this technique. ( Inversion)
15. What is the name of the type of description in literary works that allowed the author to recreate the furnishings of the home? OR: Indicate the term used in literary criticism to describe the setting of an action, interior decoration rooms (“... in the corner, in front of the black board of the icon of the Mother of God of Three Hands, a lamp was burning, we sat down at a long table on a black leather sofa...”). ( Interior)
16. Name artistic technique, which consists in the fact that the implied meaning of a word or phrase is the opposite of the literally expressed (“Master of interpreting decrees”). ( Irony)
17. The fragment begins and ends with a description of a fire in Smolensk, etc. Indicate the term that denotes the location and relationship of parts, episodes, images in a work of art. OR: What term denotes the organization of parts of a work, images and their connections? ( Composition)
18. The fragment depicts an acute clash of positions between the heroes. What is such a collision called in the work? OR: Clashes between the characters are revealed from the very beginning of the play. What is the name of the irreconcilable contradiction underlying dramatic action? ( Conflict)
19. Type conflict? (Public, love, social). OR: The conflict associated with the relationship between the hero and heroine determines the plot action " Clean Monday» I.A. Bunina. Define this conflict. ( Love)
20. Within what literary direction was created this work? (Sentimentalism, classicism, realism, symbolism...). OR: Indicate the name of the literary movement of the 18th century, the tradition of which Griboedov continues, endowing some of the heroes of his realistic play with “speaking” surnames - characteristics. ( Classicism) OR: What is it called literary direction, the principles of which are partly formulated in the second part of the presented fragment (“to bring out everything that is every minute in front of our eyes and what indifferent eyes do not see - all the terrible, stunning mud of little things that entangle our lives”)? ( Realism)
21. Indicate the type of trope, which is based on the transfer of the properties of some objects and phenomena to others (“flame of talent”). OR: What term denotes the means of allegorical expressiveness that the author refers to when describing the giant ship “Atlantis”: “... the floors... gaped with countless fiery eyes”? ( Metaphor)
22. What is the name of the extended statement of one character? ( Monologue)
23. At the beginning of the episode, a description of the night village is given. What is the term for such a description? OR: What term is used to describe nature? ( Scenery)
24. Indicate a trope that is a replacement of a proper name with a descriptive phrase. ( Periphrase)
25. What is the deliberate use of identical words in a text that enhances the significance of a statement? OR: “Yes, he was hateful to me, hateful...”, “It’s so hard, so hard.” What is this technique called? ( Repeat)
26. Name artistic medium, based on an image of a person’s appearance, his face, clothing, etc. (“The fluff on her upper lip was frosted, the amber of her cheeks turned slightly pink, the blackness of the paradise completely merged with the pupil...”). OR: At the beginning of the fragment a description of the character’s appearance is given. What is this means of characterization called? ( Portrait)
27. The heroes’ speech is replete with words and expressions that violate literary norm(“such rubbish”, “get around me”, etc.). Indicate this type of speech. ( Vernacular)
28. What term refers to the way of displaying the internal state of characters, thoughts and feelings? OR: What is the name of the image of the hero’s internal experiences, manifested in his behavior? (“confused, blushed all over, made a negative gesture with his head”)? ( Psychologism)
29. Events in the work are presented on behalf of fictional character. What is the name of the character in the work who is entrusted with the narration of events and other characters? ( Narrator)
30. What is the name of the hero who expresses author's position? (Reasoner)
31. The first act of M. Gorky’s play “At the Lower Depths” opens with the author’s explanation: “A basement like a cave. The ceiling is heavy stone vaults, smoked, with falling off plaster...” What is the name of the author's explanation that precedes or accompanies the course of action in a play? OR: Indicate the term used in plays to describe short authorial remarks (“Teases him,” “With a sigh,” etc.). ( Remarque)
32. Name the term that refers to the statements of the characters in the play. OR: What is the name in dramaturgy for a single phrase of an interlocutor in a stage dialogue? ( Replica)
33. Enter a title sort of literature to which the work belongs? ( Epic, drama)
34. What is a special type of comic called in literary criticism: ridicule, exposure negative aspects life, their depiction in an absurd caricature (for example, the depiction of generals in the fairy tale by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals”?) ( Satire)
35. Describing the tavern where the heroes arrived, I.A. Bunin uses a figurative expression based on the correlation of two objects, concepts or states that have a common feature (“it was steamy, like in a bathhouse”). What is the name of this artistic technique? OR: Indicate the technique used by the author in the following phrase: “... soaring high above all other geniuses of the world, as an eagle soars above other high-flying ones.” ( Comparison)
36. What is the name of the part of the act (action) of a dramatic work in which the composition of the characters remains unchanged? ( Scene)
37. What term denotes the totality of events, turns and twists and turns of action in a work? ( Plot)
39. Artistic time and space– the most important characteristics of the author’s model of the world. What traditional spatial reference does Goncharov use to create the image of a symbolically rich closed space? ( House)
41. The above scene contains information about the characters, place and time of the action, and describes the circumstances that took place before it began. Indicate the stage in the development of the plot, which is characterized by the named features. OR: What term is used to designate the part of the work that depicts the circumstances preceding the main events of the plot? ( Exposition)
42. What term refers to the final component of a work? ( Epilogue)
43. What is the name in literary criticism for a means that helps describe a hero (“weak”, “frail”)? OR: What are the names of figurative definitions, which are a traditional means of artistic representation? (
The examination work in literature (USE) is based on a system of step-by-step testing of graduates’ abilities to perceive and analyze works of art in their genre and generic specifics, based on knowledge of a historical, literary and theoretical literary nature. Preparing for the literature exam involves repeating all the course material.
Tasks B1-B12 require the skills to determine whether a literary text belongs to a particular genre and identify linguistic means artistic imagery and determining their role in revealing the ideological and thematic content of the work.
Presentations are intended to develop knowledge of the terminology of prose, dramatic and lyrical works. Presentation materials can be included in a certain part of the lesson as a quiz or can be used in elective classes to prepare for the Unified State Exam in literature.
Questions based on dramatic works.
1) What term refers to the form of speech of the characters that represents an exchange of remarks? (dialogue)
2) One of the characteristic techniques of classicism is to reveal the character of the hero through his surname. What are these surnames called? (speaking)
3) In literary criticism, what are characters who do not appear on stage called? (off-stage)
4) The fragment depicts an acute clash of positions between the heroes. What is such a collision called in the work? (conflict)
6) What is the name of the extended statement of one character? (monologue)
7) Name the term that refers to the statements of the characters in the play. What is the name in dramaturgy for a single phrase of an interlocutor in a stage dialogue? (replica)
8) What is the term that is used in literary criticism to designate an expression that has become popular? (aphorism)
9) What is the name of the technique of contrasting various phenomena in a work of art (antithesis, contrast)
10) What term denotes a significant small detail that contains an important meaning? (detail)
11) What is the name of confrontation, confrontation that serves as a stimulus for the development of action? (conflict, collision)
12) What is the name of the part of the play’s action in which all the main contradictions find their resolution? (denouement)
Questions based on lyrical works.
1) What is the name of a stylistic figure based on a change in direct word order? (inversion)
2) A term that in literary studies refers to a figurative and expressive means that allows one to transfer meaning by similarity from one object to another? (metaphor)
3) The stanzas of the poem are built on a comparison of pictures of nature and the human condition. What is this technique called in literary criticism? (comparison, parallelism)
4) Indicate the name of the stylistic device that the poet uses, starting lines with the same word. (anaphora)
5) What types of rhymes do you know? (ring, pair, cross)
6) What is it called poetic device, based on the repetition of vowel sounds? (assonance)
7) What is the name of the poetic technique of repeating identical consonant sounds? (alliteration)
8) What is the name of the technique that allows you to give the world human feelings and experiences? (personification)
9) What is the name in literary criticism for a combination of lines held together by a common rhyme and intonation? (stanza)
10) What is the term that denotes the consonance of the ends of poetic lines? (rhyme)
11) What is the name of a technique based on a combination of incompatible concepts? (oxymoron)
12) Name the type of trope based on the comparison of objects or phenomena? (comparison)
13) What is the name of a generalized image that includes many associative features? (symbol)
14) What is the name of the technique that consists of replacing a word with a descriptive expression indicating important properties, qualities, signs of an object or phenomenon? (paraphrase)
15) To enhance the emotional significance of the statement, the author uses the form of a question that does not require an answer. What is this means of expression called? (a rhetorical question)
16) Name the type of composition characterized by the repetition of the same motif, line, etc. at the beginning and end of the work. (ring)
17) What is the name of an artistic technique based on sharp opposition? (antithesis, contrast)
18) What is the name of a figurative definition that serves as a means of artistic expression? (Epithet)
19) A quotation that precedes the subsequent work and echoes the main text. (epigraph)
20) What means of expressing his own position does the poet resort to, subjecting his characters not to hidden, but to open ridicule and denunciation? (sarcasm)
Questions based on prose works.
- In a literary work, what is the name of the monologue that the hero pronounces “to himself?” (inner monologue)
- What is the name in literary criticism for a means that helps describe a hero (“weak”, “frail”)? // What are the names of figurative definitions that are a traditional means of artistic representation? (epithet)
- The events in the work are narrated from the perspective of a fictional character. What is the name of the character in the work who is entrusted with the narration of events and other characters? (narrator)
- What is the name of the genre of literature to which the story belongs? (epic)
- What is the deliberate use of identical words in a text that enhances the significance of a statement? (repeat)
- What term refers to the way of displaying the internal state of characters, thoughts and feelings? (psychologism)
- What is the name of an expressive detail that carries an important semantic load in a literary text? (detail)
- Indicate the term that denotes the arrangement and relationship of parts, episodes, images in a work of art. // What term denotes the organization of parts of the work, images and their connections? (composition)
- Indicate the type of trope, which is based on the transfer of properties of some objects and phenomena to others (“flame of talent”). (metaphor)
- At the beginning of the fragment a description of the character's appearance is given. What is this means of characterization called? (portrait)
- What term is used to describe nature? (scenery)
- Indicate a trope that is a replacement of a proper name with a descriptive phrase. (paraphrase)
- A symbolic image, the meaning of which goes beyond the limits of the objective meaning. (symbol)
- What term is used to designate the part of the work that depicts the circumstances preceding the main events of the plot? (exposition)
- What term denotes the totality of events, turns and twists and turns of action in a work? (plot)
- What term refers to the final component of a work? (epilogue)
- How is the form of allegory characteristic of fables called a parable? (allegory)
- Indicate the name of the technique of artistic exaggeration, in which verisimilitude gives way to fantasy or caricature. (grotesque)
- What is the name of the type of description in literary works that allowed the author to recreate the furnishings of a home? (interior)