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What is imagination in psychology? Active and passive imagination. Passive and active imagination

13.10.2019

IMAGINATION. The images that a person uses and creates are not limited to the reproduction of what is directly perceived. A person can see in images something that he did not directly perceive, and something that did not exist at all, and even something that cannot exist. If the past is recorded in memory images, then the future is represented in dreams and fantasies. With the help of imagination, a mental departure beyond the limits of what is directly perceived is carried out.

Imagination is a person’s ability to construct new images by processing mental components acquired in past experience. Thus, an essential feature of imagination is the subject’s ability to create new images. The image of the imagination has no analogues in reality.

Thus, it is obvious that imagination is both the creation of new images and the transformation of past experience, and that such a transformation takes place with the organic unity of the sensory and rational.

In human life, imagination performs a number of specific functions.

1) representation of reality in images and the ability to use them when solving problematic problems;

2) regulation of emotional states, with the help of his imagination a person is able to at least partially satisfy needs and relieve the tension generated by them;

3) participation in the voluntary regulation of cognitive processes and human states: paying attention to necessary events, managing perceptions, memories, statements.

4) the formation of an internal plan of action - the ability to carry them out in the mind, manipulating images;

5) planning and programming activities, drawing up programs, assessing their correctness, and the implementation process.

With the help of imagination, we can control many psychophysiological states of the body and tune it to upcoming activities. There are also known facts indicating that with the help of imagination, purely by will, a person can influence organic processes: change the rhythm of breathing, pulse rate, blood

pressure, body temperature.

Imagine for a moment that a person had no imagination. We would lose almost everyone scientific discoveries and works of art, images created by the greatest writers and inventions of designers. Thanks to imagination, a person creates, intelligently plans and manages his activities. Almost all human material and spiritual culture is a product of people's imagination and creativity.

The imagination can finally make such a departure from reality that it creates a fantastic picture that clearly deviates from reality. But even in this case, it to some extent reflects this reality.

In terms of a person’s attitude to the process of imagination, passive and active imagination can be distinguished. Passive imagination manifests itself in the involuntary transformation of images, which occurs under the influence of little-conscious needs, drives and tendencies, regardless of any conscious intervention of the subject. Images of the imagination seem to emerge on their own, in addition to the will and desire of a person, and are not formed by him. For example, in dreams. Active form imagination manifests itself, for example, in creativity; images are consciously formed and transformed in accordance with goals. Using them, a person at will, by an effort of will, evokes the corresponding images creative activity person.

There is also a distinction between reproductive (reproductive) and transformative (productive) imagination. IN reproductive imagination the task is to reproduce reality as it is, but which the subject did not really perceive. Such imagination is more like perception or memory. Thus, the direction in art called naturalism, as well as partly realism, can be correlated with the reproductive imagination. For example, from the paintings of I.I. Shishkin, biologists can study the flora of the Russian forest, since all the plants on his canvases are depicted with documentary accuracy.

Productive imagination differs in that in it reality is consciously constructed by man, and not simply mechanically copied or recreated. For example, the basis of the creativity of a number of art masters, whose flight of creative imagination is no longer satisfied by realistic means, also becomes reality. But this reality is passed through the productive imagination of creators; they construct it in a new way, using light, color, air vibration (impressionism), resorting to point-by-point images of objects (pointillism), decomposing the world into geometric shapes(cubism) and so on. We encounter productive imagination in art in cases where the artist’s world is a phantasmagoria, irrationalism. The result of such imagination is M. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita".

Imagination, as we know, is closely related to creativity. Specialization of various types of imagination is the result of development various types creative activity. That's why there are so many specific types of imagination how many species of human are there? activities- constructive, technical, scientific, artistic, musical and so on. In all these cases the imagination plays positive role, but there are other types of imagination. These include dreams, hallucinations, reveries and daydreams.

Dreams can be classified as passive and involuntary forms of imagination. Their true role in human life has not yet been established, although it is known that in human dreams many vital needs are expressed and satisfied, which, for a number of reasons, cannot be realized in life.

Hallucinations are called fantastic visions that apparently have almost no connection with the reality surrounding a person. Usually they, being the result of certain mental or bodily disorders, accompany many painful conditions.

Dreams, Unlike hallucinations, this is quite normal mental state, which is a fantasy associated with desire.

Dream call the form special internal activities which consists in creating an image of what a person would like to accomplish. A dream differs from a daydream in that it is somewhat more realistic and to a greater extent connected with reality, i.e. is in principle feasible. Dreams occupy a fairly large part of a person’s time, especially in youth, and for most people they are pleasant thoughts about the future, although some also have disturbing visions that give rise to feelings of anxiety and aggressiveness. The process of imagination is rarely immediately realized in a person’s practical actions, so a dream is important condition implementation of human creative powers.

Imagination takes a person beyond his immediate existence, reminds him of the past, and opens up the future. Along with a decrease in the ability to fantasize, a person’s personality becomes impoverished, the possibilities of creative thinking decrease, and interest in art and science fades.

Passive imagination

Passive imagination is a more or less clear reproduction in memory or dreams of images of the past.

Passive imagination includes: unintentional and unpredictable imagination. Passive imagination is subject to internal, subjective factors; it is tendentious. Passive imagination is subject to desires that are thought to be realized in the process of fantasizing. In the images of passive imagination, unsatisfied, mostly unconscious needs of the individual are satisfied. Images and ideas of passive imagination are aimed at strengthening and preserving positively colored emotions and at repressing, reducing negative emotions and affects. During the processes of passive imagination, unreal, imaginary satisfaction of any need or desire occurs. In this way, passive imagination differs from realistic thinking, which is aimed at real, and not imaginary, satisfaction of needs. The materials of passive imagination, just like active imagination, are images, ideas, elements of concepts and other information gleaned through experience.

Passive imagination is divided into voluntary (daydreaming, daydreaming) and involuntary (hypnotic state, dream fantasy).

Techniques of imagination

Imagination is a person’s ability to construct new images by processing mental components acquired in past experience. Imagination is the mental process of creating something new in the form of an image, idea or idea.

The process of imagination is peculiar only to man and is a necessary condition for his work activity.

One of the first psychologists to study these processes, T. Ribot, identified two main operations: dissociation and association.

Dissociation is a negative and preparatory operation, during which the sensory experience is fragmented. As a result of such preliminary processing of experience, its elements are able to enter into a new combination.

Without prior dissociation, creative imagination is unthinkable. Dissociation is the first stage of creative imagination, the stage of preparing material. The impossibility of dissociation is a significant obstacle to creative imagination.

Association creation complete image from isolated elements. units of images. The association gives rise to new combinations, new images. In addition, there are other intellectual operations, for example, the ability to think by analogy with partial and purely accidental similarities.

Forms of imagination:

agglutination is a combination of qualities, properties, parts of objects that are not connected in reality;

hyperbolization increasing or decreasing an object and its parts; schematization, smoothing out differences between objects and identifying similarities between them;

sharpening, emphasizing any features of an object;

typification is the selection of the essential, repeated in homogeneous phenomena, and its embodiment in a specific image.

Imagination is always a certain departure from reality. But in any case, the source of imagination is objective reality. Imagination is the figurative construction of the content of a concept about an object (or the design of a scheme of actions with it) even before the concept itself is formed (and the scheme receives a clear, verifiable and implemented expression in specific material). A dream is a special form of imagination. It is addressed to the sphere of a more or less distant future and does not imply the immediate achievement of a real result, as well as its complete coincidence with the desired image. At the same time, a dream can become a strong motivating factor in creative search. Empathy is the ability to understand another person, to be imbued with his thoughts and feelings, to sympathize, to rejoice, to empathize...

The concept of “imagination”, its types and forms of manifestation

Imagination - This is the mental process of creating new images based on previously perceived ones. Imagination is a reflection of reality in new unusual combinations and connections. It takes intermediate position between perception and thinking, thinking and memory. This is one of the most mysterious psychic phenomena. We know almost nothing about the mechanism of imagination, its anatomical and physiological basis. Imagination is unique to humans. It allows him to go beyond real world in time and space, makes it possible to imagine the finished result of work even before starting work. Almost all human material and spiritual culture is a product of people's imagination and creativity.

Imagination can function on different levels. Their difference is determined primarily by human activity.

According to the severity of activity distinguish between active and passive imagination.

Active imagination characterized by the fact that, using it, a person, at his own request, by an effort of will, evokes in himself the corresponding images. An active imagination can be creative and reconstructive.

Creative active imagination arising in work, involves the independent creation of images realized in original and valuable products of activity, and is an integral part of technical, artistic and other creativity.

Recreating active imagination is based on the creation of certain images that correspond to the description. We use this type of imagination when reading literature, studying geographical maps and drawings.

Images passive imagination arise spontaneously, regardless of the will and desire of a person. Passive imagination is characterized by the creation of images that are not realized. Passive imagination can be intentional or unintentional.

Intentional Passive Imagination creates images that are not associated with the will that would contribute to their implementation. Thus, having created the image of Manilov, N.V. Gogol generally depicted people who, in fruitless daydreaming, see a convenient opportunity to escape from reality. The hero's fantasy creates projects that are not realized and often cannot be realized.

Unintentional passive imagination observed when the activity of consciousness weakens, with its disorders, in a half-asleep state, in a dream.

Imagination can manifest itself in different ways forms.

Dreams are a form of manifestation of active imagination and a necessary condition for the implementation of human creative powers aimed at transforming reality. Dreams - desires pushed back in time. Dreams differ from dreams in that they are connected with reality, i.e. in principle feasible. In fact, any object made by human hands, in its historical essence, is a dream come true.

However, imagination can also act as a substitute for activity, its surrogate. Then a person withdraws from reality into the realm of fantasy in order to hide from seemingly insoluble problems, from the need to act, from the hardships of life. Such fantasies are called dreams. Dreams reflect the connection between fantasy and our needs. Dreams are fundamentally unrealizable.

Hallucinations are a fantastic vision that has almost no connection with reality. If dreams can be considered a completely normal mental state, then hallucinations are usually the result of certain disorders of the psyche or the functioning of the body and accompany many painful conditions. Hallucinations are the most indicative manifestations of passive unintentional imagination, in which a person perceives a non-existent object. These images are so vivid that a person is absolutely convinced of their reality.

The category of passive unintentional forms of imagination includes dreams. Their true role in human life has not yet been established, although it is known that in dreams many vital human needs find expression and satisfaction, which, for a number of reasons, cannot be realized in life.

Analytical-synthetic nature of imagination processes. Functions of imagination

The creative transformation of reality in the imagination is subject to its own laws and is carried out in accordance with certain methods and techniques. New ideas, thanks to the operations of analysis and synthesis, arise on the basis of what is already imprinted in consciousness. Thus, the processes of imagination consist in the mental decomposition of initial ideas into their component parts (analysis) and their subsequent combination in new combinations (synthesis), i.e. are analytical and synthetic in nature.

Let's list techniques and methods of the imagination process.

1. Agglutination - “gluing”, combination, merging of individual elements or parts of several objects into one image. For example, the image of a water mermaid in folk ideas was created from the images of a woman (head and torso), a fish (tail) and green algae (hair).

2. Accentuation or sharpening - highlighting and emphasizing any part or detail in the created image. Cartoonists highlight the most essential aspects of an image by changing proportions: a chatterbox is depicted with a long tongue, a food lover is given a voluminous belly.

3. Hyperbolization - increase or decrease of an object, change in the number of parts of an object or their displacement. For example, the many-armed Buddha in Indian religion, dragons with seven heads, and the one-eyed Cyclops.

4. Schematization - smoothing out the differences between objects and highlighting the similarities between them. This is how national ornaments and patterns are created, the elements of which are borrowed from the surrounding world.

5. Typing - highlighting the essential, repeating in homogeneous phenomena, and embodying it in a specific image.

Imagination varies among people in several ways signs:

Brightness of images;

The degree of their realism and truthfulness, novelty, originality;

Breadth of imagination;

Arbitrariness, i.e. the ability to subordinate the imagination to the task at hand (highly organized and disorganized imagination);

The type of representations with which a person primarily operates (visual, motor, etc.);

Sustainability.

Imagination is multifunctional. Among its most important functions R. S. Nemov names the following.

Representation of reality in images and the ability to use them. Imagination orients a person in the process of activity - it creates a mental model of the final or intermediate products of labor, which contributes to their objective embodiment. This function of imagination is connected with thinking and is organically included in it.

Regulation of emotional states. With the help of his imagination, a person is able to at least partially satisfy many needs and relieve the tension generated by them.

Voluntary regulation of cognitive processes and human states, in particular perception, attention, memory, speech, emotions. With the help of skillfully evoked images, a person can pay attention to the necessary events. Through images, he gains the opportunity to control perceptions, memories, and statements.

Formation of an internal action plan- the ability to perform them in the mind, manipulating images.

Planning and programming activities- drawing up such behavior programs when the problem situation is not defined.

Control of the psychophysiological state of the body. With the help of imagination, by purely volitional means, a person can influence organic processes: change the rhythm of breathing, pulse rate, blood pressure, body temperature. These facts underlie auto-training, which is widely used for self-regulation.

Imagination and thinking. Imagination and creativity

Imagination is closely related to thinking. Like thinking, it allows you to foresee the future. What are the similarities and differences between imagination and thinking?

General is as follows:

Imagination and thinking arise in a problem situation, i.e. in cases where it is necessary to find a new solution;

Imagination and thinking are motivated by the needs of the individual. The real process of satisfying needs may be preceded by illusory, imaginary satisfaction of needs, i.e. a living, vivid representation of the situation in which these needs can be satisfied.

Differences are as follows:

The advanced reflection of reality, carried out in the processes of imagination, occurs in a concrete figurative form, in the form of vivid ideas, while the advanced reflection in the processes of thinking occurs by operating with concepts that allow us to comprehend the world in a generalized and indirect way;

In the process of activity, imagination appears in unity with thinking. The inclusion of imagination or thinking in the process of activity is determined by the uncertainty of the problem situation, the completeness or deficiency of information contained in the initial data of the task. In a problem situation with which activity begins, there are two systems of consciousness anticipating the results of this activity: an organized system of images and ideas and an organized system of concepts. At the core imagination opportunity lies choosing an image. At the core thinking- opportunity new combination of concepts. Often such work occurs on “two floors” at once, since systems of images and concepts are closely connected - for example, the choice of a method of action is carried out through logical reasoning, with which vivid ideas about how the action will be carried out are organically fused.

Considering the similarities and differences between imagination and thinking, it is necessary to note that a problem situation can be characterized by more or less uncertainty:

a) if the initial data are known, then the course of solving the problem obeys primarily the laws of thinking;

b) if these data are difficult to analyze, then the mechanism of imagination operates.

The value of imagination is that it allows you to make a decision in the absence of the required completeness of knowledge necessary to complete the assigned tasks. Fantasy allows you to “jump” over certain stages of thinking and still imagine the end result. However, this is also the weakness of this solution to the problem.

Imagination plays a particularly important role in scientific and artistic creativity. Creativity without the active participation of imagination is generally impossible. Imagination allows a scientist to build hypotheses, mentally imagine and perform scientific experiments, search for and find non-trivial solutions to problems.

Imagination plays an important role in the early stages of solving a scientific problem and often leads to remarkable insights. However, after some patterns have already been noticed, guessed and studied under experimental conditions, after the law has been established and tested in practice, and is also connected with previously discovered provisions, knowledge completely moves to the level of theory, strict scientific thinking. Trying to fantasize at this stage of research can lead to mistakes. English scientist G. Wallace allocated four stages of creative processes:

Preparation (idea generation);

Maturation (concentration, “contraction” of knowledge directly or indirectly related to a given problem, obtaining missing information);

Insight (intuitive grasp of the desired result);

Examination.

The study of the role of imagination in the processes of scientific and technical creativity is carried out by specialists in the psychology of scientific creativity.

End of work -

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Fundamentals of psychology and pedagogy

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Novopolotsk 2009
Contents INTRODUCTION. 3 CURRICULUM ON FUNDAMENTALS OF PSYCHOLOGY AND PEDAGOGY.. 5 MODULE 1. GENERAL

General psychology
1. Psychology as a science. Methods of psychology Psychology as a science: subject, tasks, significance, place in the system of sciences. Main directions of modern psychology. Concept of methodology

Cognitive processes
Mental processes (sensations, perception, memory, thinking, imagination, speech) and attention, their features. 4. Mental states. Emotions and will. General concept about emotions

Social psychology and management psychology
7. The group and its influence on the individual. The concept of a group. Classification of groups. Small group, its characteristics and types. The concept of a team. Social status and social

Fundamentals of Pedagogy
10. Pedagogy as a science History of pedagogical ideas and educational practices. Pedagogy in the system of human sciences, its subject, tasks. Basic methodological principles and methods

Main historical stages in the development of psychological science
Since ancient times, needs public life forced a person to distinguish and take into account the peculiarities of the mental makeup of people. The first ideas about the psyche were associated with animism (lat.

Structure of modern psychology
Despite the fact that a number of authors believe that psychology is a system of sciences that are at different stages of formation and associated with various areas of practice, psychology as an integral scientific

Subject and main tasks of psychology
The specificity of scientific knowledge is determined by the subject scientific research and corresponding methods that make it possible to reveal the patterns of the phenomena being studied. What constitutes pre

The concept of methodology, its types. Basic methodological principles of psychology
Any science develops dynamically and progressively if it has, on the one hand, creative ideas, which are put forward by scientists, and on the other hand, quite objective, accurate and reliable methods

Levels of methodological analysis
PRIVATE (SPECIAL) METHODOLOGY A set of principles applied in a certain field, the methodology of a particular science GENERAL SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY The doctrine of

The relationship between methodology, methods and research techniques
RESEARCH METHODS Specific implementation of the method in accordance with the purpose of the study RESEARCH METHODS Methods of obtaining facts of mental manifestations, from

Basic methodological principles
PRINCIPLE OF UNITY OF CONSCIOUSNESS (MENTAL) AND ACTIVITY The psyche is formed and manifests itself in activity PRINCIPLE OF DEVELOPMENT (GENETIC CONDITIONALITY) Any

Development of the psyche in the process of ontogenesis and phylogenesis
Psyche is a property of highly organized living matter, which consists in the subject’s active reflection of the objective world, in the subject’s construction of a picture inalienable from him

Neurophysiological mechanisms of the psyche
Nervous system- hierarchical structure of nerve formations in the human body and vertebrates. Thanks to its work, contacts with the outside world are ensured,

Localization of higher mental functions
Significant role in the development of ideas about functional organization brain belongs to the Soviet psychologist, the founder of neuropsychology in the USSR, Alexander Romanovich Luria (

Consciousness as the highest form of psyche
Consciousness is highest level mental reflection of objective reality, as well as the highest level of self-regulation inherent only to man as a social being

The relationship between three levels of human mental activity: unconscious, subconscious and conscious
A person’s mental activity, his psyche, operate simultaneously at three interconnected levels: unconscious, subconscious and conscious.

General psychological characteristics of activity
One of the most important characteristics of a person is that he is able to work, and any type of work is an activity. Activity is a dynamic system of interaction

Sensation and perception
Cognitive mental processes. Structure of information reception Human cognitive activity consists of a series of cognitive mental processes: sensations, perceptions

Irrelevant
Different types of sensations are characterized not only by specificity, but also by properties common to them. These properties include: - quality - noun

Relevant and
- irrelevant. Perception may be erroneous (illusory). Illusion is a distorted perception of a really existing reality.

Attention
General overview about attention A person is constantly exposed to many different stimuli. Human consciousness is not able to simultaneously comprehend with sufficient clarity

Thinking and intelligence
The essence of thinking as a cognitive process The process of human cognition of the surrounding reality is carried out in the unity and interconnection of its stages - sensory and logical

Emotional sphere of personality
General characteristics emotional sphere person Interacting with the world around him, a person relates to it in a certain way, experiences some feelings about what he remembers

Individual personality traits
The specificity of human individuality is mediated by the entire history of the species Homo sapiens, which was refracted in the hereditary program. From the moment of his birth, an individual is a carrier

Temperament
Temperament is one of the most significant biologically determined personality traits. Interest in this problem arose more than two and a half thousand years ago.

Character
The concept of “character” describes a person’s individual qualities and behavior. Character (Greek charakter - coinage, sign, feature) is a set of

Capabilities
The second level of personality, depending both on innate qualities and on their training, development and improvement, and influencing the success of a person’s activity, is considered when

Personality in psychology
6.1. Theories of personality in foreign and domestic psychology 6.2. The concepts of “personality”, “subject”, “individual”, “individuality”. Personality structure. Development and socialization

Theories of personality in foreign and domestic psychology
Personality psychology is a branch of science that allows us to understand the essence of human nature and individuality. Modern psychology today cannot offer a single

The concepts of “personality”, “subject”, “individual”, “individuality”. Development and socialization of personality
The concept of “personality” is not purely psychological and is studied by other sciences and, for example, philosophy, sociology, and pedagogy. Each of the definitions of personality available in the scientific literature

Self-awareness
A.N. Leontyev believed that personality is the social essence of a person, and therefore a person’s temperament, character, abilities and knowledge are not included in the structure of personality, but are conditional

Personality orientation
The leading characteristic of a personality is its orientation. There are different definitions of this concept, for example, “dynamic tendency” (S.L. Rubinstein), “meaning-forming m

Self-awareness of the individual and her life path. Self-concept of personality
The specificity of a person’s conscious way of life lies in his ability to separate his “I” from his life environment in his imagination, to make his own inner world subject of reflection and

Personal defense mechanisms
The term “defense mechanisms” was proposed by Z. Freud in 1926. Currently, psychological defense is understood as the way in which a person

Intrapersonal conflict
Intrapersonal conflict is a conflict within the mental world of a person, a collision of its opposing needs, values, goals

The concept of motive. Theories of motivation. Motivational sphere of personality
In modern psychology, the term “motive” (“motivating factor”) refers to completely different phenomena, such as instinctive impulses, biological drives, interests, desires

The relationship between value orientations and personal motivation. Dynamics of the system of value relations during adolescence and early adulthood
Recently in national science interest has increased in the problems of personality, the formation of its self-awareness and one of its most significant characteristics - values and values

Age-related personality crises
Based on S. Freud's ideas about human psychosexual development, E. Erikson (Erikson, 1950) developed a theory that emphasizes social aspects this development. He

Goal: determination of the leading sensory channel and the structure of the representative system of the personality, diagnosis of literary abilities. Instructions: to the word that is on the left

A person's preferred representational system is the system with which he most often perceives information about the world. One of the methods for determining representative systems is BIAS-Test, etc.

Calculation of bias test results
Legend: B - visual; K - kinesthetic; A - auditory; D - digital (digital) channel of information perception; Y is a statement, R is the rank of this statement.

Instructions to the subject. Look carefully at the drawing. You will notice that

Instructions to the subject. Read for a minute and try to remember 25 words. Then close the text and within five minutes try to reproduce these words in any sequence.

Instructions to the subject. Answer the following questions using a scale of one to ten. Categorical denial corresponds to 0 points, unconditional agreement - 10 points.

You can compare the mental development of a child with the capabilities of his peers. For example, the calendar age is 8 years old, and mental abilities are closer to the six-year-old group, therefore, this is his

Currently, there are at least two groups of concepts that explain the relationship between gender and intelligence: biologizing and sociologizing approaches. Supporters of biologization

To find out if you are at risk of a nervous breakdown, try answering the questions on the proposed test (Markov, 2001). 1. Do you find it difficult to ask anyone for help?

Test material
1. Do you quickly adapt to a new environment? 2. Are you either happy or sad for no reason? 3. Do your thoughts sometimes wander when you need to cope?

Interpretation of results
· from 0 to 6 points - emotional stability, · from 7 to 12 - emotional instability; · from 0 to 6 points - introversion, · from 7 to 12 points - extroversion.

Choose the correct answer
1. Psychology as a science of behavior - ..... stage of development of psychological thought. 1. first; 2. second; 3. third; 4. fourth. 2. In the present

Login" to the module
In order to enter module 2, answer the questions and complete the tasks below: · Compare the concepts of “group” and “team”. What are the similarities and differences between them? · M

Status and role of the individual in a small group
An important parameter of the characteristics of a group is the individual’s position in the group as its member. Any person occupies several positions in a group. Each of these social

Small group development. Mechanisms of group dynamics
Several models of group formation have been developed in social psychology. One of the most famous is the stratometric concept of A.V. Petrovsky. She presents the group as

Phenomena of group activity
The group has a constant influence on its members, which is realized in the phenomenon of group pressure. Group pressure is the process of influencing the attitudes, norms, values and behavior of groups

Concepts of management and leadership. Leadership theories
The word “leader,” according to R. Stogdill, appeared in English around 1300, and “leadership” – around 1800. The word lead is translated as “to lead”, “to encourage”,

Leadership (management) styles and their effectiveness
Leadership style (management) is a set of methods systematically used by a leader for making decisions, influencing subordinates and communicating with them. In other words, it consistently shows

Power and its types. The authority of a leader and its components
Power is the ability to influence the behavior and activities of other people. It is characterized by its limit (the degree of dependence of the subordinate on the leader, his capabilities and use

Components of the personality of an effective leader
There are a number of attempts to classify the components of a leader’s personality. According to V.I. Shuvanov, on leadership effectiveness labor collective influence three personal factors: experience (i.e.

Individual management concept. Leadership effectiveness and its criteria
It is necessary to distinguish the individual management concept (IMC) from the individual style of activity. Let us recall that the individual style of activity is determined by the typological characteristics of

The concept of interpersonal relationships. Communication, its types and structure
Personality cannot be studied outside the system of social connections, since the personality itself is their “product” and at the same time their active creator. Since human communication is two-way in nature, more precisely

Communication as a communicative process. Communication barriers
Communication is not limited to the transfer of information: information in conditions human communication not only transmitted, but also formed, clarified, developed. First of all, communication is impossible

Verbal and nonverbal communication
The transmission of any information is possible only through sign systems. Verbal communication uses human speech as a sign system. Speech is the most versatile

The interactive side of communication. Types and styles of interaction
Communication always presupposes some result - a change in the behavior and activities of other people. During joint activities, it is important for its participants not only to exchange information, but also to organize

The perceptual side of communication. Mechanisms and effects of perception
In the communication process there must be mutual understanding between partners. To establish mutual understanding, it is important how the communication partner is perceived. The process of one person perceiving another

The concept of conflict. Causes of conflicts
Conflict is a perceived contradiction between people that requires resolution. The basis of any conflict is a situation that includes either opposing positions of the parties on some

Ways to manage conflicts
The most successful conflict management model was proposed by K. Thomas. In accordance with such characteristics as the degree of assertiveness in protecting one’s interests and the degree of propensity to cooperate

Models of arbitration and mediation in conflict management
There are two ways to resolve conflict with the help of a third party. When using the arbitration model, a third party listens to both sides and makes a decision on the disputed issue.

Self-tests
1. In social psychology, the following main characteristics of a group are distinguished: · individuals’ awareness of their belonging to the group (“we-feeling”), · the presence between individuals of certain

Module 2 Summary
A group is a community limited in size, separated from the social whole on the basis of certain characteristics. Group characteristics include size, composition, structure, group dynamics

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Pedagogical problems have great vital and general cultural significance. To modern man it is necessary to have information about behavioral styles, forms of training and education, different types of

History of pedagogical ideas and educational practices. Folk and scientific pedagogy
Pedagogical branch human knowledge is perhaps the most ancient and is essentially inseparable from the development of society. When talking about pedagogy, this term is usually associated with the concept

Pedagogy as a science: subject, object, main categories, connections with other sciences, branches of pedagogical knowledge
The word "pedagogy" has several meanings. Firstly, they designate pedagogical science. Secondly, there is an opinion that pedagogy is an art, and thus it is, as it were, equated

Methodology and methods of pedagogy
The guiding principle in the science of pedagogy and research activities methodology acts as a system of guiding ideas, principles and methods. This is the doctrine of structure, logical organization, m

Modern pedagogical technologies
Pedagogical technology– a consistent system of teacher actions aimed at solving pedagogical problems. The technology is developed for a specific pedagogical purpose; in her

Education and its sociocultural functions
Education is an organic part of an individual’s life and at the same time is one of the most important spheres of society. World sociocultural trends determine the sociocultural situation

Trends in the modern sociocultural situation
The following are the most important global sociocultural trends that determine the directions of development of education, science, culture in any country: - a tendency to change the type of cultural-historical

Sociocultural situation in the Republic of Belarus
An analysis of the sociocultural situation in our country can be carried out using the term “modernization”. The essence of modernization in Belarus is a gradual transition to a new society. G

World educational trends
The global educational space unites national educational systems different types and levels, differing significantly in philosophical and cultural traditions, goals and objectives, your

Education system in the Republic of Belarus
In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Education”, state educational policy is based on the following principles: · priority of education; · obligation

Development concept. Factors of personality development. Education as a purposeful process of personal development
Personal development is a complex forward movement, during which progressive and regressive intellectual, personal, behavioral, and activity changes occur in a person. Once

Education as a purposeful influence on the individual
There is no unity of views in defining the educational process. Its specificity can only be revealed in comparison with the processes of formation, formation, and socialization of the individual. But for these processes no

Social environment and socialization of the individual
From the moment of his birth a person falls into a certain social environment and is in constant interaction with her; here he develops, learns and is educated, here his ineptitude is formed

Social space is a totality social relations, unfolding daily in front of a person or with his participation, either in the image of words, actions, actions of people, or in the image of things, inter

General characteristics of family education
Family education in the narrow sense of the word (educational activity of parents) is understood as the interaction of parents with children, based on family intimate-emotional closeness,

Types of families
Real family - concrete family as social group, object of study. A typical family is the most common variant of the family model in a given society. Ideal –

Types of improper family education
Conniving overprotection is a lack of supervision and an uncritical attitude towards behavioral disorders. Promotes the development of unstable and hysterical traits. Hypoprotection is a lack of

Legal foundations of family education
The family is connected with society, government and public organizations and institutions. She is sensitive to all changes that occur in the state and public life of the country. Vnu

Acmeological foundations of personal self-improvement
Problems of self-improvement and realization creative potential Acmeology studies humans. Acmeology (from the Greek acme - peak) - the science of the development and implementation of creative sweat

Creative potential of the individual
Creativity is an activity that generates something qualitatively new, something that has never happened before. Creativity is highest form human life. Creativity is related to the ability of people

Life path as programming and as creativity
As we know, a person is not born with a personality; he becomes a person. This formation of personality is significantly different from the development of the organism, which takes place in the process of simple organiza

Self-tests
1. Are there common features of education for all historical stages of the development of society? Which answers are true? a) each era puts forward its own ideal of personality, therefore common features be

Module Summary
Pedagogy as a science and social practice has long history development and is essentially inseparable from the development of society. Already in the most developed countries ancient world were taken seriously

In general psychology
1. Alekseenkova, E. G. Personality in conditions of mental deprivation: Textbook. allowance / E. G. Alekseenkova. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2009. – 96 p. 2. Asmolov, A. G. Personality psychology: Principles of general psychology

In social psychology
1. Ageev, V.S. Psychology of intergroup relations: Monograph. / V. S. Ageev. – M.: MSU, 1983. – 144 p. 2. Andreeva, G.M. Psychology of social cognition: Tutorial for universities / G. M. Andree

In management psychology
1. Andreeva, G.M. Social psychology: Textbook. for higher educational institutions/ G.M. Andreeva. – M.: Aspect-Press, 1997. – 376 p. 2. Andreeva, I. About “terminators” in management / I.N. Andrey

On the basics of pedagogy
1. Adler, A. Practice and theory of individual psychology / A. Adler. – M., 1995. 2. Antonov, A.I., Borisov, V.A. Family crisis and ways to overcome it / A.I. Antonov, V.A. Borisov. – M.: Ped

How to listen to and take notes on a lecture
The lecture continues to be the leading form of student education. This is a theoretical form of teaching, the main method of which is consistent oral presentation

How to prepare for practical (seminar) classes
The purpose of the seminars is to synthesize the literature studied by students, correlate it with the lecture material, develop the ability to analyze and critically evaluate various sources.

How to prepare for a discussion
Discussion (from Latin discussio - consideration, research) - dispute, discussion of an issue; assumes competence in the issues discussed and compliance

How to prepare for the test
A test is a form of certification of students, quality control of the knowledge, skills and abilities they have acquired. To successfully pass the test, you need to prepare for it in advance and thoroughly:

Rating system for assessing student knowledge
In accordance with the exact meaning of the English original source, rating is understood as “cumulative assessment” or “assessment taking into account previous history.” The meaning of the term “rating” is revealed

The list of images that a person operates with during his life includes not only objects or phenomena that exist in objective reality. It may also be something that was not previously perceived directly by the individual: the distant past or future, places where he has never been or visited, living beings that do not exist in the Universe. Answering the question what is imagination, the main characteristic of which is amazing for everyday life images, we can say that this is a way out of the real world both in time and space.

However, everyday and scientific definitions of human fantasies differ greatly. In the first case, this is only everything unreal, not corresponding to the reality around us, and therefore not endowed with any practical significance. Scientists do not quite share the opinion of ordinary people about what imagination is. Defining it from a scientific point of view covers all aspects of an individual’s cultural life and provides an incentive for the development of artistic, scientific and technical creativity.

About the phenomenon of imagination

Man is the only living creature on our planet who tends to fantasize, that is, to reflect the future and act in accordance with the expected (imaginary) situation, using his sensations, perception and thinking.

Speaking about what imagination is in biology, we can say that these are representations of any future events, which are based on the creation of new images, processed as a result of perception, thinking and knowledge about the world of a particular individual, which were obtained in previous life situations . The essence of any fantasy is a transformation in which there are objects and phenomena that have no points of contact with reality. It is this phenomenon that is most important in the process of becoming a person as an active subject.

About thinking and imagination

Dreams

These products of human imagination are aimed at the future desired by man. They generally contain fairly realistic and, as a rule, feasible plans regarding study, work, career and family. This form of imagination is typical of young people who have most of their lives ahead of them.

Dreams

This peculiar type of fantasy is characterized by isolation from objective reality, and in most cases it will never be possible to bring the images from them to life. They are a cross between hallucinations and dreams, but it should be remembered that, unlike the former, dreams are products of the activity of normal human consciousness.

Dreams

Dreams have always been of particular interest to specialists who study brain activity. Today, scientists tend to believe that they reflect the process of processing various information by the consciousness, and dreams are not only functionally related to this activity, but can also contain human dreams and daydreams, as well as new valuable ideas and discoveries. Here it is appropriate to recall the Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, who, according to legend, saw the periodic system of elements in a dream, which was later named after him.

Involuntary fantasies

Speaking about what imagination is, experts one way or another connect it with the human will. In its involuntary type, images are created as a result of the activity of a weakened consciousness. This may be half-asleep or a state of sleep, as well as some mental disorders. The process in this case is not controlled in any way and is completely unconscious.

Free imagination

This type is referred to as conscious, directed activity, in which the individual fully understands its motives and goals. It is characterized by the deliberate creation of images, and the arbitrariness and activity of the imagination are combined in various ways. Vivid examples of passive voluntary imagination are dreams, and active ones are a long, purposeful search, characteristic of the work of writers, artists and the work of inventors.

Recreating Imagination

This type is based on the creation of images of objects that were not previously perceived by the individual in a complete form, despite the fact that he has an idea of similar objects and their individual elements. Probably everyone knows well what spatial imagination is. But not everyone understands that it is recreative. All images are formed in reality through drawings, drawings and other similar diagrams using the knowledge available regarding them. The elements are more flexible, diverse, dynamic and are reproductive in nature.

Creative imagination

It is a process self-creation a creator of new, unlike anything else, embodied in original results of various activities. At the same time, the creator’s indirect reliance on his past life experience is minimal, and main role only the flight of his imagination plays.

Realistic imagination

Occurs when one believes in the possibility of bringing the created images to life. Characterized by anticipation of the future, perfect performance result before it is achieved. There are many examples in literature of how an image or situation, born only from the writer’s imagination and considered unrealistic, is exactly repeated in objective reality.

Sociological imagination

It is difficult to argue with the fact that the life of an individual cannot be separated from the life of society. Speaking about what sociological imagination is, we can say that it is the ability to recognize the interconnection of everything that happens in reality, taking into account structural, cultural and historical conditions. This type also considers actions performed by both individual and collective social actors, forming a complex and heterogeneous human society.

Having talked in detail about what imagination is, highlighting its various types and describing their features, we can safely say that none of the many types of creativity can be imagined without an element of fantasy, be it science, literature, painting. IN in a general sense- this is an anticipation of what does not exist yet, but what, perhaps, will become part of our lives. Imagination is directly related to intuition, conjecture, insight. Every person, to one degree or another, is inclined to fantasize, but we should not forget about real life so that dreams do not become painful hallucinations, and the built castles in the air do not collapse on the gray everyday life.

Imagination. Types of imagination (passive, active, concrete, abstract). Functions of the imagination. Imagination and fantasy.

Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	Imagination. Types of imagination (passive, active, concrete, abstract). Functions of the imagination. Imagination and fantasy.
Rubric (thematic category)	Psychology

Imagination is a person’s ability to construct new images by processing mental components acquired in past experience. However, an essential feature of imagination is the subject’s ability to create new images. The image of the imagination has no analogues in reality.

However, it is obvious that imagination is both the creation of new images and the transformation of past experience, and that such a transformation takes place with the organic unity of the sensual and the rational.

In human life, imagination performs a number of specific functions.

1) representation of reality in images and the ability to use them when solving problematic problems;

2) regulation of emotional states, with the help of his imagination a person is able to at least partially satisfy needs and relieve the tension generated by them;

3) participation in the voluntary regulation of cognitive processes and human states: paying attention to necessary events, managing perceptions, memories, statements.

4) the formation of an internal plan of action - the ability to carry them out in the mind, manipulating images;

5) planning and programming activities, drawing up programs, assessing their correctness, and the implementation process.

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Imagine for a moment that a person had no imagination. We would lose almost all scientific discoveries and works of art, images created by the greatest writers and inventions of designers. Thanks to imagination, a person creates, intelligently plans and manages his activities. Almost all human material and spiritual culture is a product of people's imagination and creativity.

The imagination can finally make such a departure from reality that it creates a fantastic picture that clearly deviates from reality. But even in this case, it to some extent reflects this reality.

In terms of a person’s attitude to the process of imagination, passive and active imagination can be distinguished. Passive imagination manifests itself in the involuntary transformation of images, which occurs under the influence of little-conscious needs, drives and tendencies, regardless of any conscious intervention of the subject. Images of the imagination seem to emerge on their own, in addition to the will and desire of a person, and are not formed by him. For example, in dreams. Active form imagination manifests itself, for example, in creativity; images are consciously formed and transformed in accordance with goals. Using them, a person, of his own free will, by an effort of will, evokes in himself the appropriate images of human creative activity.

There is also a distinction between reproductive (reproductive) and transformative (productive) imagination. IN reproductive imagination the task is to reproduce reality as it is, but which the subject did not really perceive. Such imagination is more like perception or memory. Thus, the direction in art called naturalism, as well as partly realism, should be correlated with the reproductive imagination. For example, from the paintings of I.I. Shishkin, biologists can study the flora of the Russian forest, since all the plants on his canvases are depicted with documentary accuracy.

Productive imagination differs in that in it reality is consciously constructed by man, and not simply mechanically copied or recreated. For example, the basis of the creativity of a number of art masters, whose flight of creative imagination is no longer satisfied by realistic means, also becomes reality. But this reality is passed through the productive imagination of creators; they construct it in a new way, using light, color, air vibration (impressionism), resorting to dot images of objects (pointillism), decomposing the world into geometric shapes (cubism) and so on. We encounter productive imagination in art in cases where the artist’s world is a phantasmagoria, irrationalism. The result of such imagination is M. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”.

Imagination, as we know, is closely related to creativity. The specialization of various types of imagination is the result of the development of various types of creative activity. For this reason, there are so many specific types of imagination how many species of human are there? activities- constructive, technical, scientific, artistic, musical and so on. In all these cases, imagination plays a positive role, but there are other types of imagination. These include dreams, hallucinations, reveries and daydreams.

Dreams, Unlike hallucinations, this is a completely normal mental state, which is a fantasy associated with desire.

Dream call a form of special internal activity, which consists in creating an image of what a person would like to accomplish. A dream differs from a daydream in that it is somewhat more realistic and more connected with reality, ᴛ.ᴇ. is in principle feasible. Dreams occupy a fairly large part of a person’s time, especially in youth, and for most people they are pleasant thoughts about the future, although some also have disturbing visions that give rise to feelings of anxiety and aggressiveness. The process of imagination is rarely immediately realized in a person’s practical actions; therefore, a dream is an important condition for the implementation of a person’s creative powers.

Imagination. Types of imagination (passive, active, concrete, abstract). Functions of the imagination. Imagination and fantasy. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Imagination. Types of imagination (passive, active, concrete, abstract). Functions of imagination. Imagination and fantasy." 2017, 2018.