I was always surprised how energetic the Chinese are. They work hard, quickly, with enthusiasm. Unlike, say, the South Koreans, although they are hard workers, they are not hasty and not so energetic. What is the secret of the working capacity of the Chinese population? I think this is largely determined by the school education system, which is very different from the Western one.

Today, 99% of children in China attend school, although before 1949, 80% of the country's population was illiterate. The Chinese value education, both literally and figuratively. All education is paid. Even for primary school (not to mention universities) you have to pay, which usually costs families a third of their family income.
Schools in China provide twelve years of education, which is divided into three levels: primary school and two levels high school.

In order for a child to receive at least compulsory secondary education, he must attend school for at least 9 years: 6 years in primary school and three years in the first stage of secondary school.

The main difference between Chinese schools and Russian ones is the heavy workload of lessons. If in Russian schools first-graders study until a maximum of 13 o'clock in the afternoon, then a typical day for a Chinese schoolchild begins at 7-30 and ends at approximately 4-30, that is, 9 hours spent at school. And this is no coincidence. The main emphasis in Chinese schools is on Chinese language and algebra. It’s not so quick to learn several thousand hieroglyphs, their spelling and pronunciation. After all, even to read a newspaper, a Chinese needs to know at least 5 thousand characters (out of 50 possible). Learning their native language develops children's aptitude for mathematics. In mathematics, Chinese students are often ahead of European students.

Due to the heavy workload, the school day is divided into two parts. From 8 to half past eleven, children study basic subjects: Chinese and foreign languages, mathematics, which are on the schedule every day. Then, children can rest and have lunch until 2 pm, and then continue their studies. In the afternoon, students in Chinese schools study secondary subjects: singing, labor, physical education and drawing. And also electives and homework, which children only manage to do around 10-11 pm... At 11 or even 12 at night, Chinese schoolchildren go to bed, and they have to get up at 5-30, since classes start at 7-25. It's hard to imagine that one can get used to such a regime...

As for discipline, in Chinese schools it is strict: you should skip without good reason 12 lessons - and you're expelled.
And yet Chinese children do not look tired and tired from getting up early, lots of homework and a lot of math. Perhaps due to the fact that physical education lessons are not given here last place. As you know, China is the most powerful country in the school Olympic movement. The Chinese were the first to understand what kind of prestige the victories of its teenagers bring to the country in the international arena.

Chinese schools are also special in that each class has an average of 30-40 students. At school, a child is obliged to be the best without any options. This is simply necessary in order to subsequently enter college and have some prospects for the future. Most children even attend additional classes on weekends. Although huge amount mathematics lessons will not be wasted in any case - at least mathematical thinking will be useful in our market :)
It is worth mentioning that the assessment of children's achievements during school is carried out using a hundred-point system. All current results are posted in the class journal, and parents, if desired, can monitor the progress of their children.

China has a system of unified state examination, it is taken throughout the country, and the best are admitted to universities. All the highest educational institutions are ranked by level of prestige, and for admission you need to score a certain number of points in school exams. The application can be sent to several educational institutions whose passing score is lower or corresponds to the number of points that was scored during the exams.

Introduction

The Education system has become firmly established in our lives, because in order to achieve certain successes and goals, a self-respecting person must have a higher education.

The education system in each country has developed differently. Particularly rapid development in the field of education over lately happened in Asian countries.

Western Europe has already been swept by the “eastern” boom - young people are learning Chinese, Japanese, and Mongolian languages, studying the culture and traditions of these countries. Moreover, the large Asian country China is our neighbor, and its influence in the world is growing every year. So the study of oriental languages ​​is becoming more and more relevant, and this is not only a tribute to fashion, but also a chance to get good job. In China, there are more than 2 thousand universities, colleges and vocational high schools, with about 9 million students. More than 5.5 million students study in bachelor's programs, about 300 thousand students study in master's and doctoral programs. More than 450 universities in the country have the right to accept students foreign students("laoweiliuxueshen").

Features of the Chinese higher education system

The higher education system in China includes universities, colleges and vocational high schools. Most universities and colleges operate under the control of the country's Ministry of Education - an independent organization main task which is the organization and conduct of the first assessment cycle based on the guidelines, regulations and assessment criteria of the Ministry of Education and other educational institutions. Currently, more than 20 similar agencies at the provincial (regional) level have been created.

Based on the results of the analysis of the higher education system of the PRC, it can be concluded that this is a carefully controlled and actively supported by the state strategic industry, which has received dynamic development in last decades reforms in the republic. Although there remain universities managed by provincial and city governments.

It is interesting to note that in China, universities are united through a so-called “merger”. So Peking University was merged with the medical one (Beijing Medical Academy). The merger of universities made it possible to implement profound changes in the education system, optimize and rationally allocate teaching resources, improve the quality of teaching and the level of the educational process.

The country's universities provide three levels of higher education:

The first stage involves 4-5 years of study and ends with a bachelor's degree.

The second is designed for 2-3 years of study and ends with the award of a Master's degree.

The third stage involves 3 years of study and ends with the award of a doctorate. Obtaining it involves passing exams in the main subjects of the curriculum and completing an independent research project.

Entering a university is a real holiday for a high school graduate: competitions for individual universities reach 200-300 people per place. Gifted children and young people in China, as a rule, enjoy various benefits - they have government scholarships, subsidies from enterprises, organizations, etc. Paid education predominates, but applicants apply to “paid places” on a general basis. Sometimes the company where the student worked pays for the training. However, the most gifted students still have the opportunity to receive higher education for free.

It is interesting that, depending on the results obtained in the unified final school exam (something like our Unified State Exam, which is held in the PRC simultaneously throughout the country in May), an applicant can apply for admission to the entrance exams only to the university that is in the category in the hierarchy of universities corresponds to the points scored, i.e. “highest category” or “provincial level category”, “city level”, etc.

The academic year at Chinese universities is divided into 2 semesters - autumn and spring. Autumn begins in September, spring - in March. Summer holidays July and August, winter - during the Chinese New Year (end of January - February). Registration of candidates for academic year runs from February to June.

China's higher education system already boasts international prestige. Chinese graduates work in leading scientific institutions V North America, Europe, Japan, Australia and other countries. Every year, about 20 thousand graduates of Chinese universities continue their studies in graduate school and doctoral studies abroad. Many Chinese students work in Silicon Valley, Wall Street, and teach at world-class universities. The Chinese government has signed agreements on mutual recognition of diplomas with 64 countries and regions, including Russia, England, Germany, Italy and others.

For many decades, the development of the PRC higher education system has revealed its main feature - a significant predominance of natural, technical and applied disciplines in university programs, about 60% (for example, in the USA this figure is 14%, in Japan - 26%). Thus, if we compare China with developed countries, then humanists make up a relatively small part of the student body, with the possible exception of sociologists. This fact can be explained mainly by the needs of the economy.

Another difference is the fact that almost all universities in the country train specialists in agriculture(about 10% of students). It is no coincidence that the whole world is talking about the successes of Chinese agricultural science.

The high level of education in leading universities in China is also recognized by the international community. Thus, the research structure of international higher education QS on September 8, 2010 published a new ranking of the world's leading universities, where Hong Kong University, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Chinese Language University and Peking University were in the top 50. Tsinghua University is ranked 54th, Taiwan University is ranked 94th. Hong Kong University surpassed Tokyo University for the first time and took first place among higher education institutions in Asia.

China education assessment graduate school

China is a modern, promising country that recent years occupies a leading position not only in the world market, but also in the field of culture and science. From our article you will learn how the system developed from antiquity to the present day. We will also tell you about the most important universities in the country and how foreigners can enroll in them.

Education in ancient China

Since ancient times, the Chinese have been sensitive to everything related to knowledge and learning. Teachers, scientists, philosophers and poets were respected people, often holding high positions in state system. Children received their initial knowledge in the family - they were taught to respect their elders and follow the norms of behavior in society. In wealthy families, children from the age of three were taught to count and write. From the age of six, boys went to school, where they learned the art of wielding weapons, horse riding, music and writing hieroglyphs. In big cities, schoolchildren could go through two levels of education - primary and higher. Usually the children of the nobility and wealthy townspeople studied here, since the cost of classes was quite high. In rural schools, students sat reading books all day, they didn’t know holidays And fun games. It was not uncommon for children to bring a bamboo stick to the teacher instead of flowers, albeit in a beautiful package. However, the knowledge they received within the walls of the school was rather meager. The students were taught that China was the whole world and the children had a vague idea of ​​what was happening in neighboring countries. I would like to note that the girls were not allowed to go to school, as they were being prepared for the role of wife and mother of the family. But in noble families, girls learned to read and write, dance, play the musical instruments and even possession of certain types of weapons. With the popularization of the teachings of Confucius, the history of Chinese education shifted to new level. For the first time, students began to be treated with respect, taught to ask questions and find answers to them. The new approach promoted respect for the educational sciences, and contributed to the fact that education became an integral part of public policy.

Education system in China

These days, the government of this great country is doing everything to ensure that citizens can study. This is despite the fact that in the middle of the last century, 80% of the population was illiterate. Thanks to government programs Schools, technical colleges and higher education institutions are actively opening across the country. However, the problem persists in rural areas where people still live according to ancient traditions. Main feature education in China is that education at all levels can be obtained free of charge. The system itself is very similar to the Russian one. That is, from the age of three, children go to kindergarten, from the age of six to school, and upon graduation to an institute or vocational school. Let's look at all the steps in more detail.

in China

As you know, most families in this country raise one child at a time. That is why parents are glad that their children can be raised in a children's group. Kindergartens in China are divided into public and private. Firstly great attention is devoted to preparation for school, and secondly to the development of creative abilities. Additional activities such as dancing and music are usually paid separately. Much of the knowledge that children receive in kindergartens can be applied in practice. For example, they learn to plant and care for plants. Together with the teacher, they prepare food and learn how to repair clothes. We can see an original approach to education in the Junin network of private kindergartens. A whole team of teachers, under the leadership of Chairman Wang Huning, developed a unified educational program for children.

School in China

Before entering first grade, children undergo a whole series tests and then get involved in serious work. Even the youngest students are not given any concessions here, and parents often have to hire tutors. School education in China is structured in such a way that children constantly have to compete with each other to be the best. Therefore, it is not surprising that the loads in all classes are simply enormous. At the end of seventh grade, all students take an exam that will determine whether the child is ready for high school. If not, then the road to further education, and subsequently to a prestigious job, will be closed to him. Before entering a university, schoolchildren take a unified state exam, which is held throughout the country at the same time (By the way, this is exactly the idea that was borrowed and successfully implemented in Russia). Every year, more and more Chinese pass exams at prestigious universities around the world. They are welcomed as these students are very diligent, focused and take their studies very seriously.

Like other educational institutions in China, schools are not only public, but also private. Foreigners can enter any of them by passing the necessary exams. It is, as a rule, much easier to enroll, and training is often conducted in two languages ​​(one of them is English). There is a school in China where they teach in Russian and Chinese, and it is located in the city of Yining.

Secondary education

As in Russia, there are vocational schools that train students in their chosen profession. The main areas of secondary education in China are agriculture, medicine, law, pharmaceuticals and so on. In three or four years, young people receive a profession and can start working. Foreigners who enter such educational institutions master the language for the first year, and devote the rest of the time to studying.

Higher education

There are many state universities in the country that accept students based on the results of school exams. Training here is paid, but the prices are relatively low. However, residents rural areas often even this fee seems high, and they are forced to take out student loans. If a young specialist agrees to return to the outback after graduating from university, then he will not have to return the money. If he is ambitious and plans to start his own business in the city, then the debt will have to be repaid in full. Any foreign student who passes a language test can receive higher education in China. Moreover, he can choose a program for English, learn Chinese at the same time. To facilitate the adaptation of such students, preparatory language training courses are often opened for them. After a year or two of intensive training, the student can move on to specialty training.

Universities

Let's look at the most popular and prestigious universities in the country:

• Peking University is the country's oldest educational institution located in the Haidan region, one of the most beautiful places on earth. The amazing gardens, which previously belonged to the imperial dynasty, make an indelible impression on tourists. The campus itself consists of academic buildings, dormitories, cafes, restaurants, shops and leisure centers. The local library is the largest in Asia.
• Fudan University is one of the oldest in the country. Known for being the first to replace the semester system with “levels” and proving that this approach was the most effective. In addition, the teachers of this university set a goal to unlock the potential of students in order to direct young talents to serve their country.
• Tsinghua is one of the best technical universities in China, which is also one of the hundred. Among its students there are many famous scientists, politicians and public figures.

Conclusion

As you can see, the educational path in China is very similar to that of students in Russia. We hope that the information we have collected will be useful to you if you decide to become a student at one of the country's educational institutions.

Main result reform of the education system carried out in China - accessibility of education for the entire population. Today, almost 99% of children in the Middle Kingdom attend school activities. Until 1949, education was unaffordable for most, and the illiterate population reached 80%.

Preschool

System up school education in China it is represented by public and private institutions. Government of China People's Republic encourages in every possible way the development of private preschool organizations. Despite the presence of a general education program younger generation, there are some differences in the process of teaching children in public and private kindergartens.

In government institutions, education is more aimed at preparing children for school and introducing them to work, while in private institutions the main focus is on aesthetic and cultural development children.

Every day begins with raising the national flag, as the Chinese people are proud of their country and strive to early childhood instill in the younger generation love and respect for the homeland.

Training day in Chinese organizations preschool education Scheduled almost to the minute. Free time in China it is equivalent to idleness. Close attention focuses on issues of personal hygiene and neatness. Teachers strictly ensure that children wash their hands before eating, and after breakfast and lunch in some kindergartens, the children themselves clear the tables. Children are actively taught to work. They grow their own vegetables and then learn to cook from what they grow.

The main difference between Chinese preschool education is the lack of desire to develop the child's individuality. On the contrary, teachers do everything possible to prevent little man and the thought that he is special.

Teachers fully control children’s behavior even during games. Everything is subject to the strictest discipline. Despite criticism of this practice by other countries, the Chinese believe in its effectiveness, because they believe that what the state needs, children also need.

Mostly preschool institutions I work until six in the evening, but there are also places where you can leave your child overnight.

School

The school education system in China consists of three levels:

• primary;
• average;
• eldest.

IN junior classes a child spends 6 years, in middle and high school – 3 years each. The first two stages are mandatory and free; you have to pay for training at the final stage.

The primary school program includes:

• Chinese;
• mathematics;
• history;
• natural history;
• geography;
• music.

Sometimes there are additional lectures on morals and ethics. The program also includes practical training, during which children work in various workshops or on farms.

In high school, in-depth study of the Chinese language, mathematics and foreign language(most often English). Children master exact sciences, computer science, and much attention is paid to political literacy.

The education system in Chinese schools involves a huge workload, so the school day is divided into two parts. In the first half, basic subjects are studied, in the second - additional ones. Students spend almost all of their holidays doing extensive homework.

Discipline in schools is very strict. If you miss twelve classes without a good reason, the student is expelled. All exams are in the form of tests, and knowledge is assessed on a 100-point scale. After graduating from high school, further education is not necessary. But if the child has a desire, and financial possibilities parents allow it, then you can go to high school.

Before continuing education, the student must choose a direction of study. There are two types of high schools in China:

• academic profile - they provide in-depth study of sciences and prepare students for universities;
• vocational and technical - in which personnel are trained to work in production.

Higher

In China, higher education is available after graduation high school. The government of the republic annually allocates quite significant funds to improve level of education in universities. As a result of this policy, many Chinese universities are among the best on the planet, and their diplomas are recognized in 64 countries.

The higher education system in China includes colleges, vocational high schools and universities.

There are two types of college curriculum:

• two-year course - training of mid-level specialists, at the end of the course the student receives a certificate;
• four-year - after training, a bachelor's degree is issued.

The academic year in Chinese universities is divided into two semesters - spring and autumn. Winter holidays last from late January to February, summer holidays last 2 months (July and August).

For the most part, Chinese universities, unlike well-known universities in Europe and the USA, work in rather narrow areas - archaeology, agriculture, pedagogy. In university programs that train politicians and diplomats, a significant portion of time is devoted to public speaking and writing skills.

To attract foreign students, education in all universities in the Celestial Empire is conducted in two languages ​​- Chinese and English. Special additional courses are offered to those wishing to study in Chinese.

Upon graduation from Chinese universities, you can obtain a bachelor's, master's, or doctorate degree.

Today, the Chinese are increasingly occupying leading positions in science, culture and art. Residents of the Middle Kingdom leave no chance for Europeans brought up in greenhouse conditions. This happens because education in China means studying for ten hours a day. Every day and all year.

Illiteracy defeated

The UNESCO report “Education for All” notes that by 2003, China had taken first place in terms of educational development. Started in 1985, the education reform has yielded tangible results. A number of government legislation contributed to compulsory literacy training for all residents, the development of higher education, an increase in the number of foreign professors in universities and the influx of students from other countries. Thus, compulsory primary education was introduced in the 80s, and nine-year education became compulsory in the 90s.

One of the main indicators of the effectiveness of the fight against illiteracy is the percentage of women aged 15 to 24 who do not even have primary education. In China it is 4%. Compare with India, where it is 44%, and in fairly Europeanized Turkey - 8%.

The percentage of illiterate adults in China today is about 4%. And back in the 50s of this century, 80% of the Chinese were illiterate. Young people aged 15 to 24 are 99% literate in China.

Increased education is the key to success

Another indicator indicating that the level of education in China is growing at a rapid pace is the number of specialists with higher education per 100 thousand people. 20 years ago this figure was 600 graduates for every 100 thousand people. The Ministry of Education of the Celestial Empire plans to reach 13.5 thousand specialists by 2020.

In 1949, there were 205 higher education institutions in China. Today there are about 2 thousand of them with a student population of 20 million people.

Education system in China

The structure of acquiring knowledge in China is no different from most European ones. It includes the following steps:

• Preschool (children from 3 to 5 years old).
• Primary school and incomplete secondary (6+3, 5+4 or 9-year systems).
• Secondary school (three-year education).
• Average special education(2 years after high school, or 4 years after junior high).
• Graduate School.

The education system in China today provides for nine years of compulsory education (junior high school level). Then graduates either receive a special education or become university students. Or they stop further education.

Before school

Preschool education in China is represented by a network of public or private institutions. The country's legislation is aimed at supporting the private sector in this area of ​​education. The Ministry of Education has approved a unified preschool education program. But if in government agencies While the priority is preparing children for school and labor education, private preschool institutions specialize in aesthetic, cultural and personality-oriented education for the child.

In general, the day of a Chinese preschooler is similar to the same day of a Russian child. Distinctive Features The educational process characterizing education in China before school can be considered as follows:

• Morning in kindergarten- flag raising time. Love and pride for the country is cultivated from preschool age.
• Accustoming to work consists of the fact that when educational institutions There are vegetable gardens where preschoolers learn to grow vegetables. And sometimes they are even cooked.
• Even children's games are subject to strict discipline. Free time is idle time, and this simply does not exist in China.

Strict discipline combined with control, which does not allow the child to even think that he is special, is often criticized. But for the Chinese, the rule “what is good for the state is good for the individual” is an unshakable rule.

Most kindergartens are open until six in the evening, but there are also those where children can stay around the clock.

Primary school and junior high

This segment of training is mandatory. It is paid for by the state. Primary school takes 6 years of study, and secondary school - 3. The program includes the study of the Chinese language (in depth), mathematics, history, natural history, geography, and music. Variable part - ethics, morality and legal part. Assessment is carried out in the form of tests, using a 100-point system.

It is a mandatory practice for children to work for several hours a week in mini-enterprises or farms.

Idleness is considered unacceptable here. The workload on children is enormous, homework is mandatory. Even during the holidays, children do homework, which is quite extensive.

The discipline is very strict, the school gates are opened only to let children in and out. There is a common school uniform for students in each school. Missing classes without an important reason will result in expulsion.

Interesting! In schools, the morning begins with exercises and a line with the obligatory raising of the flag. Daytime exercises are also provided, and in the middle of the educational process - eye exercises using acupuncture methods. After lunch, which lasts an hour, 5 minutes are provided for sleep.

High school and secondary vocational education in China

After high school, if the child chooses a certain direction and the family’s finances allow, you can continue studying for 3 years in high school.

There are two types of high schools:

• Academic. These are specialized schools whose main task is to prepare the student for entering a university in the chosen field.
• Vocational and technical. Workers are trained here certain types works

You can enroll in a vocational school after graduating from academic high school. Then the child will have to study there less - two years instead of three.

You can enter a university only after graduating from high school. At the same time, the scores that the student receives on the unified final exam determine the hierarchy of the future university, because upon admission they do not take exams - everything is determined by the high school score.

Higher education in China

Diplomas obtained from Chinese universities are recognized in 64 countries around the world. Russia is among them.

All establishments top level have their own hierarchy established in a single rating. The score of a high school graduate's unified exam determines which institution he can enter - the “highest level” or the provincial level. The admission of an applicant is a celebration for the whole family, even if the child is enrolled in paid education. Students are offered state scholarships and subsidies from customer enterprises, which often bear the costs of training specialists.

Chinese High School is:

• Colleges with two-year (intermediate certificate) and four-year (bachelor's degree) programs.
• Higher educational institutions (bachelor, master, doctor of science), usually with a narrow specialization. Specialists are trained in 820 specialties.

Training is conducted in English or Chinese at your choice. The educational process system is semester-based with winter and summer holidays.

For gifted Chinese, winners national competitions and Olympiads, as well as for children from low-income families, there are budget places, but there are very few of them, and the competition is very high.

International authority system high school China conquered a long time ago. The Chinese are represented quite widely in scientific universities in America, Australia and Europe. About 20 thousand Chinese graduate from postgraduate and doctoral studies outside China every year.

The most popular universities in China

According to the QS ranking (2017), 4 Chinese institutions are in the top 100 universities in the world: Peking University, Shanghai Zhao Tong University, Fundan and Qingau Universities. And in some disciplines (engineering and information Technology, chemistry and others) Chinese universities lead the world rankings. For example, Shanghai Jiaotong University of Transport Communications is a leader in engineering technology.

Nine leading universities in China have joined an educational project called the K-9 Group. This group is comparable to the well-known Ivy League in America. The costs of scientific research and technical development in this group are fully funded by the state, and this is 10% of the annual budget! In addition to the four ranking universities already mentioned, the Chinese Ivy League includes Nanjing University, Zheng University, China University of Science and Technology (Beijing), Xi'an Jiaotong University (Beijing), and Harbin Institute of Science and Technology.

In terms of article citations and the number of patents for inventions, China is in third place, after America and Japan. But with such government support, which ensures the rapid growth of education and science, the likelihood of China's rating increasing is quite high.

Education in China for Russian students

Studying in China is not as unattainable a goal as it seems. There are many educational programs and agreements between universities in Russia and China. A student exchange system has been developed and, of course, it is easier for those who are already students to study in the Celestial Empire.

For graduates who want to get into universities in the Middle Kingdom, a school completion document will not be enough. In addition, upon admission you will be required to pass the Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi language exam. The largest universities set their own additional rules, such as additional testing or age limits.

In any case, preparation for admission involves individual selection of a university and careful preparation of documents according to the requirements of a particular educational institution.

Bottom line

The whole world has long been “engulfed in an oriental boom.” The study of Japanese and Chinese languages ​​is growing steadily. An increasing number of young people are interested in the history and traditions of the countries of the East. Our neighbor, the largest country in Asia, is increasing its influence in various spheres of life of the world community. The breakthrough in the economy and the victory over illiteracy make us think about the exceptional features of education in China as a component of the success of the Celestial Empire.