In this article, you are offered problems found in texts for preparing for the Unified State Exam in Russian, and literary arguments to them. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the page.
- True and false heroism is revealed to us on the pages novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". The people carry within themselves true love to the Motherland, he defends it with his chest, dies for it during the war, without receiving orders and ranks. A completely different picture in high society, who only pretends to be patriotic if it is fashionable. Thus, Prince Vasily Kuragin went to both a salon glorifying Napoleon and a salon opposing the emperor. Also, nobles willingly begin to love and glorify the fatherland when it brings benefits. So, Boris Drubetskoy takes advantage of the war to advance his career. It is thanks to the people with their true patriotism Russia was freed from the French invaders. But its false manifestations almost destroyed the country. As is known, Russian Emperor did not spare the troops and did not want to delay decisive battle. The situation was saved by Kutuzov, who, with the help of delay, exhausted the French army and saved thousands of lives of ordinary people.
- Heroism does not only manifest itself in war. Sonya Marmeladova, g the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", had to become a prostitute to help the family not die of hunger. A believing girl broke the commandments and committed sin for the sake of her stepmother and her children. If it weren't for her and her dedication, they wouldn't have survived. But Luzhin, who shouts at every corner about his virtue and generosity, and presents his undertakings as heroic (especially his marriage to the dowry Duna Raskolnikova), turns out to be a pathetic egoist who is ready to go over his head for the sake of his goals. The difference is that Sonya's heroism saves people, and Luzhin's falsehood destroys them.
Heroism in war
- A hero is not a person without fear, he is someone who can overcome fear and go into battle for the sake of his goals and beliefs. Such a hero is described in the story by M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" in the image of Andrei Sokolov. This is quite a common person who lived like everyone else. But when the thunder struck, he became a real hero: he carried shells under fire, because it was impossible otherwise, because his own people were in danger; endured captivity and a concentration camp without betraying anyone; endured the death of his loved ones, being reborn for the fate of the orphan Vanka he had chosen. Andrei's heroism is that he set about saving the country main task his life and fought for this to the end.
- Sotnikov, hero story of the same name by V. Bykov, at the beginning of the work it seems not at all heroic. Moreover, it was he who became the reason for his captivity, and Rybak suffered along with him. However, Sotnikov is trying to atone for his guilt, take everything upon himself, and save a woman and an old man who accidentally came under investigation. But the brave partisan Rybak is a coward and only tries to save his own skin by informing on everyone. The traitor survives, but is forever covered in the blood of innocent sufferers. And in the awkward and unlucky Sotnikov, a real hero is revealed, worthy of respect and unquenchable historical memory. Thus, in war, heroism is especially important because other lives depend on its manifestation.
The purpose of heroism
- Rita Osyanina, heroine story by B. Vasilyev “And the dawns here are quiet”, lost her beloved husband in the first days of the war, leaving her with a small son. But the young woman could not stay away from the general grief; she went to the front, hoping to avenge her husband and protect tens of thousands of children from the enemy. True heroism was to go into an unequal battle with the Nazis. Rita, her friend from the department Zhenya Komelkova and their chief, Sergeant Major Vaskov, opposed the Nazi detachment and prepared for mortal combat, and the girls actually died. But it’s impossible otherwise, it’s not just traveling behind you, it’s the Motherland behind you. Thus, they sacrificed themselves to save the fatherland.
- Ivan Kuzmich Mironov, hero of the story A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter» , showed heroic qualities during the defense of the Belogorodskaya fortress. He remains steadfast and does not waver, he is supported by the duty of honor, the military oath. When the commandant was captured by rioters, Ivan Kuzmich remained faithful to the oath and did not recognize Pugachev, although this threatened death. Military duty forced Mironov to undertake the feat, despite the fact that he had to pay for it with his life. He sacrificed himself to remain true to his beliefs.
- It is extremely difficult to remain human after going through blood and bullets. Andrey Sokolov, hero story “The Fate of Man” by M.A. Sholokhov, not only fought, but was also captured, taken to a concentration camp, escaped, and then lost his entire family. It was the family that was for the hero guiding star Having lost her, he gave up on himself. However, after the war, Sokolov met the orphan boy Vanka, whose fate was also crippled by the war, and the hero did not pass by, did not let the state or other people take care of the orphan, Andrei became a father for Vanka, giving himself and him a chance to find a new meaning in life. The fact that he opened his heart to this boy is a moral feat that was no easier for him than courage in battle or endurance in the camp.
- During military operations, you sometimes forget that the enemy is also a person and, most likely, was sent to your homeland by war out of necessity. But it’s even more terrible when the war is civil, when a brother, a friend, or a fellow villager can turn out to be the enemy. Grigory Melekhov, hero novel by M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don» , in the new conditions of confrontation between the power of the Bolsheviks and the power of the Cossack atamans, constantly wavered. Justice called him to the side of the first, and he fought for the Reds. But in one battle, the hero saw the inhuman execution of prisoners, unarmed people. This senseless cruelty turned the hero away from his past views. Finally confused between the parties, he surrenders to the winner, just to see the children. He realized that family is more important to him own life, is more important than principles and views, for her sake it is worth taking risks, giving up, so that the children at least see their father, who was always lost in battles.
- The manifestation of heroism is possible not only on the battlefield; sometimes no less of it is required in ordinary life. Zheltkov, hero story by A.I. Kuprin " Garnet bracelet» , performed a real feat of love, laying life on her altar. Just once he saw Vera, he lived only for her. When the husband and brother of his beloved forbade Zheltkov from even writing to her, he could not live and committed suicide. But he even accepted death with the words to Vera: “Let it shine your name" He committed this act so that his beloved would find peace. This is a real feat for the sake of love.
- The heroism of the mother is reflected in the story L. Ulitskaya “Daughter of Bukhara”. Alya, main character, gave birth to a daughter, Milochka, with Down syndrome. The woman devoted her entire life to raising her daughter with a then rare diagnosis. Her husband left her, she had to not only take care of her daughter, but also work as a nurse. A later mother got sick, didn’t get treatment, but arranged for Milochka better things: work in a workshop gluing envelopes, marriage, education in a special school. Having done everything she could, Alya left to die. The mother’s heroism is everyday, unnoticeable, but no less important.
Moral feat
Heroism in love
The theme of heroism in Russian literature, if not the most popular, is at least one of the leading themes. Probably because Russia has spent about five hundred years in wars throughout its history, and writers could not help but sanctify the topic of heroism in war. Or maybe because since ancient times Russian people were prone to heroic, courageous actions. I would like to discuss the topic of heroism using the example of two famous Russian works: M. Sholokhov’s story “The Fate of a Man” and M. Gorky’s work “Old Woman Izergil”.
Why did you choose these two books? Because both books raise the theme of heroism, but different heroism: in war and in society. Let's start with the story "The Fate of a Man" and immediately turn to the main character Andrei Sokolov.
After all, it is through his image that the problem of heroism is revealed. He went to war and was captured almost immediately. Let us remember the scene of how he was taken away by German soldiers: he was severely wounded and saw German soldiers approaching him. But he did not chicken out, did not go on the run, but stood up proudly and was ready to accept his death. Notice that he was not afraid, but was ready for it. Isn't this heroism? Having been captured, he thought of only one thing: to escape from prison and return to his homeland. The first time the escape was unsuccessful. And he was again close to death, but was not afraid of it. He only covered his face with his hands so that the dogs would not tear him to pieces. Is this person not yet a hero for you? The moment that impressed me most was the dialogue with the German commander. For inappropriate words, Sokolov was sentenced to death, but before that he was summoned for a conversation with the general. Andrei was not afraid of a single part of his body, but only retained his pride. They directly tell him that he will be taken to be shot, and Sokolov drinks to his death with a grin! For such courage, the German commander canceled his execution, because, I think, he was simply afraid to shoot such a person morally strong man. Thus, we understand that the theme of heroism in this story is revealed through the image of Andrei Sokolov, who during all the years of the terrible war never lost his pride and his dignity, and in not a single, even the most terrible situation, did he chicken out or lose his grip . This, I believe, is heroism!
But it’s not only in war that you meet people who are heroes, and not all of them are seasoned and courageous, like Andrei Sokolov. There are examples of romantic heroes in Russian literature. For example, Danko is the hero of M. Gorky’s work “The Old Woman Izergil”. His heroism lies in his boundless courage and perseverance. In mercy and kindness to callous and cowardly people. Danko was the only one who mustered up the courage and decided to lead his fellow villagers through the forest to a new land in order to escape. But during the hike they were overtaken by a terrible thunderstorm and the people simply got scared and chickened out! They unceremoniously attacked Danko. Just a little more and they would have torn him to pieces. Landscape in this moment personifies the tension that existed between people and Danko. But he tore out his brave heart and illuminated the way out of the forest for people. And he fell down dead. He sacrificed himself for others! And people simply took and indifferently crushed his heart, the sparks of which will forever glow over the valley and remind of the boundless courage and mercy of the main character. Danko is the personification of a real hero in Russian literature!
Thus, we understand that the theme of heroism in Russian literature was considered from different sides: heroism in war and the heroism of romantic people in the name of a higher goal!
The famous American poet and writer Eleanor Murry Sarton, known to millions of readers as May Sarton, has the oft-quoted words: “Think like a hero and you will act like a decent person.”
Much has been written about the role of heroism in people's lives. This virtue, which has a number of synonyms: courage, valor, bravery, is manifested in the moral strength of its bearer. Moral strength allows him to pursue real, real service to his homeland, people, and humanity. What is the problem with true heroism? Different arguments can be used. But the main thing about them: true heroism is not blind. Various examples heroism is not just overcoming certain circumstances. They all have one common feature- bring a sense of perspective to people's lives.
Many bright classics of literature, both Russian and foreign, sought and found their bright and unique arguments to illuminate the topic of the emergence of the phenomenon of valor. The problem of heroism, fortunately for us, readers, is illuminated by the masters of the pen in a bright, non-trivial way. What is valuable in their works is that the classics immerse the reader in the spiritual world of the hero, whose high deeds are admired by millions of people. The topic of this article is a review of some of the works of the classics, in which a special approach to the issue of heroism and courage can be traced.
Heroes are around us
Today, unfortunately, a distorted concept of heroism prevails in the philistine psyche. They are immersed in their own problems, in their own little selfish world. Therefore, fresh and non-trivial arguments on the problem of heroism are fundamentally important for their consciousness. Believe me, we are surrounded by heroes. We simply don’t notice them because our souls are short-sighted. Not only men perform feats. Take a closer look - a woman who, according to doctors, is unable to give birth in principle - is giving birth. Heroism can and is demonstrated by our contemporaries at the patient's bedside, at the conference table, in the workplace, and even at the kitchen stove. You just need to learn to see it.
The literary image of God is like a tuning fork. Pasternak and Bulgakov
Sacrifice distinguishes true heroism. Many brilliant literary classics are trying to influence the beliefs of their readers, raising the bar for understanding the essence of heroism as high as possible. They find creative strength to uniquely convey to readers the highest ideals, telling in their own way about the feat of God, the son of man.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak in Doctor Zhivago, an extremely honest work about his generation, writes about valor as the highest emblem of humanity. According to the writer, the problem of true heroism is revealed not in violence, but in virtue. He expresses his arguments through the mouth of the protagonist’s uncle, N.N. Vedenyapin. He believes that the beast dormant in each of us cannot be stopped by a tamer with a whip. But this is within the power of a self-sacrificing preacher.
A classic of Russian literature, the son of a theology professor, Mikhail Bulgakov in his novel “The Master and Margarita” presents us with his original literary interpretation of the image of the Messiah - Yeshua Ha-Nozri. The preaching of Good with which Jesus came to people is a dangerous business. Words of truth and conscience that go against the foundations of society are fraught with death for those who utter them. Even the procurator of Judea, who, without hesitation, can come to the aid of Mark the Ratboy, surrounded by the Germans, is afraid to tell the truth (at the same time, he secretly agrees with the views of Ha-Nozri.) The peaceful messiah courageously follows his destiny, and the battle-hardened Roman commander is a coward. Bulgakov's arguments are convincing. The problem of heroism for him is closely connected with the organic unity of worldview, worldview, word and deed.
Henryk Sienkiewicz's arguments
The image of Jesus in an aura of courage also appears in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel “Kamo Gradesi”. Bright finds the Polish literary classic shades to create a unique plot situation in his famous novel.
After Jesus was crucified and resurrected, he came to Rome, following his mission: to convert the Eternal City to Christianity. However, he, an unnoticed traveler, as soon as he arrived, witnesses the ceremonial entry of Emperor Nero. Peter is shocked by the Romans' worship of the emperor. He does not know what arguments to find for this phenomenon. The problem of heroism, the courage of a person ideologically opposed to the dictator, is illuminated, starting with Peter’s fear that the mission will not be completed. He, having lost faith in himself, runs away from Eternal City. However, leaving the city walls behind, the apostle saw Jesus in human form, walking towards you. Amazed by what he saw, Peter asked the Messiah where he was going: “Where are you coming?” Jesus replied that since Peter had abandoned his people, there was only one thing left for him to do - to go to the crucifixion a second time. True service certainly requires courage. Shocked Peter returns to Rome...
The Theme of Courage in War and Peace
Russian classical literature is rich in discussions about the essence of heroism. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy in his epic novel “War and Peace” raised whole line philosophical questions. The writer put his own special arguments into the image of Prince Andrei, following the path of a warrior. The problem of heroism and courage is painfully rethought and evolving in the minds of the young Prince Bolkonsky. His youthful dream - to accomplish a feat - gives way to understanding and awareness of the essence of war. To be a hero, and not to appear, is how people change life priorities Prince Andrey after the battle of Shengraben.
Staff officer Bolkonsky understands that the real hero of this battle is the battery commander Skromny, who is lost in the presence of his superiors. The object of ridicule of the adjutants. The battery of a small and frail, nondescript captain did not flinch before the invincible French, inflicted damage on them and made it possible for the main forces to retreat in an organized manner. Tushin acted on a whim; he did not receive an order to cover the rear of the army. Understanding the essence of war - these were his arguments. The problem of heroism is rethought by Prince Bolkonsky, he radically changes his career and, with the assistance of M.I. Kutuzov, becomes a regiment commander. In the battle of Borodino, he, who raised the regiment to attack, was seriously wounded. The body of a Russian officer with a banner in his hands is seen by Napoleon Bonaparte as he circles around. Reaction French Emperor- respect: “What beautiful death!” However, for Bolkonsky, the act of heroism coincides with an awareness of the integrity of the world and the importance of compassion.
Harper Lee "To Kill a Mockingbird"
Understanding the essence of the feat is also present in a number of works American classics. All young Americans study the novel “To Kill a Mockingbird” in schools. It contains an original discussion about the essence of courage. This thought comes from the lips of lawyer Atticus, a man of honor, taking on a fair, but by no means profitable, case. His arguments on the problem of heroism are as follows: courage is when you take on a task, knowing in advance that you will lose. But you still take it and go to the end. And sometimes you still manage to win.
Melanie by Margaret Mitchell
In the novel about the American South of the 19th century, she creates a unique image of the fragile and sophisticated, but at the same time courageous and brave Lady Melanie.
She is sure that there is something good in all people, and is ready to help them. Her modest, neat house becomes famous in Atlanta thanks to the sincerity of its owners. During the most dangerous periods of her life, Scarlett receives such help from Melanie that it is impossible to evaluate.
Hemingway on heroism
And of course, one cannot ignore Hemingway’s classic story “The Old Man and the Sea,” which tells about the nature of courage and heroism. Elderly Cuban Santiago's fight with a huge fish reminds me of a parable. The arguments on the problem of heroism presented by Hemingway are symbolic. The sea is like life, and old man Santiago is like human experience. The writer utters the words that have become the leitmotif of true heroism: “Man was not created to suffer defeat. You can destroy it, but you can’t defeat it!”
The Strugatsky brothers "Picnic by the road"
The story introduces its readers to a phantasmagoric situation. Obviously, after the arrival of aliens, an anomalous zone formed on Earth. Stalkers find the “heart” of this zone, which has a unique property. A person who finds himself in this territory receives a harsh alternative: either he dies, or the zone fulfills his every desire. The Strugatskys masterfully show the spiritual evolution of the hero who decided on this feat. His catharsis is convincingly shown. The stalker has nothing selfish or mercantile left, he thinks in terms of humanity and, accordingly, asks the zone for “happiness for everyone,” and such that there are no people deprived of it. What, according to the Strugatskys, is the problem of heroism? Arguments from literature indicate that it is empty without compassion and humanism.
Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man"
In history Russian people There was a period when heroism became truly widespread. Thousands of warriors have immortalized their names. High rank of Hero Soviet Union was assigned to eleven thousand soldiers. At the same time, 104 people were awarded it twice. And three people - three times. The first person to receive this high rank was ace pilot Alexander Ivanovich Pokryshkin. On just one day - April 12, 1943 - he shot down seven planes of the fascist invaders!
Of course, to forget and not convey such examples of heroism to new generations is like a crime. This should be done using the example of Soviet “military” literature - these are Unified State Exam arguments. The problem of heroism is illuminated for schoolchildren using examples from the works of Boris Polevoy, Mikhail Sholokhov, Boris Vasiliev.
Front-line correspondent of the Pravda newspaper Boris Polevoy was shocked by the story of the pilot of the 580th fighter regiment Alexey Maresyev. In the winter of 1942, it was shot down over the skies of the Novgorod region. The pilot, wounded in the legs, crawled for 18 days to reach his own people. He survived and made it, but his legs were “eaten” by gangrene. Amputation followed. In the hospital where Alexey lay after the operation, there was also a political instructor. He managed to ignite Maresyev with a dream - to return to the sky as a fighter pilot. Overcoming the pain, Alexey learned not only to walk on prosthetics, but also to dance. The apotheosis of the story is the first air battle carried out by the pilot after being wounded.
The medical commission “capitulated.” During the war, the real Alexey Maresyev shot down 11 enemy planes, most of them - seven - after being wounded.
Soviet writers have convincingly revealed the problem of heroism. Arguments from the literature indicate that not only men, but also women called to serve, performed feats. Boris Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet” amazes with its drama. A large sabotage group of fascists, numbering 16 people, landed in the Soviet rear.
Young girls (Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Sonya Gurevich, Galya Chetvertak), serving at the 171st railway siding under the command of foreman Fedot Vaskov, die heroically. However, they destroy 11 fascists. The sergeant major discovers the remaining five in the hut. He kills one and captures four. Then he surrenders the prisoners to his own, losing consciousness from fatigue.
"The Fate of Man"
This story by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov introduces us to the former Red Army soldier - driver Andrei Sokolov. The writer reveals heroism simply and convincingly. It didn’t take long to look for arguments that touched the reader’s soul. The war brought grief to almost every family. Andrei Sokolov had it in abundance: in 1942, his wife Irina and two daughters were killed (a bomb hit a residential building). The son miraculously survived and after this tragedy volunteered to go to the front. Andrei himself fought, was captured by the Nazis, and escaped. However, a new tragedy awaited him: in 1945, on May 9, a sniper killed his son.
Andrei himself, having lost his entire family, found the strength to start life “with clean slate" He adopted a homeless boy, Vanya, becoming his adoptive father. This moral feat again fills his life with meaning.
Conclusion
These are the arguments to the problem of heroism in classical literature. The latter is truly capable of supporting a person and awakening courage in him. Although she is not able to help him financially, she erects a boundary in his soul that Evil cannot cross. This is what Remarque wrote about books in “ Arc de Triomphe" The argumentation of heroism in classical literature occupies its rightful place.
Heroism can also be presented as a social phenomenon of a kind of “instinct of self-preservation”, only not of individual life, but of the entire society. A part of society, a separate “cell” - a person (the most worthy ones perform feats), consciously, driven by altruism and spirituality, sacrifices himself, preserving something greater. Classic literature is one of the tools that helps people understand and comprehend the non-linear nature of courage.
heroism, self-sacrifice, feat, personality, war, victory, moral choice, spirit, will.
Annotation:The article examines and analyzes examples of heroism and self-sacrifice in reality and fiction.
Article text:
IN modern world spiritual values are being lost, therefore it is necessary to cultivate in oneself such qualities of the spirit as heroism and self-sacrifice, because over the centuries they have changed the course of history, the lives and destinies of people, nations, peoples.
The depiction of heroism and self-sacrifice of man in war has been traditional since the times of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” and “Zadonshchina”. The personal heroism of a soldier and an officer in L. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” gives rise to a “hidden warmth of patriotism” that broke “the back of the enemy.” But in Russian literature of the 20th century, the feat of a person in war is depicted not only through the fight against the enemy and victory over him, but also through the struggle of each person in the war with himself in the situation moral choice and victory over oneself.
Roman L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" is an epic about the feat of the people, about the victory of their spirit in the war of 1812. Later, speaking about the novel, Tolstoy wrote that the main idea novel - “folk thought”. It lies not only and not so much in the depiction of the people themselves, their way of life, life, but in the fact that every positive hero The novel, in the end, connects its fate with the fate of the nation.
On the pages of the novel and especially in the second part of the epilogue, Tolstoy says that until now all history has been written as the history of individuals, as a rule, tyrants, monarchs, and no one has yet thought about what is driving force stories. According to Tolstoy, this is the so-called “role principle”, the spirit and will of not one person, but the nation as a whole. And how strong is the spirit and will of the people, so probable are certain historical events. So victory in Patriotic War Tolstoy explains that two wills collided: the will of the French soldiers and the will of the entire Russian people. This war was fair for the Russians, they fought for their Motherland, so their spirit and will to win turned out to be stronger than the French spirit and will. Therefore, Russia's victory over France was predetermined.
The soldiers are aware that they may have to die defending their fatherland. And the moral strength of the people manifests itself most strongly in simple forms, largely related to folk concepts and customs. The militia put on clean shirts, the old soldiers refuse to drink vodka - “not such a day, they say.” The soldiers maintain good spirits and concentration on the main event even in the battle itself. Here the sense of camaraderie, the consciousness of a common cause, the moral fortitude of the soldiers, and the soldier’s humor are most clearly manifested. So, at the Raevsky battery “one felt the same and common to everyone, like a family revival.”
Assessing the role of the Battle of Borodino in the War of 1812, the writer claims that near Borodino Napoleonic France for the first time I experienced the hand of the “strongest enemy in spirit.” The flight of Napoleon's army from Moscow was a consequence of the blow it received in the Battle of Borodino.
Tolstoy shows how from the moment of the capture of Smolensk the war became a people's war. In the first battle of Smolensk, the French encountered popular resistance. “... We fought there for the first time for Russian land,” says Prince Andrei, “there was such a spirit in the troops that I have never seen.”
Tolstoy was the first in Russian literature to depict moments of change in the states of spirit of his heroes, and discovered what N. Chernyshevsky later called “the dialectics of the soul.” Tolstoy's favorite heroes are the flesh of nature. Everything that happens in nature resonates in their spirit. The heroes discover their “own” sky, which is associated with important, sometimes epoch-making changes in their spirits.
In his novel, Tolstoy depicted the events of 1812 as a victory of the Russian people - a victory of the spirit, that moral victory in which the writer saw the decisive force in the war. Before him, no one had so convincingly and vividly revealed the role of the moral factor in the outcome of the war.
Only the will of the people, only popular patriotism, the “spirit of the army” makes the army invincible. Tolstoy makes this conclusion in his immortal novel, the epic War and Peace.
One of the most striking examples of heroism and self-sacrifice of the spirit is the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The Soviet people were seriously alarmed by the war, by the sudden attack of Nazi Germany, but they were not spiritually depressed and confused. He was sure that he was cunning and strong enemy will receive a proper response. All means and methods of spiritual influence, all branches and sections of spiritual culture and art immediately began to work to raise the people for the Patriotic War, to inspire their Armed Forces to selfless struggle. “Get up, huge country, get up for a mortal battle with the dark fascist force, with the damned horde,” the song called to everyone. The people felt themselves to be full-fledged subjects of the spiritual life of humanity; they took upon themselves the mission of fighting the fascist invasion not only as a defense of their historical existence, but also as a great saving universal task.
Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 clearly showed that the spiritual struggle significantly influences the entire course of the military struggle. If the spirit is broken, the will is broken, the war will be lost even with military-technical and economic superiority. And vice versa, the war is not lost if the spirit of the people is not broken, even with great initial successes of the enemy. And this was convincingly proven by the Patriotic War. Every battle, every operation of this war represents a most complex military and spiritual action at the same time.
The war lasted 1418 days. All of them are filled with the bitterness of defeats and the joy of victories, large and small losses. How much and what kind of spiritual strength was required to overcome this path?!
May 9, 1945 is not only a victory of weapons, but also a victory folk spirit. Millions of people never stop thinking about its origins, results and lessons.
The Great Patriotic War was a difficult test that befell the Russian people. From the very first days of the war I had to deal with a very serious enemy who knew how to wage great modern war. Hitler's mechanized hordes, regardless of losses, rushed forward and put to fire and sword everything that came along the way. It was necessary to turn around my whole life and consciousness Soviet people, morally and ideologically organize and mobilize them for a difficult and long struggle.
All means of spiritual influence on the masses, agitation and propaganda, political-mass work, print, cinema, radio, literature, art - were used to explain the goals, nature and features of the war against Nazi Germany, to solve military problems in the rear and at the front, to achieve victory over the enemy.
The leading bearers of the heroic spirit of our army were the guards units, incl. tank, aviation, rocket artillery, this title has been awarded to many warships and naval units. The motto of the guardsmen - to always be heroes - was vividly embodied in the immortal feat of the Panfilovites, which was accomplished by 28 soldiers of the 316th division of General I.V. Panfilova. Defending the line at the Dubosekovo crossing, this group under the command of political instructor V.G. On November 16, Klochkova entered into single combat with 50 German tanks, accompanied by a large detachment of enemy machine gunners. Soviet soldiers fought with unparalleled courage and tenacity. “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat. Moscow is behind us,” the political instructor addressed the soldiers with such an appeal. And the fighters fought to the death, 24 of them, including V.G. Klochkov died a brave death, but the enemy did not pass through here. The example of Panfilov’s men was followed by many other units and units, crews of aircraft, tanks and ships.
A striking example that personifies the heroic spirit of our soldiers is the feat of the Komsomol Marine Corps soldier M.A. Panikahin. During an enemy attack on the approaches to the Volga, he, engulfed in flames, rushed to meet a fascist tank and set it on fire with a bottle of fuel. The hero burned down along with the enemy tank. His comrades compared his feat with the feat of Gorky’s Danko: the light of feat Soviet hero became a beacon to which other warrior heroes looked up.
What strength of spirit was demonstrated by those who did not hesitate to cover with their bodies the embrasure of the enemy bunker that was spewing deadly fire! Private Alexander Matrosov was one of the first to accomplish such a feat. The feat of this Russian soldier was repeated by dozens of fighters of other nationalities. Among them are Uzbek T. Erdzhigitov, Estonian I.I. Laar, Ukrainian A.E. Shevchenko, Kyrgyz Ch. Tuleberdiev, Moldavian I.S. Soltys, Kazakh S.B. Baytagatbetov and many others. Following the Belarusian Nikolai Gastello, Russian pilots L.I. sent their burning plane to the enemy. Ivanov, N.N. Skovorodin, E.V. Mikhailov, Ukrainian N.T. Vdovenko, Kazakh N. Abdirov, Jew I.Ya. Irzhak et al.
Of course, selflessness and contempt for death in the fight against the enemy do not necessarily entail the loss of life. Moreover, often these qualities of Soviet soldiers help them mobilize all their spiritual and physical strength to find a way out of a difficult situation. Faith in the people, confidence in victory, in the name of which the Russian man goes to death without fear of it, inspires the fighter, pours new strength into him.
Thanks to these same reasons, thanks to iron discipline and military skill, millions of Soviet people, who looked death in the face, won and remained alive. Military skill greatly enhanced the resilience and other moral and combat qualities of our soldiers. That is why our soldiers put their spirit into mastering weapons, equipment, and new fighting techniques.
One of the most characteristic features the spiritual appearance of our soldiers - a sense of collectivism and camaraderie. There are thousands of examples of military camaraderie. Soviet partisans provided great assistance to the Red Army. 1943 was a time of unprecedented heroic mass partisan movement. Coordination of the interaction of partisan detachments, their close connection with the combat operations of the Red Army was characteristic features national struggle behind enemy lines.
Unwavering spirit, a proud consciousness of their strength and moral superiority over the enemy did not leave Soviet soldiers and officers even when they fell into the hands of the Nazis and found themselves in a hopeless situation. While dying, the heroes remained undefeated, their spirit could not be broken. Despite the fact that the Germans crucified Komsomol soldier Yuri Smirnov by driving nails into his palms and feet; they killed the partisan Vera Lisovaya by lighting a fire on her chest; tortured the legendary general D.M. Karbyshev, dousing him with water in the cold, who, in response to the Nazis’ offer to serve them, answered with dignity: “I soviet man, soldier, and I remain, true to my duty."
Thus, in the harsh times of war, the spiritual power of our people, selflessly devoted to their Motherland, stubborn in battle for a just cause, tireless in work, ready for any sacrifices and hardships in the name of the prosperity of the Fatherland, was revealed in all its greatness.
Albert Axel identifies love for the Motherland, for the Russian land, as the main source of moral strength in the army, which during the Great Patriotic War manifested itself in “an atmosphere of universal heroism.” The historian consistently defends the thesis that self-sacrifice Soviet people and his military exploits "changed the course of events in the Second World War".
The Russian people realized the terrible danger that German Nazism brought to our country. It is here that we must look for the source of that unprecedented mass heroism that became the decisive driving force in the war, the most important factor victory in it. It manifested itself in the activities of people of all ages and professions, men and women, representatives of all nations and nationalities of the USSR. More than 11 thousand became Heroes of the Soviet Union, hundreds of thousands became holders of orders and medals.
The years of the Great Patriotic War were years of difficult trials for our Motherland and a time of unparalleled heroism of the people. There's no doubt that main role The Soviet people played a part in the victory. In this feat, the like of which history has never known, the high skill of military commanders, the greatest courage of soldiers, partisans, members of the underground, and the dedication of home front workers merged together.
The Great Patriotic War showed all the depth, advanced character, and spiritual strength of the Soviet; showed decisive role in the historical fate of the people, the quality of their spirituality, the significance of spiritual culture and ideology in its rise, in the mobilization of the people to fight for their historical existence.
This experience of war is extremely important in our time for people to gain faith in themselves, in their ability to solve problems that seem insurmountable. The Great Victory of the Soviet people over Nazi Germany obliges and inspires us to solve such problems.
During the war there were situations when our troops clearly did not have enough physical strength to stop the fascist hordes. What saved him was his fortitude, which allowed him to make a turning point in a fierce struggle. Spiritual power raised millions of soldiers on endless fronts to sacrificial service to the Fatherland great war and in the endless expanses of the near and far rear. She connected everyone and made them creators Great Victory. This greatest example for posterity for all time.
The people have not forgotten and glorify those who fought bravely and died, with the death of a hero, having brought the hour of our victory closer, glorify those who survived, who managed to defeat the enemy. Heroes do not die, their glory is immortal, their names are forever included not only in the lists of personnel Armed Forces, but also in people's memory. People make up legends about heroes, erect beautiful monuments to them, and name the best streets of cities and villages after them.
You can become a hero not only during war, but also in simple, everyday matters. Outstanding thinkers said: “Often, human courage is recognized more in small things than in great things,” “Courage is needed not only in battles, but also in simple everyday affairs.” But not everyone a brave deed can be called heroic. For example, in front of passers-by, running across the street in a dangerous, wrong place at a red light is not heroism, but stupidity, which can end very badly for the “hero.” An action can be called courageous when it is performed in the name of a noble goal. For example, if a person, risking his life, saves a drowning man, this is heroism. There are many heroes in the history of science. These are, for example, Russian nuclear physicists, doctors, polar explorers, who spend a long time in the endless ice. And the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl sailed across the Pacific Ocean on a light raft made of logs. People also know heroic doctors who deliberately infected themselves with dangerous diseases in order to learn how to treat them. And the heroes of space or underwater world? Who knows if the unexpected might be in store for them this time? And yet they go on a mission to reveal new secrets to humanity. There are professions that require heroism, so to speak, “in the blood” - these are firefighters, police officers, and the Ministry of Emergency Situations. But they do not perceive their daily work as heroism, but consider it a normal occurrence. People in these professions do not understand the importance of their work - it has become the norm of their life. For the Russian people, in principle, this is the norm of life and character. Education of the spirit begins from an early age; every man is obliged to be a hero. The history of Russia itself forces a person to have the qualities of a hero, for example, perestroika, when deep, controversial changes took place in all spheres of life of Soviet society.
But there is heroism and self-sacrifice of a special kind - they lie in never, under any circumstances, changing the rules of honor, decency, friendship, and philanthropy. This is heroism, self-sacrifice of the spirit. A striking example such heroism and self-sacrifice - in the destinies of people who, in the inhuman conditions of the Leningrad blockade, Hitler's and Stalin's camps and other similar trials, retained dignity, courage, goodwill - in a word, all truly human qualities. The deeds and exploits of heroes are remembered and highly revered, and from their example they learn to live, fight and win. The history of every nation contains examples of remarkable heroism and self-sacrifice.
Literature.
1. Aksel A. Heroes of Russia. 1941-1945 / A. Aksel. M., 2002.
2. Bagramyan I.Kh. This is how we went to victory. Military memoirs / I.Kh. Bagramyan. M., 1990.
3. Dmitrienko V.P. The history of homeland. XX century: A manual for students / V.P. Dmitrienko, V.D. Esakov, V.A. Shestakov. M., 2002.
4. Brief The World History. In 2 books / Ed. A.Z. Manfreda. M., 1996.
- Paderin A.A. War and peace: the role of spiritual culture in the education of patriotic consciousness / A.A. Paderin // Materials of the scientific-practical conference. M., 2005.
- Russian Soviet poetry. Ed. L.P. Krementsova. L., 1988.
- Tolstoy L.N. PSS 12 t. T.4 War and Peace. M., 1987.
- www.all-aforizmy.ru (date of access: 10/26/2011).
- www.Litra.ru (accessed 07/09/2011).
Has come to an end academic year. It's exam time for 11th grade students. As you know, in order to obtain a school certificate, you need to pass two main exams: in mathematics and the Russian language. But there are also a few more items to choose from.
Nuances of essays on the Russian language on the Unified State Exam
To get maximum marks for passing, you need to write the essay correctly, that is, the third part. Part C has a lot of essay topics. The exam organizers offer written work about friendship, love, childhood, motherhood, science, duty, honor and so on. One of the most difficult topics- the problem of courage and perseverance. You will find arguments for it in our article. But that is not all. We also present to your attention a plan according to which you need to write an essay for the Russian language exam in 11th grade.
Many authors wrote about the war. But, unfortunately, these works, like many others, do not linger in the memory of children. We suggest recalling the most striking works in which you can find examples of courage and feat.
Plan for final essay on the Unified State Exam in Russian language
Inspecting teachers set a large number of points for an essay that has the correct composition. If you use our courage writing plan, your teachers will appreciate your work. But don't forget about literacy.
Remember that an essay in the Russian language on the unified state exam differs significantly from written works in social studies, history and literature. It must be compositionally correctly designed.
And we are moving on to the plan for a future essay on the issue of courage and perseverance. The arguments will be given below.
1. Introduction. Why do you think it is needed? The whole point is that the graduate needs to lead the examiner to the main problem that is discussed in the text. As a rule, this is a small paragraph consisting of 3-5 sentences on the topic.
2. Statement of the problem. In this part, the graduate writes that he identified the problem. Attention! When you indicate it, think carefully and find the arguments in the text (there are about 3 of them in the fragment).
3. Alumni comment. At this point, the student explains to the reader the problem of the text read, and also characterizes it. The volume of this paragraph is no more than 7 sentences.
5. Own point of view. At this point, the student must write whether he agrees with the author of the text or not. In any case, you need to justify your answer, in our case on the issue of courage and perseverance. The arguments are given in the next paragraph.
6. Evidence from works of art or arguments from life. Most teachers insist that graduates present 2-3 arguments from works of fiction.
7. Conclusion. As a rule, it consists of 3 sentences. At this point, the graduate’s task is to draw a conclusion to everything said above, that is, to sum up a certain conclusion. The conclusion will be more effective if you end your essay with a rhetorical question.
Many examinees note that the most difficult part for them is the argumentation item. Therefore, we have selected examples of courage in literature for you.
Mikhail Sholokhov. The story “The Fate of Man”
You can show resilience even in captivity. Soviet soldier Andrei Sokolov is captured. Then he ends up in a death camp. One evening the camp commandant calls him and invites him to raise a glass of vodka to the victory of fascist weapons. Sokolov refuses to do this. Among them was a drunken Muller. He invites the prisoner to drink to his own death.
Andrey agreed, took the glass and drank it right away, without taking a bite. Exhaling heavily, he said: “Sign me up.” A company of drunken German officers appreciated the courage and fortitude. Argument No. 1 for your essay is ready. It should be noted that this story ended successfully for the captured soldier Sokolov.
Lev Tolstoy. Epic novel "War and Peace"
It was considered not only in the literature of the second half of the twentieth century, but also a century earlier. When we read this novel in literature lessons, we unwittingly became witnesses to the courage and perseverance of the Russian people. Leo Tolstoy wrote that during the battle the command did not tell the soldiers what to do. Everything went by itself. Wounded soldiers were taken to points medical care, the bodies of the dead were carried behind the front line, and the ranks of the fighters closed again.
We see that people did not want to say goodbye to life. But they overcame fear and maintained their fighting spirit under flying bullets. This is where courage and perseverance were manifested. Argument #2 is ready.
Boris Vasiliev. The story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”
We continue to consider. This time, a brave girl during the Great Patriotic War will demonstrate a lesson of courage to readers. In this story, Boris Vasiliev writes about a detachment of girls who died, but still managed to win, because they did not let a single enemy warrior pass through native land. This victory took place because they selflessly and sincerely loved their Motherland.
Komelkova Evgenia is the heroine of the story. A young, strong and courageous girl from the fighters of the story. Her name is associated with comic and dramatic episodes. Her character displays traits of goodwill and optimism, cheerfulness and confidence. But the most main feature- this is hatred of the enemy. It is she who attracts the attention of readers and arouses their admiration. Only Zhenya had the courage to call on enemy fire in order to avert the mortal threat from the wounded Rita and Fedot. Not everyone can forget such a lesson of courage.
Boris Polevoy. "The Tale of a Real Man"
We present to your attention another vivid work that tells about the Great Patriotic War, the heroism and strength of character of the Soviet pilot Maresyev.
In general, Boris Polevoy’s arsenal contains many works where the author examines the problem of courage and perseverance.
Arguments for the essay:
In this story, the author writes about the Soviet pilot Maresyev. It so happened that he survived the plane crash, but was left without legs. This did not stop him from returning to life. The man stood on his prosthetics. Maresyev returned to his life's work - flying.
We have discussed the problem of courage and perseverance. We have presented the arguments. Good luck on the exam!