Alexey Mikhailovich(1629-1676), Tsar from 1645. Son of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich it intensified central government and took shape serfdom(Cathedral Code 1649); Ukraine was reunited with the Russian state (1654); Smolensk, Seversk land, etc. were returned; uprisings in Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov (1648, 1650, 1662) and the peasant war under the leadership of Stepan Razin were suppressed; There was a split in the Russian Church.
Wives: Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (1625-1669), among her children are Princess Sophia, future Tsars Fyodor and Ivan V; Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina (1651-1694) - mother of Peter
Fedor Alekseevich(1661-1682), Tsar from 1676. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to M.I. Miloslavskaya. Under him they ruled various groups boyars Household taxation was introduced, and localism was abolished in 1682; The unification of Left Bank Ukraine with Russia was finally consolidated.
Ivan V Alekseevich (1666-1696), Tsar from 1682. Son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to M.I. Miloslavskaya. Sick and unable to government activities, proclaimed tsar together with his younger brother Peter I; Until 1689, sister Sophia ruled for them, after her overthrow - Peter I.
Peter I Alekseevich (Great) (1672-1725), Tsar from 1682 (reigned from 1689), first Russian Emperor(since 1721). The youngest son of Alexei Mikhailovich is from his second marriage to N.K. Naryshkina. Conducted public administration reforms (the Senate, collegiums, bodies of supreme state control and political investigation were created; the church was subordinated to the state; the country was divided into provinces, the new capital- Petersburg). He pursued a policy of mercantelism in the field of industry and trade (the creation of manufactories, metallurgical, mining and other plants, shipyards, piers, canals). He led the army in the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696, the Northern War of 1700-1721, the Prut campaign of 1711, the Persian campaign of 1722-1723, etc.; commanded troops during the capture of Noteburg (1702), in the battles of Lesnaya (1708) and near Poltava (1709). He supervised the construction of the fleet and the creation of a regular army. Contributed to strengthening the economic and political position of the nobility. On the initiative of Peter I, many were opened educational establishments, Academy of Sciences, civil alphabet adopted, etc. The reforms of Peter I were carried out by cruel means, through extreme strain of material and human forces, oppression of the masses (poll tax, etc.), which entailed uprisings (Streletskoye 1698, Astrakhan 1705-1706, Bulavinskoye 1707-1709, etc.), mercilessly suppressed by the government. Being the creator of a powerful absolutist state, he achieved recognition of Russia as a great power by the countries of Western Europe.
Wives: Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina, mother of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich;
Marta Skavronskaya, later Catherine I Alekseevna
Catherine I Alekseevna (Marta Skavronskaya) (1684-1727), empress from 1725. Second wife of Peter I. Enthroned by the guard led by A.D. Menshikov, who became the de facto ruler of the state. Under her, the Supreme Privy Council was created.
Peter II Alekseevich (1715-1730), emperor from 1727. Son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. In fact, the state was ruled under him by A.D. Menshikov, then the Dolgorukovs. Announced the cancellation of a number of reforms carried out by Peter I.
Anna Ivanovna(1693-1740), empress from 1730. Daughter of Ivan V Alekseevich, Duchess of Courland from 1710. Enthroned by the Supreme Privy Council. In fact, E.I. Biron was the ruler under her.
Ivan VI Antonovich (1740-1764), emperor in 1740-1741. Great-grandson of Ivan V Alekseevich, son of Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick. E.I. Biron ruled for the baby, then mother Anna Leopoldovna. Overthrown by the Guard, imprisoned; killed when V.Ya. Mirovich tried to free him.
Elizaveta Petrovna(1709-1761/62), empress from 1741. Daughter of Peter I from his marriage to Catherine I. Enthroned by the Guard. She contributed to eliminating the dominance of foreigners in the government and promoted talented and energetic representatives from among the Russian nobility to government positions. The de facto leader of domestic policy under Elizaveta Petrovna was P.I. Shuvalov, whose activities were associated with the abolition of internal customs and the organization of foreign trade; rearmament of the army, improvement of it organizational structure and control systems. During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, the orders and bodies created under Peter I were restored. The rise of Russian science and culture was facilitated by the establishment, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov, of Moscow University (1755) and the Academy of Arts (1757). The privileges of the nobles were strengthened and expanded at the expense of the serf peasantry (distribution of land and serfs, decree of 1760 on the right to exile peasants to Siberia, etc.). Peasant protests against serfdom were brutally suppressed. The foreign policy of Elizaveta Petrovna, skillfully directed by Chancellor A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, was subordinated to the task of fighting against the aggressive aspirations of the Prussian king Frederick II.
Peter III Fedorovich (1728-1762), Russian Emperor from 1761. German Prince Karl Peter Ulrich, son of Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich and Anna - eldest daughter Peter I and Catherine I. Since 1742 in Russia. In 1761 he made peace with Prussia, which negated the results of the victories of Russian troops in the Seven Years' War. Introduced German rules into the army. Overthrown in a coup organized by his wife Catherine, killed.
Catherine II Alekseevna (Great) (1729-1796), Russian empress from 1762. German princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst. She came to power by overthrowing Peter III, her husband, with the help of the guard. She formalized the class privileges of the nobles. Under Catherine II, the Russian absolutist state became significantly stronger, the oppression of the peasants intensified, and a peasant war took place under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev (1773-1775). The Northern Black Sea region, Crimea, the Northern Caucasus, Western Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian lands were annexed (according to three sections of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). She pursued a policy of enlightened absolutism. From the late 80s - early 90s. actively participated in the fight against French Revolution; pursued free thought in Russia.
Paul I Petrovich (1754-1801), Russian emperor since 1796. Son of Peter III and Catherine II. He introduced a military-police regime in the state, and Prussian order in the army; limited noble privileges. He opposed revolutionary France, but in 1800 he entered into an alliance with Bonaparte. Killed by conspiratorial nobles.
Alexander I Pavlovich (1777-1825), emperor since 1801. The eldest son of Paul I. At the beginning of his reign, he carried out moderate liberal reforms developed by the Secret Committee and M.M. Speransky. In foreign policy he maneuvered between Great Britain and France. In 1805-1807 he participated in anti-French coalitions. In 1807-1812 he temporarily became close to France. He fought successful wars with Turkey (1806-1812) and Sweden (1808-1809). Under Alexander I, Eastern Georgia (1801), Finland (1809), Bessarabia (1812), Azerbaijan (1813), and the former Duchy of Warsaw (1815) were annexed to Russia. After the Patriotic War of 1812, he led the anti-French coalition of European powers in 1813-1814. He was one of the leaders of the Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 and the organizers of the Holy Alliance.
Nicholas I Pavlovich (1796-1855), Russian emperor from 1825. Third son of Emperor Paul I. Honorary Member St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826). He ascended the throne after the sudden death of Alexander I. Suppressed the Decembrist uprising. Under Nicholas I, the centralization of the bureaucratic apparatus was strengthened, the Third Department was created, the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire was compiled, and new censorship regulations were introduced (1826, 1828). The theory has gained ground official nationality. The Polish uprising of 1830-1831 and the revolution in Hungary of 1848-1849 were suppressed. Important side foreign policy there was a return to the principles of the Holy Alliance. During the reign of Nicholas I, Russia took part in the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, Russian-Persian war 1826-1828, Russian-Turkish war 1828-1829, Crimean War 1853-1856.
Alexander II Nikolaevich (1818-1881), emperor since 1855. The eldest son of Nicholas I. He abolished serfdom and then carried out a number of other bourgeois reforms (zemstvo, judicial, military, etc.) promoting the development of capitalism. After the Polish uprising of 1863-1864, he switched to a reactionary domestic political course. Since the late 70s, repressions against revolutionaries have intensified. During the reign of Alexander II, the annexation of the Caucasus (1864), Kazakhstan (1865), and most of the Central Asia(1865-1881). A number of attempts were made on the life of Alexander II (1866, 1867, 1879, 1880); killed by Narodnaya Volya.
Alexander III Alexandrovich (1845-1894), Russian Emperor since 1881. Second son of Alexander II. In the first half of the 80s, in the conditions of growing capitalist relations, he abolished the poll tax and lowered redemption payments. From the 2nd half of the 80s. carried out "counter-reforms". He suppressed the revolutionary democratic and labor movement, strengthened the role of the police and administrative arbitrariness. During the reign of Alexander III, the annexation of Central Asia to Russia was basically completed (1885), and the Russian-French alliance was concluded (1891-1893).
Nicholas II Alexandrovich (1868-1918), the last Russian emperor (1894-1917). Eldest son of Alexander III. His reign coincided with the rapid development of capitalism. Under Nicholas II, Russia was defeated in Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905, which was one of the reasons for the revolution of 1905-1907, during which the Manifesto of October 17, 1905 was adopted, allowing the creation political parties and established State Duma; began to be implemented with Stolypinskaya agrarian reform. In 1907, Russia became a member of the Entente, as part of which it entered the First World War. Since August 1915, Supreme Commander-in-Chief. During the February Revolution of 1917, he abdicated the throne. Shot along with his family in Yekaterinburg
Romanovs - big family rulers and kings of Russia, an ancient boyar family. The family tree of the Romanov dynasty goes back to the 16th century. Numerous descendants of this famous family live today and continue the ancient family.
House of Romanov 4th century
At the beginning of the 17th century, there was a celebration dedicated to the accession to the throne of Moscow by Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. The crowning ceremony, which took place in the Kremlin in 1613, marked the beginning of a new dynasty of kings.
The Romanov family tree gave Russia many great rulers. The family chronicle dates back to 1596.
Origin of the surname
The Romanovs are an inaccurate historical surname. The first known representative of the family was the boyar Andrei Kobyla back in the days ruling prince Ivan Kalita. The descendants of Mare were called Koshkins, then Zakharyins. It is Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin who is officially recognized as the founder of the dynasty. His daughter Anastasia married Tsar Ivan the Terrible, they had a son, Fyodor, who, in honor of his grandfather, took the surname Romanov and began to call himself Fyodor Romanov. This is how the famous surname was born.
The family tree of the Romanovs grows from the Zakharyins’ family, but from what places they came to Muscovy is unknown to historians. Some experts believe that the family were natives of Novgorod, others claim that the family came from Prussia.
Their descendants became the most famous royal dynasty in the world. Numerous family is called the House of Romanov. The family tree is extensive and huge, with branches in almost all the kingdoms of the world.
In 1856 they acquired an official coat of arms. The sign of the Romanovs depicts a vulture holding a fairytale blade and tarch in its paws; the edges were decorated with the severed heads of lions.
Ascension to the throne
In the 16th century, the boyars of Zakharyin acquired a new position by becoming related to Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Now all relatives could hope for the throne. The chance to seize the throne came quite soon. After the interruption of the Rurik dynasty, the decision to take the throne was taken up by the Zakharyins.
Fyodor Ioannovich, who, as mentioned earlier, took the surname Romanov in honor of his grandfather, was the most likely contender for the throne. However, Boris Godunov prevented him from ascending the throne, forcing him to take monastic vows. But this did not stop the smart and enterprising Fyodor Romanov. He accepted the rank of patriarch (called Filaret) and, through intrigue, elevated his son Mikhail Fedorovich to the throne. The 400-year era of the Romanovs began.
Chronology of the reign of direct representatives of the clan
- 1613-1645 - years of reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov;
- 1645-1676 - reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov;
- 1676-1682 - autocracy of Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov;
- 1682-1696 - formally in power, Ivan Alekseevich was co-ruler of his younger brother Peter Alekseevich (Peter I), but did not play any political role,
- 1682-1725 - the family tree of the Romanovs was continued by the great and authoritarian ruler Peter Alekseevich, better known in history as Peter I. In 1721 he established the title of emperor, from then on Russia began to be called the Russian Empire.
In 1725, Empress Catherine I ascended the throne as the wife of Peter I. After her death, a direct descendant of the Romanov dynasty, Peter Alekseevich Romanov, the grandson of Peter I (1727-1730), came to power again.
- 1730-1740 - The Russian Empire was ruled by Anna Ioannovna Romanova, niece of Peter I;
- 1740-1741 - formally Ivan Antonovich Romanov, the great-grandson of Ivan Alekseevich Romanov, was in power;
- 1741-1762 - as a result of a palace coup, Elizaveta Petrovna Romanova, daughter of Peter I, came to power;
- 1762 - Peter Fedorovich Romanov (Peter III), nephew of Empress Elizabeth, grandson of Peter I, reigns for six months.
Further history
- 1762-1796 - after the overthrow of her husband Peter III, Catherine II rules the empire
- 1796-1801 - Pavel Petrovich Romanov, son of Peter I and Catherine II, came to power. Officially, Paul I belongs to the Romanov family, but historians are still fiercely debating his origins. Many consider him an illegitimate son. If we assume this, then in fact the family tree of the Romanov dynasty ended with Peter III. Subsequent rulers may not have been blood descendants of the dynasty.
After the death of Peter I, the Russian throne was often occupied by women representing the House of Romanov. The family tree became more branchy, as descendants of kings from other states were chosen as husbands. Paul I already established a law according to which only a male blood successor has the right to become king. And from that time on, women were not married to the kingdom.
- 1801-1825 - reign of Emperor Alexander Pavlovich Romanov (Alexander I);
- 1825-1855 - reign of Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich Romanov (Nicholas I);
- 1855-1881 - Emperor Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov (Alexander II) reigns;
- 1881-1894 - the years of the reign of Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov (Alexander III);
- 1894-1917 - autocracy of Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov (Nicholas II), he and his family were shot by the Bolsheviks. The imperial family tree of the Romanovs was destroyed, and with it the monarchy in Rus' collapsed.
How the reign of the dynasty was interrupted
In July 1917, the entire royal family, including children, Nicholas, and his wife, were executed. The only successor, Nikolai's heir, was also shot. All relatives hiding in different places were identified and exterminated. Only those Romanovs who were outside Russia were saved.
Nicholas II, who acquired the name "Bloody" due to the thousands killed during the revolutions, became the last emperor to represent the House of Romanov. The family tree of the descendants of Peter I was interrupted. Descendants of the Romanovs from other branches continue to live outside Russia.
Results of the board
During the 3 centuries of the dynasty, many bloodsheds and uprisings took place. However, the Romanov family, whose family tree covered half of Europe in shadow, brought benefits to Russia:
- complete separation from feudalism;
- the family increased the financial, political, and military power of the Russian Empire;
- the country was transformed into a large and powerful State, which became on an equal footing with developed European countries.
Romanovs.
There are two main versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one, they come from Prussia, according to the other, from Novgorod. Under Ivan IV (the Terrible), the family was close to the royal throne and had a certain political influence. The surname Romanov was first adopted by Patriarch Filaret (Fedor Nikitich).
Tsars and emperors of the Romanov dynasty.
Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645).
Years of reign - 1613-1645.
Son of Patriarch Filaret and Ksenia Ivanovna Shestova (after tonsure, nun Martha). On February 21, 1613, sixteen-year-old Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar by the Zemsky Sobor, and on July 11 of the same year he was crowned king. Was married twice. He had three daughters and a son - the heir to the throne, Alexei Mikhailovich.
The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich was marked by rapid construction in large cities, the development of Siberia and the development of technical progress.
Alexey Mikhailovich (Quiet) (1629-1676)
Years of reign – 1645-1676
The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich was noted:
- church reform (in other words, a split in the church)
- peasant war led by Stepan Razin
- reunification of Russia and Ukraine
- a number of riots: “Solyany”, “Medny”
Was married twice. His first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, bore him 13 children, including the future Tsars Fyodor and Ivan, and Princess Sophia. Second wife Natalya Naryshkina - 3 children, including the future Emperor Peter I.
Before his death, Alexei Mikhailovich blessed his son from his first marriage, Fedor, to the kingdom.
Feodor III (Fedor Alekseevich) (1661-1682)
Years of reign – 1676-1682
Under Feodor III, a population census was carried out and the cutting off of hands for theft was abolished. Orphanages began to be built. A Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was established, with representatives of all classes allowed to study there.
Was married twice. There were no children. He did not appoint heirs before his death.
Ivan V (Ivan Alekseevich) (1666-1696)
Years of reign – 1682-1696
He took over the reigns after the death of his brother Fedor by right of seniority.
He was very sick and incapable of governing the country. The boyars and the patriarch decided to remove Ivan V and declare the young Peter Alekseevich (the future Peter I) tsar. Relatives from both heirs fought desperately for power. The result was the bloody Streletsky riot. As a result, it was decided to crown both of them, which happened on June 25, 1682. Ivan V was a nominal tsar and was never involved in state affairs. In reality, the country was ruled first by Princess Sophia, and then by Peter I.
He was married to Praskovya Saltykova. They had five daughters, including the future Empress Anna Ioannovna.
Princess Sophia (Sofya Alekseevna) (1657-1704)
Years of reign – 1682-1689
Under Sophia, the persecution of Old Believers was intensified. Her favorite, Prince Golits, made two unsuccessful campaigns against the Crimea. As a result of the coup of 1689, Peter I came to power. Sophia was forcibly tonsured a nun and died in the Novodevichy Convent.
Peter I (Peter Alekseevich) (1672-1725)
Years of reign - 1682-1725
He was the first to take the title of emperor. There were many global changes in the state:
- the capital was moved to the newly built city of St. Petersburg.
- the Russian navy was founded
- a lot of successful military campaigns were carried out, including the defeat of the Swedes near Poltava
- another church reform was carried out, the Holy Synod was established, the institution of the patriarch was abolished, the church was deprived of its own funds
- the Senate was established
The emperor was married twice. The first wife is Evdokia Lopukhina. The second is Marta Skavronskaya.
Three of Peter's children lived to adulthood: Tsarevich Alesei and daughters Elizabeth and Anna.
Tsarevich Alexei was considered the heir, but was accused of treason and died under torture. According to one version, he was tortured to death by his own father.
Catherine I (Martha Skavronskaya) (1684-1727)
Years of reign – 1725-1727
After the death of her crowned husband, she took his throne. The most significant event her reign is a discovery Russian Academy Sci.
Peter II (Peter Alekseevich) (1715-1730)
Years of reign – 1727-1730
Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei.
He ascended the throne very young and was not involved in government affairs. He was passionate about hunting.
Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740)
Years of reign – 1730-1740
Daughter of Tsar Ivan V, niece of Peter I.
Since there were no heirs left after Peter II, the issue of the throne was decided by members of the Privy Council. They chose Anna Ioannovna, forcing her to sign a document limiting the royal power. Subsequently, she tore up the document, and the members of the Privy Council were either executed or sent into exile.
Anna Ioannovna declared her niece Anna Leopoldovna's son, Ivan Antonovich, as her heir.
Ivan VI (Ivan Antonovich) (1740-1764)
Years of reign - 1740-1741
Great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, nephew of Anna Ioannovna.
First, under the young emperor, Anna Ioannovna's favorite Biron was regent, then his mother Anna Leopoldovna. After the accession of Elizabeth Petrovna to the throne, the emperor and his family spent the rest of their days in captivity.
Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-1761)
Years of reign - 1741-1761
Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. The last ruler of the state, who is a direct descendant of the Romanovs. She ascended the throne as a result of a coup d'etat. All her life she patronized the arts and science.
She declared her nephew Peter as her heir.
Peter III (1728-1762)
Years of reign - 1761-1762
Grandson of Peter I, son of his eldest daughter Anna and Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich.
During his short reign, he managed to sign a decree on equality of religions and the Manifesto of Freedom of the Nobility. He was killed by a group of conspirators.
He was married to Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica (future Empress Catherine II). He had a son, Paul, who would later take the Russian throne.
Catherine II (née Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica) (1729-1796)
Years of reign - 1762-1796
She became empress after the coup d'etat and the assassination of Peter III.
The reign of Catherine is called the Golden Age. Russia conducted a lot of successful military campaigns and gained new territories. Science and art developed.
Paul I (1754-1801)
Years of reign – 1796-1801
Son of Peter III and Catherine II.
He was married to Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, at baptism Natalya Alekseevna. They had ten children. Two of whom later became emperors.
Killed by conspirators.
Alexander I (Alexander Pavlovich) (1777-1825)
Reign 1801-1825
Son of Emperor Paul I.
After the coup and the murder of his father, he ascended the throne.
Defeated Napoleon.
He had no heirs.
There is a legend associated with him that he did not die in 1825, but became a wandering monk and ended his days in one of the monasteries.
Nicholas I (Nikolai Pavlovich) (1796-1855)
Years of reign – 1825-1855
Son of Emperor Paul I, brother of Emperor Alexander I
Under him, the Decembrist Uprising took place.
He was married to the Prussian princess Friederike Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina. The couple had 7 children.
Alexander II the Liberator (Alexander Nikolaevich) (1818-1881)
Years of reign – 1855-1881
Son of Emperor Nicholas I.
Abolished serfdom in Russia.
Was married twice. The first time was on Maria, Princess of Hesse. The second marriage was considered morganatic and was concluded with Princess Ekaterina Dolgoruka.
The emperor died at the hands of terrorists.
Alexander III the Peacemaker (Alexander Alexandrovich) (1845-1894)
Years of reign – 1881-1894
Son of Emperor Alexander II.
Under him, Russia was very stable and rapid economic growth began.
Married the Danish princess Dagmar. The marriage produced 4 sons and two daughters.
Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich) (1868-1918)
Years of reign – 1894-1917
Son of Emperor Alexander III.
The last Russian emperor.
His reign was quite difficult, marked by riots, revolutions, unsuccessful wars and a fading economy.
He was greatly influenced by his wife Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Princess Alice of Hesse). The couple had 4 daughters and a son, Alexey.
In 1917, the emperor abdicated the throne.
In 1918, together with his entire family, he was shot by the Bolsheviks.
Listed as Russian Orthodox Church to the Face of the Saints.
The Romanovs, whose dynasty dates back to the sixteenth century, were simply ancient noble family. But after the marriage concluded between Ivan the Terrible and a representative of the Romanov family, Anastasia Zakharyina, they became close to the royal court. And after establishing kinship with the Moscow Rurikovichs, the Romanovs themselves began to lay claim to the royal throne.
Story Russian dynasty Emperors began after the chosen grandnephew of Ivan the Terrible’s wife, Mikhail Fedorovich, began to rule the country. His descendants stood at the head of Russia until October 1917.
Background
The ancestor of some noble families, including the Romanovs, is called Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose father, as records show, Divonovich Glanda-Kambila, who received the name Ivan at baptism, appeared in Russia in last decade fourteenth century. He came from Lithuania.
Despite this, a certain category of historians suggests that the beginning of the Romanov dynasty (in short - the House of Romanov) comes from Novgorod. Andrei Ivanovich had five sons. Their names were Semyon Stallion and Alexander Elka, Vasily Ivantai and Gavriil Gavsha, as well as Fyodor Koshka. They were the founders of as many as seventeen noble houses in Rus'. In the first generation, Andrei Ivanovich and his first four sons were called Kobylins, Fyodor Andreevich and his son Ivan were called Koshkins, and the latter’s son, Zakhary, was called Koshkin-Zakharyin.
The origin of the surname
Descendants soon discarded the first part - the Koshkins. And for some time now they began to be written only under the name of Zakharyina. From the sixth generation, the second half was added to it - the Yuryevs.
Accordingly, the offspring of Peter and Vasily Yakovlevich were called the Yakovlevs, Roman - the okolnichy and the governor - Zakharyin-Romanov. It is with the children of the latter that the famous Romanov dynasty began. The reign of this family began in 1613.
Kings
The Romanov dynasty managed to install five of its representatives on the royal throne. The first of them was the great-nephew of Anastasia, the wife of Ivan the Terrible. Mikhail Fedorovich is the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, he was raised to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor. But, since he was young and inexperienced, the country was actually ruled by Elder Martha and her relatives. After him, the kings of the Romanov dynasty were few in number. This is his son Alexei and three grandsons - Fedor, and Peter I. It was with the latter that in 1721 the royal dynasty Romanovs.
Emperors
When Peter Alekseevich ascended the throne, a completely different era began for the family. The Romanovs, whose dynasty's history as emperors began in 1721, gave Russia thirteen rulers. Of these, only three were representatives by blood.
After the first emperor of the House of Romanov, the throne was inherited as an autocratic empress by his legal wife Catherine I, whose origins are still hotly debated by historians. After her death, power passed to Peter Alekseevich’s grandson from his first marriage, Peter the Second.
Due to infighting and intrigue, his grandfather's line of succession to the throne was frozen. And after him, imperial power and regalia were transferred to the daughter of Emperor Peter the Great’s elder brother, Ivan V, while after Anna Ioannovna, her son from the Duke of Brunswick ascended to the Russian throne. His name was Ivan VI Antonovich. He became the only representative of the Mecklenburg-Romanov dynasty to occupy the throne. He was overthrown by his own aunt, “Petrov’s daughter,” Empress Elizabeth. She was unmarried and childless. That is why the Romanov dynasty, whose reign table is very impressive, in a straight line male line That's where it ended.
Introduction to history
The accession of this family to the throne occurred under strange circumstances, surrounded by numerous strange deaths. The Romanov dynasty, photos of whose representatives are in any history textbook, is directly related to the Russian chronicle. She stands out for her unfailing patriotism. We worried together with the people Hard times, slowly raising the country out of poverty and misery - the results of constant wars, namely the Romanovs.
The history of the Russian dynasty is literally saturated with bloody events and secrets. Each of its representatives, although they respected the interests of their subjects, was at the same time distinguished by cruelty.
First ruler
The year the Romanov dynasty began was very turbulent. The state did not have a legal ruler. Mainly due to the excellent reputation of Anastasia Zakharyina and her brother Nikita, the Romanov family was respected by everyone.
Russia was tormented by wars with Sweden and practically never-ending internecine strife. At the beginning of February 1613, in Velikiy, abandoned by foreign invaders along with a pile of dirt and garbage, the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, the young and inexperienced prince Mikhail Fedorovich, was proclaimed. And it was this sixteen-year-old son who marked the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty. He secured his reign for a full thirty-two years.
It is with him that the Romanov dynasty begins, the genealogy table of which is studied at school. In 1645, Mikhail was replaced by his son Alexei. The latter also ruled for quite a long time - more than three decades. After him, the succession to the throne was associated with some difficulties.
From 1676, Russia was ruled for six years by Mikhail’s grandson, Fedor, named after his great-grandfather. After his death, the reign of the Romanov dynasty was worthily continued by Peter I and Ivan V, his brothers. For almost fifteen years they exercised dual power, although virtually the entire government of the country was taken into their own hands by their sister Sophia, who was known as a very power-hungry woman. Historians say that to hide this circumstance, a special double throne with a hole was ordered. And it was through him that Sophia gave instructions to her brothers in a whisper.
Peter the Great
And although the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty is associated with Fedorovich, nevertheless, almost everyone knows one of its representatives. This is a man of whom both the entire Russian people and the Romanovs themselves can be proud. The history of the Russian dynasty of emperors, the history of the Russian people, the history of Russia are inextricably linked with the name of Peter the Great - the commander and founder of the regular army and navy, and in general - a man with very progressive views on life.
Possessing purposefulness, strong will and great capacity for work, Peter I, like, indeed, the entire Romanov dynasty, with a few exceptions, photos of whose representatives are in all history textbooks, studied a lot throughout his life. But Special attention he devoted himself to military and naval affairs. During his first trip abroad in 1697-1698, Peter took a course in artillery science in the city of Konigsberg, then worked for six months at the Amsterdam shipyards as a simple carpenter, and studied the theory of shipbuilding in England.
This was not only the most remarkable personality of his era, the Romanovs could be proud of him: the history of the Russian dynasty did not know a more intelligent and inquisitive person. His whole appearance, according to his contemporaries, testified to this.
Peter the Great was invariably interested in everything that somehow affected his plans: both in terms of government or commerce, and in education. His curiosity extended to almost everything. He did not neglect even the smallest details, if they could later be useful in some way.
The life's work of Pyotr Romanov was the rise of his state and the strengthening of its military strength. It was he who became the founder of the regular fleet and army, continuing the reforms of his father, Alexei Mikhailovich.
State reforms under Peter the Great turned Russia into a strong state that acquired seaports, developed foreign trade and a well-established administrative management system.
And although the reign of the Romanov dynasty began almost six decades earlier, not a single representative of it managed to achieve what Peter the Great achieved. He not only established himself as an excellent diplomat, but also created the anti-Swedish Northern Alliance. In history, the name of the first emperor is associated with the main stage in the development of Russia and its emergence as a great power.
At the same time, Peter was a very tough person. When he seized power at the age of seventeen, he did not fail to hide his sister Sophia in a distant monastery. One of the most famous representatives Romanov dynasty, Peter, better known as the Great, was considered a rather heartless emperor, who set himself the goal of reorganizing his little-civilized country in a Western manner.
However, despite such advanced ideas, he was considered a capricious tyrant, quite comparable to his cruel predecessor - Ivan the Terrible, the husband of his great-grandmother Anastasia Romanova.
Some researchers reject the great significance of Peter's perestroikas and, in general, the policies of the emperor during his reign. Peter, they believe, was in a hurry to achieve his goals, so he took the shortest route, sometimes even using obviously clumsy methods. And this was precisely the reason that after his untimely death, the Russian empire quickly returned to the state from which the reformer Peter Romanov tried to bring it out.
It is impossible to radically change your people in one fell swoop, even by building a new capital for them, shaving the boyars’ beards and ordering them to gather for political rallies.
However, the policy of the Romanovs, and in particular, administrative reforms, which Peter introduced, meant a lot to the country.
New branch
After the marriage of Anna (the second daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine) with the nephew of the Swedish king, the beginning of the Romanov dynasty was laid, which actually passed into the Holstein-Gottorp family. At the same time, according to the agreement, the son born from this marriage, and he became Peter III, still remained a member of this royal House.
Thus, according to genealogical rules, the imperial family began to be called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovsky, which was reflected not only on their family coat of arms, but also on the coat of arms of Russia. From this time on, the throne was passed on in a straight line, without any intricacies. This happened thanks to a decree issued by Paul. It spoke of succession to the throne through the direct male line.
After Paul, the country was ruled by Alexander I, his eldest son, who was childless. His second descendant, Prince Konstantin Pavlovich, renounced the throne, which, in fact, became one of the reasons for the Decembrist uprising. The next emperor was his third son, Nicholas I. In general, since the time of Catherine the Great, all heirs to the throne began to bear the title of crown prince.
After Nicholas I, the throne passed to his eldest son, Alexander II. At the age of twenty-one, Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich died of tuberculosis. Therefore, the next was the second son - Emperor Alexander III, who was succeeded by his eldest son and the last Russian ruler - Nicholas II. Thus, since the beginning of the Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, eight emperors have come from this branch, including Catherine the Great.
Nineteenth century
IN XIX century The imperial family grew and expanded greatly. Special laws were even adopted that regulated the rights and obligations of each family member. The material aspects of their existence were also discussed. A new title was even introduced - Prince of the Imperial Blood. He assumed too distant a descendant of the ruler.
From the time when the Romanov dynasty began until the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Imperial House began to include four branches in the female line:
- Holstein-Gottorp;
- Leuchtenberg - descended from the daughter of Nicholas I, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, and the Duke of Leuchtenberg;
- Oldenburg - from the marriage of the daughter of Emperor Paul with the Duke of Oldenburg;
- Mecklenburg - originating from the marriage of Princess Catherine Mikhailovna and the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
Revolution and the Imperial House
From the moment the Romanov dynasty began, the history of this family is full of death and bloodshed. No wonder the last of the family - Nicholas II - was nicknamed the Bloody. It must be said that the emperor himself was not at all distinguished by a cruel disposition.
The reign of the last Russian monarch was marked by rapid economic growth of the country. At the same time, there was an increase in social and political contradictions within Russia. All this led to the beginning revolutionary movement and ultimately - to the uprising of 1905-1907, and then to the February revolution.
The Emperor of All Russia and the Tsar of Poland, as well as the Grand Duke of Finland - the last Russian emperor from the Romanov dynasty - ascended the throne in 1894. Nicholas II is described by his contemporaries as a gentle and highly educated, sincerely devoted to the country, but at the same time a very stubborn person.
Apparently, this was the reason for the persistent rejection of the advice of experienced dignitaries in matters of government, which, in fact, led to fatal mistakes in the Romanovs’ policies. The sovereign’s amazingly devoted love for his own wife, who in some historical documents is even called a mentally unstable person, became the reason for discrediting the royal family. Her power was called into question as the only true one.
This was explained by the fact that the wife of the last Russian emperor had a fairly strong say in many aspects of government. At the same time, she did not miss a single opportunity to take advantage of this, while many high-ranking persons were in no way satisfied with this. Most of them considered the last reigning Romanov a fatalist, while others were of the opinion that he was simply completely indifferent to the suffering of his people.
End of reign
The bloody year of 1917 was the final year for the shaky power of this autocrat. It all started with the First World War and the ineffectiveness of the policies of Nicholas II during this difficult period for Russia.
Antagonists of the Romanov family argue that during this period the last autocrat simply was unable or failed to implement the necessary political or social reforms in time. February Revolution forced the last emperor to abdicate the throne. As a result, Nicholas II and his family were placed under house arrest in his palace in Tsarskoe Selo.
In the mid-nineteenth century, the Romanovs ruled more than a sixth of the planet. It was a self-sufficient, independent state that concentrated the greatest wealth in Europe. It was a huge era that ended with the execution of the royal family, the last of the Romanovs: Nicholas II with Alexandra and their five children. It happened in a basement in Yekaterinburg on the night of July 17, 1918.
The Romanovs today
By the beginning of 1917, the Russian Imperial House numbered sixty-five representatives, of which thirty-two belonged to its male half. Eighteen people were shot by the Bolsheviks between 1918 and 1919. This happened in St. Petersburg, Alapaevsk and, of course, in Yekaterinburg. The remaining forty-seven people escaped. As a result, they found themselves in exile, mainly in the United States and France.
Despite this, a significant part of the dynasty hoped for the collapse of Soviet power and the restoration of the Russian monarchy for more than ten years. When Olga Konstantinovna - the Grand Duchess - became regent of Greece in December 1920, she began to accept many refugees from Russia in this country who were simply going to wait it out and return home. However, this did not happen.
Nevertheless, the House of Romanov still had weight for a long time. Moreover, in 1942, two representatives of the House were even offered the throne of Montenegro. An Association was even created, which included all living members of the dynasty.
Last 300 s extra years Russian autocracy (1613-1917) are historically associated with the Romanov dynasty, which gained a foothold on the Russian throne during the period known as the Time of Troubles. The emergence of a new dynasty on the throne is always a major political event and is often associated with a revolution or coup, that is, the violent removal of the old dynasty. In Russia, the change of dynasties was caused by the suppression of the ruling branch of the Rurikovichs in the descendants of Ivan the Terrible. Problems of succession to the throne gave rise to a deep socio-political crisis, accompanied by the intervention of foreigners. Never in Russia have the supreme rulers changed so often, each time bringing a new dynasty to the throne. Among the contenders for the throne were representatives from different social strata, there were also foreign candidates from among the “natural” dynasties. The kings became either the descendants of the Rurikovichs (Vasily Shuisky, 1606-1610), or those from among the untitled boyars (Boris Godunov, 1598-1605), or impostors (False Dmitry I, 1605-1606; False Dmitry II, 1607-1610 .). No one managed to gain a foothold on the Russian throne until 1613, when Mikhail Romanov was elected to the throne, and in his person a new ruling dynasty was finally established. Why did the historical choice fall on the Romanov family? Where did they come from and what were they like by the time they came to power?
The genealogical past of the Romanovs was quite clear already in mid-16th century century., when the rise of their family began. In accordance with the political tradition of that time, the genealogies contained a legend about the “departure.” Having become related to the Rurikovichs (see table), the boyar family of the Romanovs borrowed and general direction legends: Rurik in the 14th “tribe” was bred from the legendary Pruss, and the ancestor of the Romanovs was recognized as a native of Prussia. The Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Yakovlevs, Sukhovo-Kobylins and others famous in the world are traditionally considered to be of the same origin as the Romanovs (from the legendary Kambila). Russian history childbirth.
An original interpretation of the origin of all clans that have a legend about leaving “from Prussia” (with a primary interest in ruling house Romanov) gave in the 19th century. Petrov P. N., whose work has been republished in large quantities even today. (Petrov P. N. History of the families of the Russian nobility. Vol. 1–2, St. Petersburg, - 1886. Republished: M. - 1991. - 420 pp. ; 318 pp.). He considers the ancestors of these families to be Novgorodians who broke with their homeland for political reasons at the turn of the 13th-14th centuries. and went to serve the Moscow prince. The assumption is based on the fact that at the Zagorodsky end of Novgorod there was Prusskaya Street, from which the road to Pskov began. Its inhabitants traditionally supported the opposition against the Novgorod aristocracy and were called “Prussians.” “Why should we look for foreign Prussians?...” asks P.N. Petrov, calling to “dispel the darkness of fairy tales, which have hitherto been accepted as truth and who wanted to impose non-Russian origins on the Romanov family at all costs.”
Table 1.
The genealogical roots of the Romanov family (XII – XIV centuries) are given in the interpretation of P.N. Petrov. (Petrov P.N. History of the clans of the Russian nobility. T. 1–2, – St. Petersburg, – 1886. Republished: M. – 1991. – 420 pp.; 318 pp.).
1 Ratsha (Radsha, Christian name Stefan) is the legendary founder of many noble families of Russia: Sheremetevs, Kolychevs, Neplyuevs, Kobylins, etc. A native of “Prussian descent,” according to Petrov P.N., Novgorodian, servant of Vsevolod Olgovich, and maybe Mstislav the Great; according to another version of Serbian origin
2 Yakun (Christian name Mikhail), mayor of Novgorod, died as a monk with the name Mitrofan in 1206
3 Alexa (Christian name Gorislav), monastically St. Varlaam. Khutynsky, died in 1215 or 1243.
4 Gabriel, hero of the Battle of the Neva in 1240, died in 1241
5 Ivan is a Christian name, in the Pushkin family tree it is Ivan Morkhinya. According to Petrov P.N. before baptism his name was Gland Kambila Divonovich, he came “from Prussia” in the 13th century, and is the generally accepted ancestor of the Romanovs.;
6 Petrov P.N. considers this Andrei to be Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, whose five sons became the founders of 17 families of the Russian nobility, including the Romanovs.
7 Grigory Alexandrovich Pushka - the founder of the Pushkin family, mentioned in 1380. From him the branch was called Pushkin.
8 Anastasia Romanova is the first wife of Ivan IV, the mother of the last Tsar Rurikovich - Fyodor Ivanovich, through her the genealogical relationship of the Rurikovich dynasties with the Romanovs and Pushkins is established.
9 Fyodor Nikitich Romanov (born between 1554-1560, d. 1663) from 1587 - boyar, from 1601 - tonsured a monk with the name Filaret, patriarch from 1619. Father of the first king of the new dynasty.
10 Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - the founder of the new dynasty, elected to the throne in 1613 by the Zemsky Sobor. The Romanov dynasty occupied the Russian throne until the 1917 revolution.
11 Alexei Mikhailovich - Tsar (1645-1676).
12 Maria Alekseevna Pushkina married Osip (Abram) Petrovich Hannibal, their daughter Nadezhda Osipovna is the mother of the great Russian poet. Through it is the intersection of the Pushkin and Hannibal families.
Without discarding the traditionally recognized ancestor of the Romanovs in the person of Andrei Ivanovich, but developing the idea of the Novgorod origin of “those who left Prussia”, P.N. Petrov. believes that Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla is the grandson of the Novgorodian Iakinthos the Great and is related to the Ratsha family (Ratsha is a diminutive of Ratislav. (see Table 2).
In the chronicle he is mentioned in 1146 along with other Novgorodians on the side of Vsevolod Olgovich (son-in-law of Mstislav, the great Prince of Kyiv 1125-32). At the same time, Gland Kambila Divonovich, the traditional ancestor, “a native of Prussia,” disappears from the scheme, and before mid-XII V. the Novgorod roots of Andrei Kobyla are traced, who, as mentioned above, is considered the first documented ancestor of the Romanovs.
The formation of the reigning since the beginning of the 17th century. clan and the allocation of the ruling branch is presented in the form of a chain of Kobylina - Koshkina - Zakharyina - Yuryev - Romanov (see Table 3), reflecting the transformation of the family nickname into a surname. The rise of the family dates back to the second third of the 16th century. and is associated with the marriage of Ivan IV to the daughter of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin, Anastasia. (see Table 4. At that time, this was the only untitled surname that remained in the forefront of the Old Moscow boyars in the stream of new titled servants who surged to the sovereign’s Court in the second half of the 15th century - the beginning of the 16th century (princes Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Mstislavsky , Trubetskoys).
The ancestor of the Romanov branch was the third son of Roman Yuryevich Za-Kharin - Nikita Romanovich (d. 1586), the brother of Queen Anastasia. His descendants were already called Romanovs. Nikita Romanovich was a Moscow boyar from 1562, an active participant in the Livonian War and diplomatic negotiations, after the death of Ivan IV he headed the regency council (until the end of 1584). One of the few Moscow boyars of the 16th century who left a good memory among the people: name saved folk epic, depicting him as a good-natured mediator between the people and the formidable Tsar Ivan.
Of the six sons of Nikita Romanovich, the eldest was especially outstanding - Fyodor Nikitich (later Patriarch Filaret, the unofficial co-ruler of the first Russian Tsar of the Romanov family) and Ivan Nikitich, who was part of the Seven Boyars. The popularity of the Romanovs, acquired by their personal qualities, increased from the persecution they were subjected to by Boris Godunov, who saw them as potential rivals in the struggle for the royal throne.
Table 2 and 3.
Election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne. The rise to power of a new dynasty
In October 1612, as a result of the successful actions of the second militia under the command of Prince Pozharsky and the merchant Minin, Moscow was liberated from the Poles. A Provisional Government was created and elections to the Zemsky Sobor were announced, the convening of which was planned for the beginning of 1613. There was one, but extremely pressing issue on the agenda - the election of a new dynasty. They unanimously decided not to choose from foreign royal houses, but there was no unity regarding domestic candidates. Among the noble candidates for the throne (princes Golitsyn, Mstislavsky, Pozharsky, Trubetskoy) was 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov from a long-standing boyar, but untitled family. On his own, he had little chance of winning, but the interests of the nobility and the Cossacks, who played a certain role during the Time of Troubles, converged on his candidacy. The boyars hoped for his inexperience and intended to maintain their political positions, strengthened during the years of the Seven Boyars. The political past of the Romanov family also played into its favor, as discussed above. They wanted to choose not the most capable, but the most convenient. There was active campaigning among the people in favor of Mikhail, which also played a role last role in his confirmation to the throne. The final decision was made on February 21, 1613. Michael was chosen by the Council and approved by “the whole earth.” The outcome of the case was decided by a note from an unknown chieftain, who stated that Mikhail Romanov was the closest relative to the previous dynasty and could be considered a “natural” Russian tsar.
Thus, autocracy of a legitimate nature (by right of birth) was restored in his person. The opportunities for alternative political development of Russia, laid down during the Time of Troubles, or rather, in the then established tradition of electing (and therefore replacing) monarchs, were lost.
Behind Tsar Mikhail for 14 years stood his father, Fyodor Nikitich, better known as Philaret, patriarch of the Russian Church (officially since 1619). The case is unique not only in Russian history: the son occupies the highest government position, the father the highest church position. This is hardly a coincidence. Some people suggest thinking about the role of the Romanov family during the Time of Troubles Interesting Facts. For example, it is known that Grigory Otrepiev, who appeared on the Russian throne under the name of False Dmitry I, was a slave of the Romanovs before being exiled to a monastery, and he, having become a self-proclaimed tsar, returned Filaret from exile and elevated him to the rank of metropolitan. False Dmitry II, in whose Tushino headquarters Filaret was, promoted him to patriarch. But be that as it may, at the beginning of the 17th century. A new dynasty established itself in Russia, with which the state functioned for more than three hundred years, experiencing ups and downs.
Tables 4 and 5.
Dynastic marriages of the Romanovs, their role in Russian history
During the 18th century. Genealogical connections of the House of Romanov with other dynasties were intensively established, which expanded to such an extent that, figuratively speaking, the Romanovs themselves disappeared into them. These connections were formed mainly through the system of dynastic marriages that had been established in Russia since the time of Peter I (see Tables 7-9). The tradition of equal marriages in the conditions of dynastic crises, so characteristic of Russia in the 20-60s of the 18th century, led to the transfer of the Russian throne into the hands of another dynasty, the representative of which acted on behalf of the extinct Romanov dynasty (in male offspring - after death in 1730 Peter II).
During the 18th century. the transition from one dynasty to another was carried out both through the line of Ivan V - to representatives of the Mecklenburg and Brunswick dynasties (see table 6), and through the line of Peter I - to members of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty (see table 6), whose descendants occupied the Russian throne on behalf of the Romanovs from Peter III to Nicholas II (see Table 5). The Holstein-Gottorp dynasty, in turn, was a junior branch of the Danish Oldenburg dynasty. In the 19th century the tradition of dynastic marriages continued, genealogical connections multiplied (see Table 9), giving rise to the desire to “hide” the foreign roots of the first Romanovs, so traditional for the Russian centralized state and burdensome for the second half of the XVIII– XIX centuries The political need to emphasize the Slavic roots of the ruling dynasty was reflected in the interpretation of P.N. Petrov.
Table 6.
Table 7.
Ivan V was on the Russian throne for 14 years (1682-96) together with Peter I (1682-1726), initially under the regency of his elder sister Sophia (1682-89). He did not take an active part in governing the country; his descendants male did not have, his two daughters (Anna and Ekaterina) were married off, based on the state interests of Russia at the beginning of the 18th century (see table 6). In the conditions of the dynastic crisis of 1730, when the male descendants of the line of Peter I were cut off, the descendants of Ivan V established themselves on the Russian throne: daughter Anna Ioannovna (1730-40), great-grandson Ivan VI (1740-41) under the regency of mother Anna Leopoldovna , in whose person the representatives of the Brunswick dynasty actually ended up on the Russian throne. The coup of 1741 returned the throne into the hands of the descendants of Peter I. However, having no direct heirs, Elizaveta Petrovna transferred the Russian throne to her nephew Peter III, whose father belonged to the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty. The Oldenburg dynasty (via the Holstein-Gottorp branch) connects with the House of Romanov in the person of Peter III and his descendants.
Table 8.
1 Peter II is the grandson of Peter I, the last male representative of the Romanov family (on his mother’s side, a representative of the Blankenburg-Wolfenbüttel dynasty).
2 Paul I and his descendants, who ruled Russia until 1917, in terms of origin, did not belong to the Romanov family (Paul I was a representative of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty on his father’s side, and an Anhalt-Zerbt dynasty on his mother’s side).
Table 9.
1 Paul I had seven children, of whom: Anna - the wife of Prince William, later King of the Netherlands (1840-49); Catherine - since 1809 the prince's wife
George of Oldenburg, married from 1816 to Prince William of Württemburg, who later became king; Alexandra’s first marriage was with Gustav IV of Sweden (before 1796), her second marriage was with Archduke Joseph, Hungarian stole, in 1799.
2 Daughters of Nicholas I: Maria - since 1839 the wife of Maximilian, Duke of Leitenberg; Olga has been the wife of the Württemberg Crown Prince since 1846, then of King Charles I.
3 Other children of Alexander II: Maria - since 1874, married to Alfred Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, later Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; Sergei - married to Elizaveta Feodorovna, daughter of the Duke of Hesse; Pavel has been married to the Greek royal Alexandra Georgievna since 1889.
On February 27, 1917, a revolution took place in Russia, during which the autocracy was overthrown. On March 3, 1917, the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II signed his abdication in a military trailer near Mogilev, where Headquarters was located at that time. This was the end of the history of monarchical Russia, which was declared a republic on September 1, 1917. The family of the overthrown emperor was arrested and exiled to Yekaterinburg, and in the summer of 1918, when there was a threat of the city being captured by the army of A.V. Kolchak, they were shot on the orders of the Bolsheviks. Together with the emperor, his heir, his minor son Alexei, was liquidated. The younger brother Mikhail Alexandrovich, the heir of the second circle, in whose favor Nicholas II abdicated the throne, was killed a few days earlier near Perm. This is where the story of the Romanov family should end. However, excluding any legends and versions, we can reliably say that this family has not died out. The lateral branch, in relation to the last emperors, survived - the descendants of Alexander II (see table 9, continued). Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich (1876 - 1938) was next in line of succession to the throne after Mikhail Alexandrovich, the younger brother of the last emperor. In 1922, after the end of the civil war in Russia and the final confirmation of information about the death of the entire imperial family, Kirill Vladimirovich declared himself Guardian of the Throne, and in 1924 accepted the title of Emperor of All Russia, Head of the Russian Imperial House abroad. His seven-year-old son Vladimir Kirillovich was proclaimed heir to the throne with the title Grand Duke Heir Tsesarevich. He succeeded his father in 1938 and was the Head of the Russian Imperial House abroad until his death in 1992 (see Table 9, continued.) He was buried on May 29, 1992 under the arches of the Cathedral of the Peter and Paul Fortress of St. Petersburg. The head of the Russian Imperial House (abroad) was his daughter Maria Vladimirovna.
Milevich S.V. - Toolkit to study a genealogy course. Odessa, 2000.