Basic values of modern Russian society. National basic values (NFVs). Functions of national values

04.11.2019

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Introduction

Values of modern Russian society

Conclusion

References

Introduction

Values are people’s generalized ideas about goals and means of achieving them, about the norms of their behavior, embodying historical experience and concentratedly expressing the meaning of the culture of a particular ethnic group and of all humanity.

Value in general and sociological value in particular have not been sufficiently studied in domestic sociological science. It is enough to familiarize yourself with the contents of textbooks and teaching aids on sociology, published at the end of the twentieth century and in recent years to make sure of this. At the same time, the problem is relevant, socially and epistemologically significant both for sociology and for a number of social and human sciences - history, anthropology, social philosophy, social psychology, government studies, philosophical axiology and a number of others.

The relevance of the topic is presented in the following main provisions:

Understanding values as a set of ideals, principles, moral norms that represent priority knowledge in people’s lives, have a very specific humanitarian significance both for a particular society, say, for Russian society, and at the general human level. Therefore, the problem deserves comprehensive study.

Values unite people on the basis of their universal significance; knowledge of the patterns of their integrative and consolidating nature is completely justified and productive.

Social values included in the subject field of sociological problems, such as moral values, ideological values, religious values, economic values, national ethical values, etc., are of utmost importance for study and accounting also because they act as a measure of social assessments and criteria. characteristics.

Clarifying the role of social values is also important for us, students, future specialists who will carry out social roles in social reality in the future - in work collective, city, region, etc.

Values of modern Russian society

value society norm humanity

The changes that have occurred over the past ten years in the sphere of government and political organization of Russian society can be called revolutionary. The most important component of the transformation taking place in Russia is a change in the worldview of the population. Traditionally it is believed that mass consciousness- the most inertial sphere compared to the political and socio-economic ones. However, during periods of sharp, revolutionary transformations, the system of value orientations can also be subject to very significant shifts. It can be argued that institutional transformations in all other areas are irreversible only when they are accepted by society and enshrined in new system values that this society is guided by. And in this regard, changes in the worldview of the population can serve as one of the most important indicators of the reality and effectiveness of social transformation as a whole.

In Russia, as a result of changes in the social structure during the transition from an administrative-command system to a system based on market relations, there was a rapid disintegration of social groups and institutions, a loss of personal identification with previous social structures. There is a loosening of the normative value systems of the old consciousness under the influence of the propaganda of ideas and principles of new political thinking.

People's lives are individualized, their actions are less regulated from the outside. In modern literature, many authors talk about a crisis of values in Russian society. Values in post-communist Russia really contradict each other. Reluctance to live in the old way is combined with disappointment in new ideals, which turned out to be either unattainable or false for many. Nostalgia for a giant country coexists with various manifestations of xenophobia and isolationism. Getting used to freedom and private initiative is accompanied by a reluctance to take responsibility for the consequences of one’s own economic and financial decisions. The desire to defend the newfound freedom of private life from uninvited intrusions, including from the “watchful eye” of the state, is combined with a craving for a “strong hand.” This is only a cursory list of those real contradictions that do not allow us to unambiguously assess Russia’s place in the modern world.

Assuming consideration of the process of development of new value orientations in Russia, it would not be amiss to first pay attention to the very “soil” on which the seeds of a democratic social order fell. In other words, what the current hierarchy of values has become under the influence of the changed political and economic situation largely depends on the general ideological attitudes that have historically developed in Russia. The debate about the Eastern or Western nature of spirituality in Russia has been going on for centuries. It is clear that the uniqueness of the country does not allow it to be attributed to any one type of civilization. Russia is constantly trying to enter the European community, but these attempts are often hampered by the “eastern genes” of the empire, and sometimes by the consequences of its own historical fate.

What characterizes the value consciousness of Russians? What changes have occurred in it in recent years? What has the previous hierarchy of values transformed into? Based on data obtained in the course of several empirical studies on this issue, it is possible to identify the structure and dynamics of values in Russian society.

An analysis of Russians’ answers to questions about traditional, “universal” values allows us to identify the following hierarchy of Russians’ priorities (as their importance decreases):

family - 97% and 95% of all respondents in 1995 and 1999, respectively;

The family, providing its members with physical, economic and social security, at the same time acts as the most important tool for the socialization of the individual. Thanks to it, cultural, ethnic, and moral values are transmitted. At the same time, the family, remaining the most stable and conservative element of society, develops along with it. The family, therefore, is in motion, changing not only under the influence of external conditions, but also due to internal processes of its development. Therefore everything social problems modernity in one way or another affect the family, are refracted into its value orientations, which are currently characterized by increasing complexity, diversity, and inconsistency.

work - 84% (1995) and 83% (1999);

friends, acquaintances - 79% (1995) and 81% (1999);

free time-- 71% (1995) and 68% (1999);

religion - 41% (1995) and 43% (1999);

politics - 28% (1995) and 38% (1999). 1)

Noteworthy is the very high and stable commitment of the population to such traditional values for any modern society as family, human communication, free time. Let us immediately pay attention to the stability with which these basic “nuclear” values are reproduced. The four-year interval did not have a significant effect on attitudes towards family, work, friends, free time, or religion. At the same time, interest in the more superficial, “external” sphere of life - politics, increased by more than a third. It is also understandable that for the majority of the population in today’s crisis socio-economic situation great value has a job: this is the main source material well-being and opportunities to pursue interests in other areas. What seems somewhat unexpected, at first glance, is only the mutual position in the hierarchy of values of religion and politics: after all, for more than seven decades Soviet history Atheism and “political literacy” were actively cultivated in the country. Yes and last decade Russian history was marked, first of all, by turbulent political events and passions. Therefore, it is not surprising that there is some increase in interest in politics and political life.

Previously desirable for social order qualities were, as it were, predetermined by communist ideology. Now, in the conditions of the liquidation of the monopoly of one worldview, the “programmed” person is being replaced by a “self-organizing” person, freely choosing his political and ideological orientations. It can be assumed that the ideas of political democracy of a rule of law state, freedom of choice, and the establishment of a democratic culture are not popular among Russians. First of all, because the injustice of today’s social system, associated with growing differentiation, is activated in the minds of Russians. Recognition of private property as a value may have nothing to do with recognition of it as an object and basis labor activity: private property in the eyes of many is only an additional source (real or symbolic) of consumer goods.

Today, in the minds of Russians, those values that are in one way or another connected with the activities of the state are updated first of all. The first among them is legality. The demand for legality is a demand for stable rules of the game, for reliable guarantees that changes will not be accompanied by a massive ejection of people from their usual niches in life. Legality is understood by Russians not in general legal terms, but in specific terms. human sense as a vital need for the state to establish an order in society that actually ensures the safety of individuals (hence high rating the words “security” as the main need of the vital type). There is every reason to assume that in the minds of the majority of Russians, despite all the ideological shifts that have occurred in recent years, the correlation of the law with the usual functions of the previous state as a guarantor still prevails. public order, distributor of basic goods. A private person, formed in Soviet era, sees in another private person (or organization) a competitor not in production, but exclusively in consumption. In a society where all sources and functions of development were concentrated in the hands of the state, in a society that tried to develop technologically without the institution of private property, such a result was inevitable. Currently, one of the main values of Russians is a focus on private life, family well-being, and prosperity. In a crisis society, the family has become for most Russians the center of attraction for their mental and physical strength.

The concept of security, like perhaps no other, captures continuity with the consciousness of the “traditionally Soviet” type and at the same time carries within itself an alternative to it. In it one can see nostalgic memories of the lost orderliness (traces of “defensive consciousness”), but at the same time - the idea of the security of the individual, who has felt the taste of freedom, security in the very in a broad sense words, including from the arbitrariness of the state. But if security and freedom cannot become complementary, then the idea of security, with increasing interest in it, may well be combined in Russian society with a demand for a new ideological unfreedom of the “national socialist” kind.

So, the value “core” of Russian society consists of such values as legality, security, family, and prosperity. Family can be classified as interactionist values, the other three are vital, the simplest, significant for the preservation and continuation of life. These values perform an integrating function.

Values are the deep foundations of society, how homogeneous or, if you like, unidirectional they will become in the future, how harmoniously the values can be combined different groups, will largely determine the success of the development of our society as a whole.

As has already been noted, fundamental changes in society are impossible and incomplete without changing the value consciousness of the people who make up this society. It seems extremely important to study and fully monitor the process of transformation of the hierarchy of needs and attitudes, without which real understanding and management of social development processes is impossible

Conclusion

The most significant values are: human life and dignity, his moral qualities, moral characteristics of human activities and actions, content various forms moral consciousness - norms, principles, ideals, ethical concepts (good, evil, justice, happiness), moral characteristics of social institutions, groups, collectives, classes, social movements and similar social segments.

Among the sociological consideration of values, religious values also occupy an important place. Faith in God, the desire for the absolute, discipline as integrity, high spiritual qualities cultivated by religions are so sociologically significant that these provisions are not disputed by any sociological teaching.

The considered ideas and values (humanism, human rights and freedoms, environmental ideas, the idea of social progress and the unity of human civilization) act as guidelines in the formation of the state ideology of Russia, which becomes an integral part of post-industrial society. Synthesis traditional values, the heritage of the Soviet system and the values of post-industrial society is a real prerequisite for the formation of a unique matrix of the integrative state ideology of Russia.

References

1. http://revolution.allbest.ru/sociology/00000562_0.html

2. http://www.unn.ru/rus/f14/k2/students/hopes/21.htm

3. http://revolution.allbest.ru/sociology/00191219_0.html

4. http://www.spishy.ru/referats/18/9467

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About the concept

The formation of such spiritual ideals as basic national values took place during historical development culture of society, in accordance with the geopolitical position of the state.

The main feature is that it is these attitudes that express the originality and uniqueness of Russian people, as well as its way of life, traditions, customs and essential needs. To put it in other words, basic national values are the core of the spiritual life of our society, the synthesis of its best qualities and damn.

They often determine the position of a citizen, form an attitude towards the state, as well as its past, present and future. Often, a person’s awareness of spiritual ideals and a caring attitude towards them helps him realize his responsibility for the preservation and subsequent increase of national heritage.

A little history

The basic national values of Russian society, as a category, began to take shape in the early 90s of the last century. This fact is easy to remember, since this process practically coincided with the establishment of the Russian Federation as a sovereign state.

It was also accompanied by active scientific debates. Which concerned the application of the concept of “national interests” in the conditions of our ethnically rich state.

In 1992, some certainty appeared. The Law “On Security” was adopted, and it was in this document that the emphasis was placed on the value of the vital interests of the individual, as well as the state and the entire society. This formulation was very convenient. After all, with its help, the problem of national interests was correctly avoided, but at the same time, values were given a special, documented place.

But four years later, in 1996, in the National Address. security of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly received a different, more specific formulation. In which the term “national interests” was enshrined normatively. And it was interpreted not only as the basis laid down for the formation of external and domestic policy states. From that moment on, this concept began to designate the vital interests of the individual and the whole society. Their expanded system is outlined in the National Concept. Security of the Russian Federation from 1997. In 2000, the document was supplemented with information on the interpretation of national interests in the field of border policy.

Turning to the Constitution

The basic national values of our people are determined by the main state document. Having familiarized yourself with the Constitution, you can identify six main spiritual ideals.

The first includes the affirmation of freedoms and human rights, as well as civil peace and harmony. This value is not only indicated in the preamble. It can be said to be a leitmotif that runs through the entire text of the Constitution. And the second article even lists the highest state values. These include man, his freedoms and rights.

The list, which outlines the basic national values of Russia, includes self-determination and equality of peoples, faith in justice and goodness, as well as the memory of our ancestors who conveyed to us respect and love for the Fatherland.

The third spiritual ideal is the indestructibility of democracy and sovereign statehood. The fourth value is usually considered to be the prosperity and well-being of our Fatherland. And the fifth is responsibility for it. The last attitude included in the list of values is the awareness of the citizen as a part of the world community.

In addition to the above, the safety of people, their well-being and dignity are highly regarded. It is also worth emphasizing the importance of such concepts as justice, morality, patriotism, humanity, citizenship and legality.

All these are the basic national values of Russian society. Which are traditionally perceived as citizens of our country, and even to some extent as a worldview.

Policy area

Basic system national values is of great national importance. It is the fundamental basis of policy. And it provides an understanding of the main guidelines for the development of the entire nation as a whole. Without this, strengthening the power of the people is impossible.

The thing is that a nation is a political community of citizens of a certain country. Those who live on its territory and consider themselves to be part of it, regardless of their ethnic origin. A nation expresses the economic, cultural and historical community of the peoples that form it. And it also implies the preservation of the language of interethnic communication, the established way of life and traditions. All of the above also applies to our country, despite the diversity of peoples living on its territory.

National interests intersect with the vital needs of society and the strategic goals of the nation, which are implemented in public policy. These are modern realities. This is how the government promotes the good of the nation of the state. In politics, these interests and values are determined by the need for survival, development of the country, as well as the increase in national power.

Formation of values

Well, how does the designated concept appear in political sphere It's clear. Now it is worth turning to such a topic as the formation of basic national values.

We should start with the fact that spiritual and moral development and education today are carried out not only in the family, but also in school. The program according to which it takes place is developed taking into account historical, cultural, aesthetic, demographic, as well as social and economic features region. The requests of families and other subjects of the educational process are also taken into account.

Naturally, this educational aspect is stipulated in the Federal State Educational Standard. Basic national values are instilled in students at the first stage of education. Which is the most important in the entire educational period of a person. It is at this stage that children become familiar with Russian basic values, begin to realize the importance of family, as well as belonging to a certain social, religious and ethnic group.

But that's not all. It is important to remember that the education of basic national values should form in a child not only love for the Fatherland, but also respect for the historical and cultural heritage of your country and people. Often this helps students and makes them want to do a certain type activities. There are many cases where people began their path to music, inspired by the work of Tchaikovsky in childhood. Many girls were inspired to take ballet classes by the legendary Maya Plisetskaya, and paintings by talented Russian artists made children want to learn how to draw just as beautifully. Unfortunately, in the age of advanced technology, modern children are not as interested in art, creativity and national heritage as they were before. And that's why higher value acquire basic national values, spiritual and moral education and instilling cultural and historical education.

Educational landmarks

Continuing the topic of forming national values, it is necessary to pay special attention to the importance of the teacher in this process. His main task- arouse the interest of students to everything previously listed. Children who are passionate about the topic will understand much faster what patriotism, freedom, human responsibilities, and citizenship are.

The teacher must be able to explain to them what each basic national value is. Work and creativity, health and family, law and honor, mercy and goodness... the essence of these and many other concepts should be conveyed to students.

It is also important to explain to students the traditions that reflect the continuity of the social experience of the Russian people through self-knowledge. They are the ones who help expand knowledge about their people. After all, most holidays, ideals, rituals, rites and customs are purely national character. Having studied the history of their origin, it is possible to realize the uniqueness and versatility of the Russian people.

Functions of national values

They also need to be noted with attention. As mentioned earlier, values have many functions. But if we talk about the educational sphere, only a few of the most important ones stand out.

Basic national values in creativity are what unite all ethnic groups living on the territory of the Russian Federation on high moral principles. They combine all the past, present and future of our people, and also guide students towards professional self-determination.

Raising children taking into account national values implies a specially organized process of becoming a citizen of the Russian Federation. Which helps students to form their own identity. In turn, a teacher involved in the national education of children must rely on his best experience, constructed on the basis of scientific and empirical knowledge.

About patriotism

In the process of forming national values, each student must be helped to realize that he is a part of his people and nation. What does patriotism have to do with it? Despite the fact that he is a huge spiritual force, capable of strengthening the energy of each individual and uniting him with the aspirations of the entire state and people.

But patriotism should not be blind. This is also important to convey to students. People are not born patriots, but they can become one. After they discover the truth about their people, become convinced of the inexhaustible possibilities of the nation, study history and the heroic past. All of the above helps to understand what lies in such a concept as a nation. And this is, first of all, spirit. And an understanding of one’s own purpose and role in history. It is on the basis national traditions spirituality develops.

That is why patriotic education of the individual is extremely important. And this means not only instilling love for the Fatherland. Respect for your region, city, and language is of great importance. Moreover, love and respect for one’s small Motherland more valuable and sublime than the same thing relating to the entire Fatherland as a whole.

A question of individuality

Education taking into account national values is important, but the diversity of perceptions and interests leads to a wide range of assessments. What is something significant for one member of society may not have any meaning at all for another. This must be remembered.

And taking this feature into account, a system of values is formed in society that can be called a compromise. A striking example Religious studies can be considered a subject in schools of different confessional regions. Within the framework of which not only Christianity is studied, but also Islam and other religions. IN in this case the interests of Orthodox students and Muslims are taken into account. This is an excellent example of a set of specific moral standards. Which contributes to the formation of the internal core of the culture of society.

Moral

Well, as one could understand, national values are very diverse. And in this regard, one cannot fail to mention the topic of tolerance. Considering the diversity of intercultural interaction, it is very important to instill in each growing member of society tolerance for other values, lifestyles, traditions and behavior. Students, on the basis of their “native” values, must master the basics of ethnoculture in the complex of its varieties. And one cannot but rejoice that today, due to the practice-oriented educational process, this is being achieved. The level of ethnocultural knowledge of modern pupils and students is increasing significantly. Our reality allows us to verify this.

And, by the way, a considerable number of children, teenagers and young men are interested in this topic. There is an annual All-Russian competition“Basic national values in creativity”, in which representatives of the younger generation from all regions of our country gladly take part. And this gives hope that over time, educated and deeply moral people there will be more in society. As a matter of fact, this is what is aimed at modern system education.

Values- This social concept, natural object which acquires social significance and can be the object of activity. Values are the guideline of a person's life. they are necessary to maintain social order and are embodied in behavior and norm formation.

American social psychologist Gordon Allport (1897-1967) developed the following classification of values:

Theoretical;

Social;

Political;

Religious;

Aesthetic;

Economic.

There is a conflict of values, which at the same time is the source of their development. In this regard, values are divided into two categories:

1) basic, terminal, stable value-goals (for example, freedom);

2) instrumental, i.e. means-values as personality properties, abilities that help or hinder the achievement of a goal (for example, strong will, endurance, honesty, education, efficiency, accuracy).

You can also divide values into actual, present and possible. Due to the variety of classifications, it is quite difficult to study values. Indeed, how to move from the study of ideals and goals desired and approved by society to real structures of values that exist in the mind?

The value system reflects the essential goals, ideas, and ideals of its era. The results of research conducted at St. Petersburg University showed that in the 1930-1950s. Among the values, romance and hard work were in first place; in the 1970-1980s - practicality and perseverance. During the period from 1988 to 1990, the value of individual human existence and the orientation towards the broad human community has decreased. Correlating values with one or another sociocultural foundation in the depths of which they arose, they can be classified as follows:

Traditional, focused on the reproduction of long-established goals and norms of life;

Modern, focused on innovation and progress towards sustainable goals;

Universal, equally focused on the reproduction of long-established goals and norms of life, and on their innovation.

Values can also be distinguished by relating them to the corresponding needs of individuals:

Vital (well-being, comfort, safety);

Interactionist (communication, interaction with other people);

Meaningful (norms and patterns of behavior approved in a given ethnic group, society, culture). Based on the role of values for the functioning and development of society as an integral system, they are divided into:

Mainly integrating;

Mainly differentiating;

Approved;

Denied.

For applied purposes, the typology of values according to their place in the status-hierarchical structure of the value consciousness of members of society is important. On this basis the following are distinguished:

"core", i.e. values of the highest status (fundamental moral values, they are shared by at least 50% of the population);

“structural reserve”, i.e. values of average status, which at a certain time can move to the “core” (in this area value conflicts are most intense), they are approved by 30-45% of the population:

"tail", i.e. values of lower status, their composition is inactive (as a rule, they are inherited from past layers of culture), they are shared by less than 30% of the Russian population.

Table 3.1 Sociocultural parameters of values*

Values	Ends-means		Civilization affiliation				Correlation with human needs
Values	terminal	instrumental	traditional	modern	universal	vital	intraoperative	socialization	meaningful life
Human life	+			+					++
Freedom	+			+			+	+	++
Moral	+				+		+		++
Communication	+				+		++
Family	+				+		+		++
Job	+				+				++
Wellbeing	+				+				+
Initiative		+		+			++
Traditionality		+	+
Independence		+		+		+
Self-sacrifice		+	+			++
Authority		+					++
Legality				+	+	++	+		+
Liberty		+	+				++		+

* “+” there is a match; “++” there is a good match

Experts have recorded changes in the status-hierarchical structure of 14 basic (terminal and instrumental) values that occurred during the period of reform of Russian society in the 1990s. (Table 3.1).

The peculiarity of values as cultural phenomena is that even opposite values can be combined in the consciousness of one person. Therefore, the typology of people according to the criterion of values is particularly complex and does not coincide with the typology of the population according to socio-professional characteristics. Below is the change in the prevalence of values among Russians from 1990 to 1994, i.e. during the period" of the most dramatic changes in objective conditions social environment(Table 3.2).

Russian society is changing. These changes, in fact, have no historical analogues. The conflict of values in modern Russian society is very complex and multifaceted. Since it is values that are the system-forming component of culture, it is necessary when analyzing the interaction between them and social behavior individuals take into account, first of all, changes in the value system. If earlier interaction “went” from needs to values through interests, today, to an increasing extent, the impulse of interaction comes from values to interests and from them to needs.

Table 3.2 change in the prevalence of values among Russians (1990-1994),%

Values						Values	Place of values and sociocultural evolution
Values		Main array	Hot spots			Values	Place of values and sociocultural evolution
Dominant
Legality	1	65,3	80,0	74,8	1	Legality	Universal terminal-integrating kernel
Communication	2	65,1	67,0	73,9	2	Communication
Family	3	61,0	65,0	69,3	3	Family
Between opposition and dominance
Job	4	50,0	61,9	56,1	4	Freedom
Moral	5	48,4	53,2
Freedom	6	46,1		49,5	5	Independence	Modernist terminal-integrating reserve
Life of an individual	7	45,8	51.0	49,6	6	Life of an individual
			50,4	46,7	7	Moral
			49,0	44,1	8	Job
Opposition
Self-sacrifice	8	44,0	44,0	44,9	9	Initiative	Mixed Instrument Differential
Traditionality	9	41,0	44,0	37,1	10	Traditionality
Independence	10	40,0
Initiative	11	36,2	38,3	34,3	11	Self-sacrifice
Minority values
Liberty	12	23,3	32,0	25,0	12	Wellbeing	Mixed differentiating tail
Wellbeing	13	23,0	23,9	24,7	13	Liberty
Authority	14	18,0	20,0	19,6	14	Authority

In this regard, when considering the norms of interaction between individuals, one should also proceed from the system and dynamics of values. Social norms are implemented in human relationships, social interaction. These are unique social standards for establishing modal proper behavior (proper from the point of view of society). They perform the function of integration, ordering the lives of individuals, groups, and society. The main thing about a norm is its prescriptive nature. Compliance with norms leads to the exclusion of the influence of random motives; they provide reliability, standardization, and predictability of behavior. All social norms can be divided into universal (mores, customs), intragroup (rituals), personal, individual. All norms are impersonal rules of behavior. The degree of their awareness and effectiveness is manifested in the fact that a person knows about the consequences of his actions for other people and recognizes his responsibility for actions in accordance with the norms.

Questions and tasks for review

1. Describe the concept of “value”.

2. What classifications of values do you know?

3. Describe the “value system”

Content:
1.Introduction
2. Values of modern Russian society
3. Conclusion
4. References

Introduction
Values are generalized ideas of people about the goals and means of achieving them, about the norms of their behavior, embodying historical experience and concentratedly expressing the meaning of the culture of a particular ethnic group and of all humanity.
Value in general and sociological value in particular have not been sufficiently studied in domestic sociological science. It is enough to familiarize yourself with the contents of textbooks and teaching aids on sociology published at the end of the twentieth century and in recent years to be convinced of this. At the same time, the problem is relevant, socially and epistemologically significant both for sociology and for a number of social and human sciences - history, anthropology, social philosophy, social psychology, government studies, philosophical axiology and a number of others.
The relevance of the topic is presented in the following main provisions:
· Understanding values as a set of ideals, principles, moral norms that represent priority knowledge in people’s lives, have a very specific humanitarian significance both for a particular society, say, for Russian society, and at the general human level. Therefore, the problem deserves comprehensive study.
· Values unite people on the basis of their universal significance; knowledge of the patterns of their integrative and consolidating nature is completely justified and productive.
· Social values included in the subject field of sociological problems, such as moral values, ideological values, religious values, economic values, national ethical values, etc., are of utmost importance for study and accounting also because they act as a measure of social assessments and criteria characteristics.
· Clarifying the role of social values is also important for us, students, future specialists who will carry out social roles in social reality in the future - in a work collective, city, region, etc.

Values of modern Russian society
The changes that have occurred over the past ten years in the sphere of government and political organization of Russian society can be called revolutionary. The most important component of the transformation taking place in Russia is a change in the worldview of the population. It is traditionally believed that mass consciousness is the most inertial sphere compared to the political and socio-economic ones. However, during periods of sharp, revolutionary transformations, the system of value orientations can also be subject to very significant shifts. It can be argued that institutional transformations in all other areas are irreversible only when they are accepted by society and enshrined in the new system of values that this society is guided by. And in this regard, changes in the worldview of the population can serve as one of the most important indicators of the reality and effectiveness of social transformation as a whole.
In Russia, as a result of changes in the social structure during the transition from an administrative-command system to a system based on market relations, there was a rapid disintegration of social groups and institutions, and a loss of personal identification with previous social structures. There is a loosening of the normative value systems of the old consciousness under the influence of the propaganda of ideas and principles of new political thinking.
People's lives are individualized, their actions are less regulated from the outside. In modern literature, many authors talk about a crisis of values in Russian society. Values in post-communist Russia really contradict each other. Reluctance to live in the old way is combined with disappointment in new ideals, which turned out to be either unattainable or false for many. Nostalgia for a giant country coexists with various manifestations of xenophobia and isolationism. Getting used to freedom and private initiative is accompanied by a reluctance to take responsibility for the consequences of one’s own economic and financial decisions. The desire to defend the newfound freedom of private life from uninvited intrusions, including from the “watchful eye” of the state, is combined with a craving for a “strong hand.” This is only a cursory list of those real contradictions that do not allow us to unambiguously assess Russia’s place in the modern world.
Assuming consideration of the process of development of new value orientations in Russia, it would not be amiss to first pay attention to the very “soil” on which the seeds of a democratic social order fell. In other words, what the current hierarchy of values has become under the influence of the changed political and economic situation largely depends on the general ideological attitudes that have historically developed in Russia. The debate about the Eastern or Western nature of spirituality in Russia has been going on for centuries. It is clear that the uniqueness of the country does not allow it to be attributed to any one type of civilization. Russia is constantly trying to enter the European community, but these attempts are often hampered by the “eastern genes” of the empire, and sometimes by the consequences of its own historical fate.
What characterizes the value consciousness of Russians? What changes have occurred in it in recent years? What has the previous hierarchy of values transformed into? Based on data obtained in the course of several empirical studies on this issue, it is possible to identify the structure and dynamics of values in Russian society.
An analysis of Russians’ answers to questions about traditional, “universal” values allows us to identify the following hierarchy of Russians’ priorities (as their importance decreases):
family - 97% and 95% of all respondents in 1995 and 1999, respectively;
The family, providing its members with physical, economic and social security, at the same time acts as the most important tool for the socialization of the individual. Thanks to it, cultural, ethnic, and moral values are transmitted. At the same time, the family, remaining the most stable and conservative element of society, develops along with it. The family, thus, is in motion, changing not only under the influence of external conditions, but also due to the internal processes of its development. Therefore, all social problems of our time affect the family in one way or another and are refracted in its value orientations, which are currently characterized by increasing complexity, diversity, and inconsistency.
work - 84% (1995) and 83% (1999);
friends, acquaintances - 79% (1995) and 81% (1999);
free time - 71% (1995) and 68% (1999);
religion - 41% (1995) and 43% (1999);
politics - 28% (1995) and 38% (1999). 1)
Noteworthy is the very high and stable commitment of the population to such traditional values for any modern society as family, human communication, and free time. Let us immediately pay attention to the stability with which these basic “nuclear” values are reproduced. The four-year interval did not have a significant effect on attitudes towards family, work, friends, free time, or religion. At the same time, interest in the more superficial, “external” sphere of life—politics—has increased by more than a third. It is also understandable that for the majority of the population in today’s crisis socio-economic situation, work is of great importance: it is the main source of material well-being and the opportunity to realize interests in other areas. At first glance, the only thing that seems somewhat unexpected is the mutual position in the hierarchy of values of religion and politics: after all, over the course of more than seven decades of Soviet history, atheism and “political literacy” were actively cultivated in the country. And the last decade of Russian history was marked, first of all, by turbulent political events and passions. Therefore, it is not surprising that there is some increase in interest in politics and political life.
Previously, the qualities desirable for the social system were, as it were, predetermined by communist ideology. Now, in the conditions of the liquidation of the monopoly of one worldview, the “programmed” person is being replaced by a “self-organizing” person, freely choosing his political and ideological orientations. It can be assumed that the ideas of political democracy of a rule of law state, freedom of choice, and the establishment of a democratic culture are not popular among Russians. First of all, because the injustice of today’s social system, associated with growing differentiation, is activated in the minds of Russians. Recognition of private property as a value may have nothing to do with its recognition as the object and basis of labor activity: private property in the eyes of many is only an additional source (real or symbolic) of consumer goods.
Today, in the minds of Russians, those values that are in one way or another connected with the activities of the state are updated first of all. The first among them is legality. The demand for legality is a demand for stable rules of the game, for reliable guarantees that changes will not be accompanied by a massive ejection of people from their usual niches in life. Russians understand legality not in a general legal sense, but in a specific human sense, as a vital need for the state to establish an order in society that actually ensures the safety of individuals (hence the high rating of the word “security” as the main need of a vital type). There is every reason to assume that in the minds of the majority of Russians, despite all the ideological shifts that have occurred in recent years, the correlation of the law with the usual functions of the former state, as a guarantor of public order and a distributor of basic goods, still prevails. A private person, formed in the Soviet era, sees in another private person (or organization) a competitor not in production, but exclusively in consumption. In a society where all sources and functions of development were concentrated in the hands of the state, in a society that tried to develop technologically without the institution of private property, such a result was inevitable. Currently, one of the main values of Russians is a focus on private life, family well-being, and prosperity. In a crisis society, the family has become for most Russians the center of attraction for their mental and physical strength.
The concept of security, like perhaps no other, captures continuity with the consciousness of the “traditionally Soviet” type and at the same time carries within itself an alternative to it. In it one can see nostalgic memories of the lost orderliness (traces of “defense consciousness”), but at the same time, the idea of protection of the individual who has felt the taste of freedom, protection in the broadest sense of the word, including from the arbitrariness of the state. But if security and freedom cannot become complementary, then the idea of security, with increasing interest in it, may well be combined in Russian society with a demand for a new ideological unfreedom of the “national socialist” kind.
So, the value “core” of Russian society consists of such values as legality, security, family, and prosperity. Family can be classified as interactionist values, the other three are vital, the simplest, significant for the preservation and continuation of life. These values perform an integrating function.
Values are the deep foundations of society; how homogeneous or, if you like, unidirectional they will become in the future, how harmoniously the values of different groups can be combined will largely determine the success of the development of our society as a whole.
As has already been noted, fundamental changes in society are impossible and incomplete without changing the value consciousness of the people who make up this society. It seems extremely important to study and fully monitor the process of transformation of the hierarchy of needs and attitudes, without which real understanding and management of social development processes is impossible

Conclusion

The most significant values are: the life and dignity of a person, his moral qualities, moral characteristics of human activities and actions, the content of various forms of moral consciousness - norms, principles, ideals, ethical concepts (good, evil, justice, happiness), moral characteristics of social institutions, groups, collectives, classes, social movements and similar social segments.
Among the sociological consideration of values, religious values also occupy an important place. Faith in God, the desire for the absolute, discipline as integrity, high spiritual qualities cultivated by religions are so sociologically significant that these provisions are not disputed by any sociological teaching.
The considered ideas and values (humanism, human rights and freedoms, environmental ideas, the idea of social progress and the unity of human civilization) act as guidelines in the formation of the state ideology of Russia, which becomes an integral part of post-industrial society. The synthesis of traditional values, the heritage of the Soviet system and the values of post-industrial society is a real prerequisite for the formation of a unique matrix of the integrative state ideology of Russia.

References:

revolution.allbest.ru/ sociology/00000562_0.html
etc.............

Basic national values are the main content of moral and patriotic development and education.

Society is only capable of setting and solving large-scale national problems when it has general system moral guidelines. And there are these guidelines where they preserve respect for the native language, for the original culture and original cultural values, for the memory of their ancestors, for every page of our national history.

Education plays a key role in the moral and patriotic cohesion of society. School is the only social institution, through which all Russian citizens pass. Personal values, of course, are primarily formed in the family. But the most systematic, consistent and deeply moral and patriotic development and upbringing of the individual occurs in the sphere of education. Therefore, it is in school that not only intellectual, but also spiritual, cultural life schoolboy.

Child school age, especially in elementary school, is most susceptible to development and upbringing, but the shortcomings of this development and upbringing are difficult to make up for in subsequent years. What is experienced and learned in childhood is characterized by great psychological stability.

Education should be focused on achieving a certain ideal. What ideal does the Concept of spiritual and moral development and education of the individual orient us toward?

The modern national educational ideal is a highly moral, creative, competent citizen of Russia, who accepts the fate of the Fatherland as his own, aware of responsibility for the present and future of his country, rooted in spiritual and cultural traditions multinational people of the Russian Federation.

What are our traditional sources of morality? This is Russia, our multinational people and civil society, family, work, art, science, religion, nature¸ humanity. Accordingly, they are determined basic national values:

–patriotism– love for one’s small Motherland, one’s people, for Russia, service to the Fatherland;

–citizenship– law and order, freedom of conscience and religion, rule of law;

– social solidarity– personal and national freedom, trust in people, institutions of the state and civil society, justice, mercy, honor, dignity;

–humanity– world peace, diversity of cultures and peoples, human progress, international cooperation,

– science– the value of knowledge, the desire for truth, the scientific picture of the world;

– family– love and fidelity, health, prosperity, respect for parents, care for elders and younger ones, care for procreation;

–labor and creativity– respect for work, creativity and creation, determination and perseverance;

–traditional Russian religions – an idea of faith, spirituality, religious life of a person, tolerance, formed on the basis of interfaith dialogue;

–art and literature– beauty, harmony, spiritual world of man, moral choice, meaning of life, aesthetic development, ethical development;

–nature– evolution, native land, protected nature, planet Earth, environmental consciousness;

Core values should form the basis of the structure of school life, determine the classroom, extracurricular and extracurricular activities of children.

To organize such a space, it is necessary to interact between the school and the family, public and religious associations, and institutions. additional education, culture and sports, means mass media. The purpose of this interaction is to jointly provide conditions for the moral and patriotic development and education of students.

Extracurricular activities of schoolchildren is a concept that unites all types of activities of schoolchildren (except academic ones), in which it is possible and appropriate to solve the problems of their upbringing and socialization - this is an integral part of the educational process at school. It contributes to the implementation of the requirements of federal educational standards for general education. Its advantages: providing students with a wide range of activities aimed at developing the student.

First level of results– the schoolchild’s acquisition of social knowledge (about social norms, about the structure of society, about socially approved and disapproved forms of behavior in society, etc.), understanding of social reality and everyday life

Second level of results– the formation of positive attitudes of the student towards the basic values of society (person, family, Fatherland, nature, peace, knowledge, work, culture), value attitude towards social reality as a whole.

Third level of results– the student gains independent experience social action. “Actions for people and in public” range of activities aimed at the development of the student.

Basic values ​​of modern Russian society. National basic values ​​(NFVs). Functions of national values