Municipal general education high school №7.
Monchegorsk
Abstract page 3
Introduction page 4
1. History of creation page 5
Onegin - my good friend page 7
2.1. Lyrical digressions about creativity, about love in life
poet page 7
2.2. Lyrical digressions about training and education p. 8
2.3. Love for homeland, nature p. 9
2.4. Lyrical digressions about theatre, ballet, drama and creativity p.10
2.5. Lyrical digressions inspired by spring;
farewell to youth p.11
2.6. Final lyrical digressions: farewell to readers,
with the characters of the novel p.12
3. Spiritual world, world of thoughts, experiences p.14
3.1. Characteristics of the novel p.14
3.2. Characteristics of Byron and the Western European novel p.15
Conclusion p.15
References p.16
ANNOTATION.
Tasks:
1. study literature on this topic;
2. collect material that reveals the author’s views on the era, culture, language, etc. being described.
Motivation:
the appeal to the topic “The image of the author in Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” is due to the fact that Pushkin is always modern; his works provide answers to many questions. Pushkin is national treasure. Not knowing Pushkin means not knowing your language, your culture, your homeland.
INTRODUCTION
Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich (1799-1837), Russian poet, founder of new Russian literature, creator of modern Russian literary language. In youthful poems - a poet of the lyceum brotherhood, “a fan of friendly freedom, fun, grace and intelligence” in early poems - a singer of bright and free passions: “Ruslan and Lyudmila” (1820), romantic “southern” poems “Prisoner of the Caucasus” (1820- 1821), “Bakhchisarai Fountain” (1823) and others. The freedom-loving and anti-tyrannical motives of early lyrics, the independence of personal behavior were the reason for the exiles: southern (1820-1824, Ekaterinoslav, Caucasus, Crimea, Chisinau, Odessa) and in the village of Mikhailovskoye (1824-1826). The lightness, grace and accuracy of verse, the relief and strength of characters, “enlightened humanism”, the universality of poetic thinking and the very personality of Pushkin predetermined his paramount importance in Russian literature: Pushkin raised it to the world level. The novel in verse “Eugene Onegin” (1823-1831) recreates the lifestyle and spiritual composition of the “typical” hero, overcoming the Byronism of the hero and the evolution of the author close to him, the way of life of the capital and provincial nobility; In the novel and in many other works, Pushkin addresses the problems of individualism and the boundaries of freedom, posed in “The Gypsies” (1824). He was the first to identify many of the leading problems of Russian literature of the 19th century.
Each of us has our own Pushkin. For some, Pushkin is a storyteller, for others, Pushkin is a lyricist, a prose writer, but for me he is the creator of the immortal “Eugene Onegin.”
HISTORY OF CREATION.
“Onegin is Pushkin’s most significant creation, which absorbed half of his life,” said Herzen about the novel in his article “On the Development of Revolutionary Ideas in Russia.” And he is certainly right.
The beginning of writing the novel falls on the southern exile in Chisinau and dates back to May 9, 1823, but in reality the work on the novel covers more early dates. A novel in verse, intended for for many years writings, a free and unafraid of contradictions story not only about modern heroes, but also about the spiritual and intellectual evolution of the author. The sketches of the unfinished elegy of Tauris date back to 1822, some verses of which were included in the novel. And even earlier, in 1820, the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila” was written, which was Pushkin’s first great experience in writing epic works. Here Pushkin reached almost all the heights and possibilities of free poetic form. The end of work on “Ruslan and Lyudmila” coincided with the emperor’s sharp dissatisfaction with Pushkin’s behavior and outrageous poems: they were talking about Siberia or repentance in the Solovetsky Monastery, but at the request of friends and patrons, Pushkin was sent into southern exile.
Having met the new boss in Yekaterinoslavl and, with his permission, traveling through the Caucasus and Crimea, Pushkin arrived in Chisinau (September 1820). News of European revolutions and the Greek uprising, the Bessarabian “mixture of clothes and faces, tribes, dialects, states,” contacts with members of secret societies contributed to the growth of political radicalism (statements recorded by contemporaries; before the expulsion, Pushkin promised Karamzin not to write “against the government” two years and kept his word). Having filled the vacancy of the “first romantic poet,” Pushkin in the Kishinev-Odessa period (from July 1823 he served under the Novorossiysk Governor-General Count M. S. Vorontsov) was far from subordinating to Byron’s aesthetics. He works in different genre and stylistic traditions. Personal difficulties, conflicts with Vorontsov, gloomy European political prospects (the defeat of revolutions) and reaction in Russia led Pushkin to the crisis of 1823-24. At the end of July 1824, the displeasure of Vorontsov and the government, which learned from a letter about Pushkin’s interest in atheism, led to his exclusion from service and exile to his parental estate Mikhailovskoye in the Pskov province.
In the autumn of 1824 there was a serious quarrel with his father, who was entrusted with supervising the poet. Pushkin receives spiritual support from the owner of the neighboring estate Trigorskoye P.A. Osipova, her family and her nanny Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva. In Mikhailovsky, Pushkin works intensively: farewell to romanticism occurs in the poems “To the Sea” and “Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet”, the poem “Gypsies” (all 1824); The 3rd chapter was completed, the 4th was composed and the 5th chapter of “Eugene Onegin” was begun. Skepticism in assessing modernity, refusal to politicize poetry and self-will in politics (correspondence with K. F. Ryleev and A. A. Bestuzhev) allowed Pushkin to endure exile and helped him survive the December catastrophe.
In 1830 Pushkin, who has long dreamed of marriage and “his own home,” seeks the hand of N.N. Goncharova, a young Moscow beauty without a dowry. Having set out to take possession of the estate donated by his father for his wedding, he found himself imprisoned for three months in the village of Boldino (Nizhny Novgorod province) due to cholera quarantines. “Boldino Autumn” opened with the poems “Demons” and “Elegy” - the horror of the lost and hope for the future, difficult, but giving the joys of creativity and love. Three months were devoted to summing up the results of youth (Pushkin considered it to be his thirtieth birthday) and searching for new paths. Here “Eugene Onegin” was completed. The genre of “Eugene Onegin” is lyric-epic. Consequently, it is built on the inextricable interaction of two plots: epic (the main characters Onegin and Tatyana) and lyrical (where main character- narrator). Onegin is a typical figure for noble youth of the 20s of the 19th century. More in " Caucasian prisoner"A.S. Pushkin set as his task to show in the hero "that premature old age of the soul, which became the main feature younger generation" The problems of purpose and meaning in life are key and central in the novel, because at turning points in history, such as the era of the December uprising for Russia, a reassessment of values occurs in people’s minds. And at such a time, the poet’s highest moral duty is to point out to society eternal values, give strong moral guidelines. The novel in verse absorbed Pushkin’s rich poetic experience, his poetic discoveries and achievements - and naturally, it became one of the most perfect in artistically works not only of Pushkin, but of all Russian literature. During the seven years during which it was created, a lot changed both in Russia and in Pushkin himself, and all these changes could not be reflected in the novel. The novel was created in the course of life and became a chronicle of Russian life and its unique poetic history.
Onegin is my good friend.
2.1. Lyrical digressions about creativity, about love in the life of a poet.1
Creativity, like love, plays a very important role in the life of a poet. He himself admits that: By the way, I note that all poets are “Friends of Dreamy Love.” A poet cannot live without love. Tracing the life of Pushkin, you can see that he loved, and loved more than once2. And, like everyone else, he sought this love. Poetry and Pushkin's life are intertwined. They wrote poems to their favorite girls. In his novel, Pushkin connects, as already said, love and poetry:
Love's crazy anxiety
I experienced it bleakly.
Blessed is he who combined with her
Fever of rhymes; he doubled it
PAGE_BREAK--
Poetry is sacred nonsense...
His novel, as we understood after reading it, becomes a novel-diary, where he pours out his most intimate things (in verse, of course). Here the author himself allows us to note that he and the main character of his novel, Eugene Onegin, are similar. Onegin did not like to get lost in dreams, he felt more and did not open up to everyone.” This is what Anna Kern said about Pushkin: “He himself almost never expressed feelings; he seemed to be ashamed of them and in this he was the son of his age, about which he himself said that “the feeling was wild and funny.”3 Love for the author and Tatyana is a huge, intense spiritual work. For Lensky it is a necessary romantic attribute. For Onegin, love is not a passion, but a flirtation4 and for the author, as he himself allows himself to note. He learns true feeling only towards the end of the novel: when the experience of suffering comes.
I love crazy youth...
Let's move on to the heroes. Onegin’s friend Lensky: “...the most strange and funny creature in the eyes of the world...”5 He brings Onegin to the Larins’ house and introduces him to his future wife, Olga. And here Onegin makes his first mistake:
Tell me, which one is Tatyana?
Why does he ask about Tatyana if he came to meet Olga? This is where things start to get complicated love story novel. Tatiana sends love letter Evgeniy. Onegin is so good well-mannered person noble society and as a romantic (to some extent), he pauses and does not come to Tatiana’s house. But still. He is touched by the letter, but does not support “ romantic game", understanding the "longing of an inexperienced soul." He is ready to love Tatyana, but only with “the love of a brother” and nothing more. Many see Onegin as a cold egoist, and many believe that Pushkin himself wanted to show us Onegin this way.
The plot of chapters 3-5 is repeated in chapter 8. Only now the letter is written not by Tatyana, but by Evgeny. The climax here replaces the denouement; the ending remains open; the reader and the author part with Onegin at a sharp turning point in his fate.
Onegin, unlike romantic heroes, is directly related to modernity, to real circumstances Russian life and with people of the 1820s. However, this is not enough for Pushkin: he wants his hero to be equally “conventional”, literary character, with which he gave the impression of a hero “written off” from reality. This is why Pushkin gave the hero this literary name and such a literary fictitious surname.
The author treats his main character with a little irony, which cannot be said about Lensky. Pushkin does not try to deepen the image of Lensky, unlike Onegin. But that’s the point: the author excludes any finality of the novel. Lensky was wounded in the chest in a duel, his life was cut short. But somewhere in the subtext the author’s thought is visible: if Vladimir had become a “hero”, he would have retained his landowner spirit, simple and healthy; If he had become a district landowner, he still would not have lost the “poetic ardor of his soul.” Only death can stop this.
Introducing the reader to Tatyana, the author notes that “for the first time with such a name” the pages of a Russian novel are illuminated. This means that the heroine is closely connected with the world of provincial (village) life, as the author himself shows us.6 Firstly, this name, as the author himself emphasizes, has a recognizable literary “rhyme” - Svetlana is the heroine of Zhukovsky’s novel of the same name “Svetlana” . Secondly, the surname Larin, which at first glance seems simple, provincial, is also quite literary, comes from the image: Lar. Being a provincial provincial young lady, she read many novels. It was from there that she drew the image of the “young tyrant” Onegin, his mysterious romantic traits. And it was the literary Onegin that she fell in love with, it was the “literary” Onegin that she sent a letter, expecting from him a literary reaction, the same one that she had read about in novels.
After Onegin leaves for St. Petersburg, Tatyana ends up in his office. Tatyana also tried to read those books that Onegin read, but, looking at them with Onegin’s gaze, she tried to understand him through the books, carefully following the marks in the margins. And here the author’s position completely approaches Tatyana’s position: he is “not a creature of hell or heaven,” but, perhaps, only a parody “of his habitat.” And here something happens that, in my opinion, should have happened: Tatyana becomes the complete opposite of Onegin.
Throughout the novel, Tatyana changes: she learned to restrain her feelings, got married, and turned from a provincial girl into a county young lady. But, in the novel there is another character who changes together with Tatyana before the eyes of the teacher - the author. This finally brings him closer to Tatyana. And this explains the especially warm intonation of the story about her, personally interested in the fate of the heroine.
2.2. Lyrical digressions about training and education.
They are accompanied by a philosophical digression.7
“We all learned a little bit
Something and somehow."
Pushkin studied at the Lyceum. In “Eugene Onegin” he also mentions those years of study, remembers his old friends.8 At the very beginning of chapter 1, as the author admits, “it is replete with alien words.”9
“And I see, I apologize to you,
Well, my poor syllable is already
I could have been much less colorful
In alien words"
He's used to them. Is this really so?
When we begin to read the subsequent chapters, we see that Pushkin does not need alien words at all. He gets along just fine without them. The author can speak Russian brilliantly, witty and richly. The same cannot be said about its main character. Onegin very often uses French and English languages. Moreover, in such a way that it was very difficult to understand where his native language was.
This statement: “We all learned a little, something and somehow” also applies to Onegin. How could a person who studied like this speak to a friend in historical topics, asking philosophical questions and reading literary and foreign books? Of course not. This means that the author makes it clear to us that Onegin is well educated, like himself.
The 5th stanza of the 1st chapter very critically assesses Onegin’s level of education, but then in the 8th stanza of the same chapter the conclusion is drawn that Onegin knows quite a bit. Reading chapter 1, we compare Onegin with outstanding personalities of that time: with Pushkin himself, Chaadaev and Kaverin. The knowledge that was available to them is not available to them, their talents and skills are not available to them. Onegin was “lower” than them, much “lower”, but much “higher” than the average person of his circle - this is what his circle does not forgive him for.
From this he runs away, hiding in the village, which he inherited from his uncle.
2.3. Love for homeland, nature.10
When Onegin arrived in the village, everything seemed interesting to him:
Two days seemed new to him
Lonely fields
The coolness of the gloomy oak forest
The murmuring of a quiet stream...
But after a few days his attitude towards village life changed:
On the third grove, hill and field
He was no longer occupied;
Then they induced sleep;
Then he saw clearly
That in the village there is the same boredom...
What kind of boredom is the author talking about? How can it be boring where you just moved, without even having time to figure out your new life and get used to it? Onegin saw in that society, in the provincial society that was new to him, the same thing that he saw in noble Petersburg. After Onegin’s not so long stay in the village, he could not occupy himself with anything: Onegin tried to read Byron and, in his likeness, lived as an anchorite (hermit). There were many books in Onegin's library, but he read only a few of them:
Although we know that Evgeniy
I haven't liked reading for a long time,
However, several creations
He excluded from disgrace:
Singer Gyaur and Juan,
Yes, there are two or three more novels with him...
But if the author talks about Onegin and Byron, as if connecting them, it means that he has read Byron and is familiar with his work. Here, as the author himself notes, he and Onegin are similar. But they have one important difference: the author, as he himself says:
I was born for a peaceful life,
For village silence...
This means that the village was closer to him than any other place. This can be traced even from Pushkin’s biography: he visited the village of Mikhailovskoye several times. It was there that his most famous works and many poems: “ Winter evening", "K***" ("I remember wonderful moment..."), which was dedicated to Anna Kern. The novel also contains several lines that Pushkin dedicated to Anna; This is what she writes in her notes: “Here are the passages in chapter 8 of Onegin that relate to his memories of our meeting at the Reindeer:
Continuation
--PAGE_BREAK--
But the crowd hesitated
A whisper ran through the hall,
The lady was approaching the hostess...
Behind her is an important general.
She wasn't in a hurry
Not cold, not proud,
Without an insolent look for everyone,
Without pretense of success...11
But not Onegin. He was bored in the village, out of boredom he replaced corvée with a light quitrent:
“He is a yoke of the ancient corvée
Replaced it with easy quitrent”...
All of Evgeniy’s neighbors looked at him askance, and after a while they stopped communicating with him altogether. Here the author does not give any assessment to his hero, and does not support him in any way, as was usual. But Onegin was tired only of life in the village.
Lyrical digressions about theater, ballet, drama and creativity.12
Living in the city, he, like an ordinary young man of that time, went to various balls, theaters, and banquets. At first, like everyone else, he liked this life, but then this sympathy for such a monotonous life faded:
...Onegin enters,
Walks between the chairs along the legs,
The double lorgnette, looking sideways, points
To the boxes of unknown ladies;...
Then he bowed to the stage
In great absentmindedness he looked -
Turned away and yawned
And he said: “It’s time for everyone to change;
I endured ballets for a long time,
But I’m tired of Didelo too...13
But the life of a young man socialite did not kill Onegin’s feelings, as it seems at first glance, but “only cooled him to fruitless passions.”14 Now Onegin is not interested in either theater or ballets, which cannot be said about the author. For Pushkin, the St. Petersburg Theater is a “magical land”, which he mentions in the link:
Will I hear your choirs again?
Will I see the Russian Terpsichore
Brilliant, half-airy,
I obey the magic bow,
Surrounded by a crowd of nymphs,
Worth Istomin;...
Flies like feathers from the lips of Aeolus...15
The author acquires the meaning of life in fulfilling his destiny. The entire novel is filled with deep reflections on art, the image of the author here is unambiguous - he is, first of all, a poet, his life is unthinkable without creativity, without hard, intense spiritual work. It is in this that Onegin is the opposite of him. He simply has no need for work. And the author perceives all his attempts to immerse himself in reading and writing with irony: “He was sick of persistent work...” This cannot be said about the author. He writes and reads where the conditions for this are created.
Pushkin often recalls Moscow as a wonderful cultural corner and simply as a wonderful city:16
How often in sorrowful separation,
In my wandering destiny,
Moscow, I was thinking about you!
But this is what the author says, Onegin has a completely different opinion. He told a lot about his life, and, as already said, he was no longer interested in either St. Petersburg or Moscow; wherever he was, Onegin saw one society from which he wanted to hide in the village.
Lyrical digressions inspired by spring17; farewell to youth.18
As already mentioned, the novel was begun in Chisinau on May 9, 1823. Then Pushkin was only 24 years old; Then he was young and full of strength. But a person grows up and changes. This could not but affect Eugene Onegin. The novel was written with a very true description of the author himself:
The careless fruit of my amusements,
Light inspiration for insomniacs,
Immature and withered years,
Crazy cold observations
And hearts of sorrowful notes...
The novel was completely finished on September 25, 1830 in Boldino, when Pushkin was already 31 years old. Then he realized that his youth had already passed and could not be returned:
Dreams, dreams! Where is your sweetness?
Where is the eternal rhyme to her - youth?
The author has experienced a lot; life has brought him many insults and disappointments. But not the mind alone. Onegin and the author are very similar here. But, if Onegin has already become disillusioned with life, then how old is he then? The novel has the exact answer to this question. But let's go in order: Pushkin was exiled to the south in the spring of 1820. Onegin left for St. Petersburg at the same time. Before that, “he killed 8 years in the world” - which means he appeared in society around 1812. How old could Onegin be at that time? On this score, Pushkin preserved direct instructions in his drafts: “16 not more years" This means that Onegin was born in 1796. He is 3 years older than Pushkin! The meeting with Tatyana and acquaintance with Lensky take place in the spring and summer of 1820 - Onegin is already 24 years old. He is no longer a boy, but an adult, mature man, compared to 18-year-old Lensky. Therefore, it is not surprising that Onegin treats Lensky a little patronizingly, like an adult looks at his “youthful heat and youthful delirium.” This is another difference between the author and the main character.
In the spring, when Pushkin writes chapter 7 of “Eugene Onegin,” he fully affirms that youth has already passed and cannot be returned:
Or with nature alive
We bring together the confused thought
We are the fading of our years,
Which cannot be reborn?
Final lyrical digressions: farewell to the readers, to the heroes of the novel.19
The novel was ended as abruptly as it had begun. As mentioned earlier, Pushkin excluded any completeness of the novel, and therefore after Onegin’s meeting with Tatyana we do not know later life Onegin. Literary scholars suggest, based on unfinished drafts, that Onegin could have become a Decembrist, or was involved in the Decembrist uprising in Senate Square. The novel ends with a farewell to the readers; Pushkin assigns a greater role to us at the very end of the novel than to his main character. He leaves him at a sharp turning point in his fate:
...And here is my hero,
In a moment that is evil for him,
Reader, we will leave him,
For a long time... Forever...
Whoever you are, oh my reader,
Friend, foe, I want to be with you
Parting today like a friend.
3. – The spiritual world, the world of thoughts and experiences.
“Onegin” is the most sincere
The most beloved child of his fantasy.
Here is all life, all soul,
all his love;
here are his feelings, concepts,
ideals."
(V.G. Belinsky)
3.1. Characteristics of the novel.
Famous critic V.G. Belinsky called the novel “an encyclopedia of Russian life.” And this is true. Pushkin’s novel says so much, so comprehensively about the life of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, that even if we knew nothing about the era of that time, reading the novel “Eugene Onegin” we would still learn a lot. But why exactly an encyclopedia? The fact is that an encyclopedia is a systematic review, as a rule, from “A” to “Z”. This is what a novel is. If we carefully look at all the author’s lyrical digressions, we will see that they are “expanded” from “A” to “Z”.
Continuation
--PAGE_BREAK--
The author himself also characterizes his novel. He calls it "free". This freedom is, first of all, a relaxed conversation between the author and readers with the help of various lyrical digressions, the expression of the thoughts of the author’s “I”.
And now all minds are in the fog,
Morality puts us to sleep,
Vice is kind - and in the novel,
And there he triumphs...
This form of storytelling - with lyrical digressions - helped the author to recreate a picture of the society in which he lives: readers will learn about the upbringing of youth, how they spend their lives free time, literally, after reading 20 stanzas. After reading chapter 1, we saw the image of Onegin.
As Herzen wrote: “... the image of Onegin is so national that it is found in all novels that receive any recognition in Russia, and not because they wanted to copy him, but because they constantly observed it near themselves or in themselves.”
The novel “Eugene Onegin,” as already mentioned, became a diary novel. This is how N.I. wrote about the novel. Nadezhdin: “With each new line it became more obvious that this work was nothing more than the free fruit of leisure fantasy, a poetic album of living impressions of talent playing with its wealth... Its very appearance, with indefinitely periodic outputs, with incessant omissions and leaps, shows that the poet did not have no goal, no plan, but acted according to the free suggestion of a playful fantasy.”
3.2. Characteristics of Byron and the Western European novel.20
Eugene Onegin, after a not so long stay in the village, could not occupy himself with anything: he tried to read Byron and, in his likeness, lived as an anchorite (hermit). Pushkin also read Byron. And, as many critics have noted, the novel “Eugene Onegin” is similar to most of Byron’s novels. Both of them in the novel address the reader, to themselves, and are not afraid to depict reality as it really is. But Pushkin does not try to imitate Byron directly; he did not specifically try to imitate Byron at all. They have absolutely different languages communication. The famous critic Belinsky said about the novel this way: “And for that Onegin in highest degree an original and national-brown work.” Pushkin’s novel is not like other Western European novels: “Pushkin’s paintings are complete, lively, and fascinating. "Onegin" is not copied from French or English; we see our own, hear our own sayings, look at our quirks...” This is what the critic Polevoy said about Pushkin’s novel.
CONCLUSION:
From all of the above we can draw conclusions:
Pushkin showed in his novel not only the life and everyday life of the capital and provincial nobility, but also painted a broad historical and cultural background;
He managed to expand the geographical background of his novel: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Village ( middle lane Russia), Odessa, Moldova, Crimea, Caucasus.
Pushkin is a full-fledged hero of the novel, as are Tatyana, Onegin, and Lensky.
REFERENCES:
Belinsky V.G. Selected articles. L., Lenizdat, 1979, 216 p.
Kern (Markova-Vinogradskaya) A.P. Memories. Diaries. Correspondence (Compiled, introductory article and note by A.M. Gordin.) M.: Pravda, 1989. - 480 pp., 8 sheets. ill.
Kern (Markova-Vinogradova) A.P. Memories of Pushkin Comp., intro. Art. and note. A.M. Gordina.- M.: Sov. Russia, 1988. – 416 p., 8 ill.
Maratsman V.G. Roman A.S. Pushkin in school study. A manual for teachers, - M.: Education, 1983. – 159 p.
Pushkin A.S., Collected works in 10 volumes, vols. 4 and 5 Goslitizdat, M. 1960.
A large reference book for schoolchildren and those entering universities E.L. Beznosov, E.L. Erokhin, N.L. Karnaukh et al. Comp. V.F. Devil.- M.: Bustard 2004.- 432 p. – (Big reference book for schoolchildren and those entering universities).
Children's encyclopedia. For middle and older age. In 12 volumes. Ed. 3. Volume 11 Language and Literature 480 pp. with illus. and cards.
Russian writers. XIX century: Biographies. A large educational reference book for schoolchildren and those entering universities. A.N. Arkhangelsky, E.L. Beznosov, V.A. Voropaev et al. – M.: Bustard 2000. – 464 p.
Russian literature. XIX century. A large educational reference book for schoolchildren and those entering universities E.L. Beznosov, I.Yu. Burdina, N. Yu. Burovtseva and others - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard 2001 - 720 p.
Reader on literary criticism for schoolchildren and applicants. - Compilation, comments by L.A. Sugai.- M.: “Ripol Classic”, 1988.- 768 p.
“Eugene Onegin” is the first realistic Russian novel. It depicts secular society with his thoughts, actions, laws. And although Onegin, Lensky, Olga, Tatyana are fictional characters, they appear before us as if they were alive. Pushkin made his heroes and their characters typical of that era, and it is this typicality that allows us to perceive them as real people who once existed. In addition, Pushkin introduces his heroes into the circle real people. So, Tatyana meets Vyazemsky at the ball, and among Onegin’s friends are Chaadaev, Kaverin and Pushkin himself.
Pushkin appears next to the heroes not only as a storyteller, but as character novel. He is a friend of Onegin, whom he met and became friends in St. Petersburg. He loves Tatyana, “sacredly cherishes” her letter to Onegin. He kept Lensky's poems just in case.
Talking about his friends and acquaintances, Pushkin does not indifferently, calmly contemplates the events of their lives, but accepts lively participation in their fate, understands them, responds to their experiences with love, sympathy, sometimes ironizes, makes fun of them, and even strictly condemns their actions. So, for example, Pushkin does not like that Onegin accepted Lensky’s challenge:
He could discover feelings
And don’t bristle like an animal;
He had to disarm
Young heart...
Onegin is a friend of Pushkin, who “liked his features.” But Onegin and Pushkin are not the same thing. Before Pushkin, poets and writers endowed their heroes with their own qualities, they showed their own inner world, only under someone else's mask. An example of this is the work of Byron. But “I am always glad to notice the difference between Onegin and me,” wrote Pushkin. Indeed, Onegin and Pushkin are completely different people. Onegin is disappointed in life:
His feelings cooled off early;
He was tired of the noise of the world;
The beauties didn't last long
The subject of his usual thoughts;
The betrayals have become tiresome;
I'm tired of friends and friendship...
When Onegin arrived in the village, the beauty of Russian nature did not touch him, although
The village where Evgeniy was bored,
It was a lovely corner.
How much does Pushkin admire beauty? home country, she is just as indifferent to Onegin.
The novel often contains lyrical deviations from the main theme. But they do not make the reader forget about the plot of the work. In these digressions, Pushkin already appears as the main character. He recalls his lyceum years, exile, life in the village, shares with readers his thoughts and plans for future creativity, speaks out on social issues, literature, theater. Himself a lover and connoisseur of the theater, Pushkin gives brief but expressive characteristics of the playwrights whose plays were staged at that time. The digressions also reflect Pushkin’s interests, his love of freedom, and patriotism. But the image of the poet appears before us not only in lyrical digressions. It is reflected by the very tone of the narrative, the assessment of the phenomena of life.
During Pushkin's time, sentimentalism and romanticism dominated Russian and Western literature. The poet himself rejected all these trends for their one-sidedness in relation to reality. Pushkin strove for a realistic depiction, for the creation of meaningful, typical images. He completely succeeded in this in the novel “Eugene Onegin.”
Critical attitude towards serfdom, satirical image nobility, condemnation of the noble intelligentsia for its separation from the masses - in all this one can see Pushkin - a like-minded person of the Decembrists, Pushkin - a representative of the enlightened nobility, who managed to rise high above the selfish interests of his class. Author's image, the image of Pushkin, with the greatest completeness and strength embodies those spiritual experiences that possessed advanced people countries.
“Eugene Onegin” is a lyric-epic work, in which, along with epic images, there is a broad wave of lyricism. The entire novel is permeated with lyrical digressions, author's remarks and assessments. Their functional role is:
1) in the deployment of the image of the author, which is realized, personified in them and contrasted with the main images revealed in the plot;
2) in expanding the plot by taking the reader often beyond the scope of this plot, enriching the content of the novel by introducing extremely diverse material, everyday, biographical, landscape, etc., not directly related to the plot;
3) in the construction of images by supplementing their complex psychological appearance by introducing into the action a direct assessment of characters and events.
In Eugene Onegin, Pushkin conducts his novel not as a dispassionate observer recording events, but as an active close participant in the events and persons described in the novel. The image of the author, his “I” runs through the entire novel and carries a certain semantic function; The author's assessment accompanies all the development of action and characters.
From the first chapter, the author appears alongside the main character:
Onegin, my good friend.
Born on the banks of the Neva...
.
Pushkin emphasizes his closeness, kinship to the environment he depicts, its life, way of life, closeness to his heroes, their behavior, views, and psyche. This closeness is especially clearly felt in relation to Onegin. The narrative about Onegin’s metropolitan life is constantly interrupted by the author’s remarks:
On days of fun and desires
I was crazy about balls...
Alas, for different fun
I've ruined a lot of lives!
Onegin's period of disappointment in social life, the desire for solitude is depicted by Pushkin as a period of rapprochement with Onegin:
Having overthrown the burden of the conditions of light,
I became friends with him at that time.
But, despite this closeness, the image of the author and the image of Onegin run parallel, without merging, and are perceived in their qualitative difference; and even if Pushkin had not sought to notice “the difference between Onegin and me” (as he does in the sixth stanza of Chapter I), there is no reason to identify these images.
The image of the narrator is close to Onegin in many of its features. It reveals the same culture of intellect, a critical attitude towards reality; but he has something that Onegin does not have - a great love of life:
I love mad youth
And tightness, and shine, and joy...
In terms of upbringing, views, beliefs, tastes, habits of life, everyday life, traditions, he is a product of the same noble culture as Onegin and Tatyana. However, the image of the author-narrator is opposed to all of them: his character is the most complete and rich character. He is higher than them all, for he knows not only what Onegin, Tatyana, Lensky are like in life, the essence of their views and behavior as certain social types, but he also realizes their social significance, realizes not only the “imperfection of the world” (which is also characteristic of Onega well], but also the inferiority of the Onegins themselves.
Along with an analytical mind, brilliant wit, and subtle irony, he is characterized by passion, strength, energy and optimism.
TO environment the attitude, like Onegin’s, is negative:
He who lived and thought cannot
Don't despise people in your heart...
In the image of the author one can see a character realizing his public role in poetic work, in artistic creativity. Pushkin devotes a lot of space to the “muse” and inspiration in his work in general, and in particular in “Eugene Onegin,” connecting his significance for the future with creativity, seeing inspiration as a healing principle.
Perhaps it won't drown in Lethe
The stanza composed by me...
Bless my long work,
O you epic muse!
But this is the implementation of its social significance does not at all remove the main insoluble contradiction of the author’s image. It lies in the fact that with all the severity of criticism of modern noble society, awareness negative aspects social reality and the inferiority of the characters created in them, the author at the same time does not have a specific positive program that he could put forward. Nevertheless, it is in the character of the author that Pushkin affirms the possibility of development, moving forward, searching for some new paths.
In the future, the author sees the possibility of another life; the insignificance of the present does not exclude hope for a better future:
For now, revel in it,
Enjoy this easy life, friends!
In the image of the author, Pushkin gives both life affirmation and the ability to live, and because of this, “Eugene Onegin” as a whole, despite tragic fate heroes, despite the dead end to which the logic of characters and life leads, is not a pessimistic work.
Searching for new paths historical development nobility to some extent can be defined in “Eugene Onegin”, since Pushkin shows the “real” nobility as a passed stage, summing it up in the novel
A. S. Pushkin created one of the masterpieces of Russian literature - the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin". And even centuries later, the reader continues to worry about the kind and naive Tatyana Larina, regrets the ardent poet Lensky and cannot understand how to relate to the main character - the character turned out to be so multifaceted. The image of the author in the novel “Eugene Onegin” turned out to be no less interesting. In this work, the poet acts not just as an outside observer, but also openly expresses his attitude towards the characters. Therefore, when reading the novel, the reader feels that the author is telling him this beautiful story as a friend. Below will be presented short essay"The image of the author in the novel "Eugene Onegin".
Briefly about the main character
Evgeny Onegin is not a specific person, but collective image the younger generation of the poet's time. Pushkin described a person brought up in a secular environment, who adopted the features of society, against the backdrop of everyday life. The reader immediately notes Onegin’s coldness, cynicism, and indifference to all manifestations of sentimental feelings. And the question arises: why did he become like this?
The poet gives a simple answer: society made him this way. Evgeny Onegin appears before the reader as a person for whom it was important public opinion. This was the case in the poet’s time: the opinion of society was important for people who constantly attended social events. Alexander Sergeevich feels sorry for the generation that cares not about personal opinion, but only about what others say.
But readers may have a question: “Didn’t the poet himself reveal himself in the hero?” And this was one of the reasons why the image of the author in the novel “Eugene Onegin” appears as a separate character.
Differences between the poet and the main character
The image of the author in the novel "Eugene Onegin" is contrasted with the image of the main character. Pushkin wanted to show the reader that, despite the fact that he lived and was raised in a secular society, his views on life and values differ from those of the main character. According to the work, the author and Eugene Onegin are friends, but they are separated by a huge gulf due to the dissimilarity of views.
Alexander Sergeevich was an active, cheerful, emotional person, so he does not understand how Onegin can remain cold, indifferent, apathetic. Young people also had different attitudes towards art: if the author admired it and considered it something magical, then for Eugene it was just a way to pass the time. But the image of the author in the novel "Eugene Onegin" also has common features with his friend.
Similarities between the narrator and the central character
In the essay “The Image of the Author in the Novel “Eugene Onegin”” it should be noted that there are traits inherent in the poet and the hero of his work. Thus, Pushkin does not deny that he, like his friend, was bored with secular entertainment, that he also lost interest in everything.
At the beginning of the novel, the author notes that they met Onegin back in early years and got along due to the similarity of characters. But then the friends stopped communicating for a long time. And, apparently, during this period, the poet rethought life values, which allowed him not to become apathetic and indifferent to all the joys of life, like Onegin.
But Pushkin does not criticize his hero, because he understands that it was life in a secular society that made him like this. And don't forget that this work- not a story about the life of a specific person, but a story about an entire young generation. And perhaps the poet does not treat him too critically because he believes in the power of youth, in its energy. That she will be able to defeat the prejudices imposed by secular society.
Relation to Lensky
When writing the essay “Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”: the image of the author in the novel,” attention should be paid to other important characters in history. One of these characters was Lensky - a young poet, a fan of romanticism, with an exalted soul. And, oddly enough, it was he who became best friend Onegin, despite the contrast of characters.
Evgeny treated him patronizingly and condescendingly: after all, Vladimir Lensky was a little like Onegin at a time when he was not yet bored with life. Pushkin likes the young poet because he is a man of art (although Alexander Sergeevich’s passion for romanticism had passed by that time) and loves life, perceives everything subtly and can feel.
Therefore, the author felt sorry for Lensky when Onegin, because of his selfishness, hurt his feelings young man. But then why did the poet decide to end Vladimir’s story so tragically? This episode showed that although Eugene appreciated his friend and understood that he had done wrong, nevertheless, he accepted the challenge to a duel. Because he was afraid that society would despise him. It turns out that people's opinions were more important to him than friendship.
And here Pushkin shows that he does not agree with this position. The poet rejects the imposed foundations of noble society, which are often senseless and cruel. Friendship and love are more important than all prejudices. And with bitterness he understands that no matter how Evgeniy talks about his independence from society, he is not yet ready to completely abandon it. It pains Alexander Sergeevich to realize that the spirit of fighters for justice and independence from secular society has not yet awakened among the younger generation.
Relation to Tatyana
The image of the author in the novel "Eugene Onegin" in summary will be incomplete if we do not consider how the poet and his friend relate to the main character, Tatyana Larina. It was Pushkin's favorite female character. It was in her that he saw the ideal of a woman - not due to her beautiful appearance, but due to her spiritual beauty. Her simplicity, trustfulness, and kindness seemed charming to him. Pushkin also made Tatyana brave - after all, at that time it was indecent for a girl to be the first to confess her love. Therefore, the poet worried about his heroine throughout the novel.
But Onegin did not see anything interesting in Tatyana - he could not see all that inner beauty what she had. And he could not appreciate her action, responding to her confession with a fatherly sermon. And only then does he realize that she had everything that could make him happy. And even at the end of the novel, when Evgeny admits that he loves her, Tatyana shows her spiritual strength: she got married and will always be faithful to her husband. Pushkin, using the example of his beloved heroine, shows that it is thanks to such women that society has hope of becoming better.
The narrator as the hero of the work
The author in the novel "Eugene Onegin" is a lyrical hero. Because he doesn’t just talk about his friend’s life, he expresses his attitude towards his actions and people. But at the same time, he also shares his thoughts on various issues of a philosophical nature.
The author's digressions create in the reader the feeling of a confidential conversation in which the author, while telling a story, remembers his life and shares his experiences. And such an introduction by the author as lyrical hero makes this novel special.
Types of lyrical digressions
- the poet's memories of his life;
- discussions about art (especially literature);
- reflections of a philosophical nature;
- about public life and social problems;
- travel;
- themes of friendship and love.
Thanks to them, the image of the poet is perceived by the reader as the image of a friend who conducts a dialogue with him. That is why the story of Onegin and Tatyana is so closely perceived by readers.
Features of the storytelling style
The author in the novel acts not only as a character, but also as a narrator. The poet structured his work in such a way that one gets the feeling that he is creating his novel before the reader’s eyes. All his reasoning, which does not relate to the plot of the work, seems organic and gives his creation this special soulfulness. He talks about the heroes of the novel as if they were his old acquaintances, and it seems to the reader that Onegin, Tatyana, and Lensky really existed.
For Alexander Sergeevich, “Eugene Onegin” is a special work; the poet himself understood that he had created something amazing. Therefore, even centuries later, people, reading the novel, continue to empathize with the heroes. "Eugene Onegin" is one of the great works of Russian literature.
Essays on literature: The image of the author in the novel “Eugene Onegin” Pushkin, having completed work on the main chapters of “Eugene Onegin,” clapped his hands and shouted, praising himself: “Oh yes Pushkin!..” The poet, whom even the cold Nicholas II recognized as “one of the smartest men in Russia,” realized that created a masterpiece. The novel "Eugene Onegin" is light, elegant, sparkling with its versatility and bottomless depth of content. This “magic crystal,” which reflected the entire poetic and bitter Russian reality of the “golden age,” still has no equal not only in Russian, but also in all world literature. Pushkin worked on the novel for many years; it was his favorite work.
After all, the author of Onegin had to endure exile, loneliness, loss of friends, and the bitterness of death the best people Russia. This is probably why the novel was so dear to Pushkin. And it is no coincidence that the impression is created that the main character of the novel is not Onegin, but Pushkin himself. He is present everywhere: at the ball, and in the theater - ironically watching his hero, and in the village, and in the squalid living rooms of small nobles, and in the garden by the bench on which Tatyana remained sitting after the rebuke given to her by her loved one. .. The heroes of the novel are surrounded by Pushkin’s friends: either Chaadaev will rush by, then Vyazemsky’s glasses will sparkle, then the sound of the sea will be heard at the feet of the young Mashenka Raevskaya - the future princess Volkonskaya, then in the unpublished tenth chapter the shadow of Yakushkin will flash with a dark threat... And everywhere from behind the smile of Alexander Pushkin himself is visible. For the poet, the novel was, in his words, the fruit of “a mind of cold observations and a heart of sorrowful observations.”
The image of the author is created by lyrical digressions; there are twenty-seven significant ones in the novel and about fifty small ones. Who is the main character of the novel "Eugene Onegin"? Many believe that the main character of the novel is, after all, Pushkin himself. If you read the novel more carefully, you can see that there is not one main character, but two: Onegin and Pushkin. We learn almost as much about the author as we do about Eugene Onegin. They are similar in many ways; it is not for nothing that Pushkin immediately said about Evgeniy that he is “my good friend.”
Pushkin writes about himself and Onegin: We both knew the game of passion: Life tormented both of us; The heat has faded in both hearts... The author, like his hero, tired of the bustle, cannot help but despise people of the world in his soul, tormented by memories of his youth, bright and carefree. Pushkin likes Onegin’s “sharp, chilled” mind, his dissatisfaction with himself and the anger of his gloomy epigrams. When Pushkin writes that Onegin was “born on the banks of the Neva”, talks about Onegin’s upbringing, about what he knew and could do, Pushkin himself involuntarily introduces himself. The author and his hero are people of the same generation and approximately the same type of upbringing: both had French tutors, both spent their youth in St. Petersburg society, they have common acquaintances and friends. Even their parents have similarities: Pushkin’s father, like Onegin’s father, “lived in debt...” Summarizing, Pushkin writes: “We all learned a little something and somehow, so through education, thank God, it’s no wonder with us "shine." The poet inevitably notes his difference from Onegin.
He writes about Onegin that “no matter how hard we tried, he could not distinguish iambic from trochee.” Pushkin, unlike Onegin, takes poetry seriously, calling it a “high passion.” Onegin does not understand nature, but the author dreams of a quiet, calm life in paradise where he could enjoy nature. Pushkin writes: “The village where Onegin was bored was a charming corner.”
Pushkin and Onegin, for example, perceive theater differently. For Pushkin, the St. Petersburg theater is a magical land that he dreams of in exile. Onegin “enters, walks between the chairs along the legs, the double lorgnette, squinting, points at the boxes of unfamiliar ladies,” and then, barely glancing at the stage, with an absent-minded look, “turned away and yawned.” Pushkin knows how to rejoice in what Onegin is so bored and disgusted with. For Onegin, love is “the science of tender passion”; Pushkin has a different attitude towards women; real passion and love are available to him. The world of Onegin and Pushkin is a world of social dinners, luxurious entertainment, drawing rooms, balls, this is the world of high-ranking persons, this is the world of high society, which is far from easy to get into. Reading the novel, we gradually understand Pushkin’s attitude towards secular society and the noble class, to which he himself belongs by birth. Petersburg high society he sharply criticizes for falsehood, unnaturalness, and lack of serious interests. The author treats the local and Moscow nobility with ridicule.
He writes: It’s unbearable to see in front of you just a long row of dinners, to look at life as a ritual, and to follow the orderly crowd, without sharing with it neither common opinions nor passions... It’s not easy for Pushkin to live, much more difficult than for Onegin. Onegin is disappointed in life, he has no friends, no creativity, no love, no joy, Pushkin has all this, but no freedom - he is expelled from St. Petersburg, he does not belong to himself. Onegin is free, but why does he need freedom? He languishes both with her and without her, he is unhappy because he does not know how to live the life that Pushkin lives. Onegin doesn’t need anything, and that’s his tragedy. If Pushkin enjoys nature, then Onegin is not given this, because he clearly sees that “in the village there is the same boredom.” Pushkin sympathizes with Tatyana, who lives among the “wild nobility” in the village, and then in the high society of St. Petersburg, about which she says that this is “the rags of a masquerade,” and not only sympathizes, he writes: “I love my dear Tatyana so much.” Because of her, he comes into conflict with public opinion.
In one of the lyrical digressions, the author reveals to us his ideal of a woman who “is gifted from heaven with a rebellious imagination, a living mind and will, and a wayward head, and a fiery and tender heart.” Pushkin admits that he sacredly cherishes Tatiana’s letter and cannot read enough of it. Many lines of the novel reveal to us the biography of the author, the beginning of his creative path, the names of his idols, the events of the literary struggle, a reflection of the sentiments of social groups and literary groups. Many of the poet’s lyrical digressions are dedicated to cultural life Russia at the beginning of the nineteenth century. From these lines we learn that the poet was an ardent theatergoer.
He writes about the theater: “There, under the shade of the wings, my younger days rushed.” Thinking about the meaning human existence, about the importance of youth in the life of every person, Pushkin says with bitterness: But it’s sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that they cheated on it all the time, that it deceived us. Finishing the novel, Pushkin again turns his gaze to those whom he loved in his youth, to whom he remained faithful in heart. No matter how different Pushkin and Onegin may be, they are from the same camp; they are united by dissatisfaction with the way Russian reality works. The smart, mocking poet was a real citizen, a man who was not indifferent to the fate of his country. Many of Pushkin's friends believed that he transferred his features to Lensky and portrayed himself in him.
But in lyrical digressions, Pushkin shows an ironic attitude towards Lensky. He writes about him: “He would have changed in many ways, would have parted with the muses, gotten married in the village, happy and horned, would have worn a quilted robe.” Pushkin dreamed of making Onegin a Decembrist, and this reflected all his respect for his hero. "Eugene Onegin" is the first realistic Russian novel. It depicts secular society with its thoughts, actions, laws. And although Onegin, Lensky, Olga, Tatyana are fictional characters, they appear before us as if they were alive.
Pushkin made his heroes and their characters typical of that era, and it is this typicality that allows us to perceive them as real people who once existed. In addition, Pushkin introduces his heroes into the circle of real people. So, Tatyana meets Vyazemsky at the ball, and among Onegin’s friends are Chaadaev, Kaverin and Pushkin himself. Pushkin appears alongside the characters not only as a narrator, but as a character in the novel. He is a friend of Onegin, whom he met and became friends in St. Petersburg. He loves Tatyana, “sacredly cherishes” her letter to Onegin. He kept Lensky's poems just in case. Talking about his friends and acquaintances, Pushkin does not indifferently, calmly contemplate the events of their lives, but takes a lively part in their fate, understands them, responds to their experiences with love, sympathy, sometimes ironizes, makes fun of them, and even strictly condemns them actions. So, for example, Pushkin doesn’t like what Onegin accepted.
Lensky's challenge: He could reveal his feelings, And not bristle like an animal; He had to disarm the Young Heart... Onegin is Pushkin’s friend, who “liked his features.” But Onegin and Pushkin are not the same thing. Before Pushkin, poets and writers endowed their heroes with their own qualities, they showed their own inner world, only under someone else’s mask.