The history of Belarus dates back to the Stone Age. The presented chronology shows how past events shaped modern Belarus
Belarus in the Stone Age (100,000 – around 3,000 BC)
On the territory of Belarus primitive man appeared approximately 100–35 thousand years ago.
The oldest settlements of Stone Age people were discovered in the territory Gomel region. A Paleolithic site near the village of Yurovichi (Kalinkovichi district) existed approximately 26 thousand years ago, near the village of Berdyzh (Chechersky district) - 24–23 thousand years ago. Traces of ancient cultures have also been found in Brest, Mogilev, Grodno and Minsk areas.
Belarus in the Bronze Age
(turn of the 3rd and 2nd millennium – 8th–6th centuries BC)
Artifacts dating back to the Bronze Age have been found throughout Belarus.
Belarus in the Iron Age and the Early Middle Ages
(8th–7th centuries BC – 8th century AD)
During the Iron Age in the territory modern Belarus in the basins of the Dnieper, Dvina and Pripyat rivers there were settlements belonging to archaeological cultures:
Milograd culture
Pomeranian culture
Dnieper-Dvina culture
Hatched Ware culture
The first political associations on the territory of Belarus (VI – XIII centuries)
The Slavs began to penetrate into the territory of modern Belarus in the first centuries of our era. Over several centuries, they settled throughout the region, gradually assimilating the Baltic tribes living on these lands. In the VI-IX centuries. at Eastern Slavs The first political associations are formed - tribal unions. By the 9th century. refers to the first chronicle mention of the city of Polotsk and Principality of Polotsk, which existed on the territory of modern Vitebsk and the northern part of the Minsk region and dominated the region until the 13th century.
Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Zhemoitsk (XIII–XVI centuries)
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia and Zhemoitsk (GDL) was a powerful power that included the lands of modern Belarus, Lithuania, Kyiv, Chernigov and Volyn regions of Ukraine and western Russia from the Baltic to the Black Sea.
The rise of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began during the reign of the prince Mindovga in the 13th century For several centuries, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania played a major role in European politics. The influence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania began to wane only after a series of wars in the 16th century.
In 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland signed Union of Lublin: on equal terms, the Principality and the Crown united into a federal state - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A new era has begun in Belarusian history.
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
This was a particularly turbulent era in Belarusian history. The state was torn apart by internal contradictions; it was constantly drawn into wars, including:
1654–1667 – war with Russia
1700–1721 – Northern War (Sweden and Russia)
As a result of endless wars, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was greatly weakened and ceased to exist as an independent state. Its territories in 1772, 1793 and 1795 were divided between Russia, Austria and Prussia.
Russian Empire (1772–1917)
As a result of three divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Belarusian lands became part of the Russian Empire. In its new territories, the Russian government began to actively pursue policies Russification.
At the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries Several serious conflicts occurred on the territory of Belarus:
uprising led by Tadeusz Kościuszko(1794)
invasion of Napoleon's army (1812)
Polish uprising(1830–1831)
national liberation uprising led by Kastus Kalinouski(1863–1864)
IN 1880s in St. Petersburg, Belarusian students founded the revolutionary organization " Gomon" She became the predecessor first Belarusian national political party "Community", formed in 1903 year.
In 1906 began in the Russian Empire Stolypin agrarian reform. One of the measures of the reform was the massive forced resettlement of peasants (in 1906–1916, more than 335.4 thousand people) from Belarus to Siberia.
First World War (1914–1918)
1915–1916– Bloody battles took place between German and Russian troops on the territory of Belarus.
March 3, 1918 – signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which marked the exit of Soviet Russia from the First World War. The occupation of Belarus by German troops lasted until December 1918.
Revolution in Russia (1917–1919)
March 1917- The revolution in Russia forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate the throne.
November 1917 – October Revolution - power in Russia passes to Bolsheviks.
March 1918- The Belarusian People's Republic (BPR) was proclaimed. It existed for less than a year until the withdrawal of German troops from the territory of Belarus.
January 1, 1919- proclaimed Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Russo-Polish War (1919–1921)
1921. – signed Riga Peace Treaty, according to which the western territories of Belarus went to Poland, on eastern territories The Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic was revived.
1921–1941
1922 – The Belarusian SSR became part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
1921–1928 – in Belarus, as well as throughout the Soviet Union, the New economic policy(NEP).
1921–1939 – Polish authorities in Western Belarus actively pursued a policy of polonization.
1932–1933 – hunger caused by Soviet economic policy, and the introduction collective agriculture (collective farms).
1936–1940 – period of Stalinist repressions. More than 86,000 Belarusians suffered from political repression. About 28,000 were shot in the Kuropaty tract near Minsk.
World War II and Great Patriotic War (1939–1945)
September 17, 1939– The Red Army entered Western Belarus, as a result of which these territories were included in the BSSR.
June 1941– started Great Patriotic War.
June–July 1941 – defenders' resistance the German invaders lasted 6 weeks.
September 1941– Belarus completely occupied by the German army. The occupiers began to establish the so-called new order based on terror.
June 1941– created Minsk ghetto, into which later, in addition to the Belarusian ones, they were placed German and Czech Jews. Mass executions of ghetto prisoners were carried out in Tuchinki immediately before the destruction of the ghetto in October 1943.
1941–1943 – Holocaust in Belarus. The mass murder of Jews by German troops continued until the end of the occupation.
end of 1941-a partisan movement begins to unfold in Belarus, which by 1944 becomes the most massive in Europe.
1943. - Minsk underground fighters killed main German protégé in Belarus, Commissioner General of Cuba.
end of June – July 1944– during Operation Bagration, the territory of Belarus was completely liberated by the Red Army from the fascist occupiers. July 3 Minsk was liberated.
February 1945– based on the results Yalta conferences, in which, among others, the issue of the territories of Poland was resolved, the lands of Western Belarus, with the exception of the Bialystok region, remained part of the BSSR.
May 1945- The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people against the Nazi invaders ended.
Recent history
1945. – Belarus was admitted to the founding members of the United Nations ( UN).
1954. – Belarus joined the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO).
April 1986– accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, as a result of which a large territory of Belarus was damaged.
July 27, 1990– The Supreme Council of the BSSR adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic.
August 25, 1991– giving the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic the status of a constitutional law, which actually proclaimed the independence of the BSSR.
December 8, 1991- at a meeting of the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus in Viskuli (Brest region), the termination of the existence of the USSR was officially announced.
March 15, 1994– The Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus adopted a new law, which introduced the institution of the presidency.
1994– the elections of the first President of the Republic of Belarus in the history of an independent state took place in Belarus. Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko was elected as the candidate. The inauguration of the head of state took place on July 20, 1994.
May 14, 1995– parliamentary elections and the first referendum in the history of sovereign Belarus – on the issues of giving the Russian language equal status with the Belarusian language, establishing a new State flag and State emblem Republic of Belarus, economic integration with the Russian Federation...
April 2, 1996– The Presidents of Belarus and Russia Alexander Lukashenko and Boris Yeltsin signed the Agreement on the Formation of the Community of Belarus and Russia, and on April 2, 1997, an agreement was signed on the Union of the Republic of Belarus and Russian Federation. This date is celebrated as .
October 19-20, 1996– the First All-Belarusian People's Assembly was held, which later became an important public institution, when delegates from all over the country gather to discuss the main directions of the socio-economic development of the republic.
November 24, 1996- a republican referendum took place. Amendments and additions were made to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus: on the creation of a bicameral Parliament and the expansion of the powers of the President. was moved to July 3 - the day of the liberation of Belarus from the Nazi invaders in the Great Patriotic War.
December 8, 1999– the Treaty on the Establishment of the Union State of Belarus and Russia was signed, and the Action Program for the implementation of its provisions was adopted.
October 10, 2000– Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed an agreement on the formation of the Eurasian Economic Community ( EurAsEC).
November 27, 2009– the heads of three states – Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia – signed documents on the creation of the Customs Union.
November 18, 2011– the Declaration on Eurasian Economic Integration was adopted, and on January 1, 2012, the agreement between Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan on the Common Economic Space came into force ( EEA).
July 22, 2012– the Belarusian Earth remote sensing satellite was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan (BKA). Belarus has become a space power.
May 29, 2014– agreement on creation Eurasian Economic Union signed in Astana by the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia - Alexander Lukashenko, Nursultan Nazarbayev and Vladimir Putin. The document came into force on January 1, 2015.
On August 5, 1772, the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth took place. Austria received Galicia, Prussia received Western Prussia, and Russia received Belarus.
Russians and Belarusians admit: we differ little from each other. But still we are different. How Belarus was formed and what makes it unique
History of White Rus'
The ethnonym “Belarusians” was finally adopted by the Russian Empire in the 18th century. 19th centuries. Together with the Great Russians and Little Russians, the Belarusians, in the eyes of autocratic ideologists, constituted a triune all-Russian nationality. In Russia itself, the term began to be used under Catherine II: after the third partition of Poland in 1796, the empress ordered the establishment of the Belarusian province on the newly acquired lands.
Historians do not have a consensus on the origin of the toponyms Belarus, Belaya Rus. Some believed that White Russia was the name given to lands independent of the Mongol-Tatars (white is the color of freedom), others attributed the name to white color clothes and hair local residents. Still others opposed white Christian Rus', black pagan. The most popular version was about Black, Red and White Rus', where the color was compared with a certain side of the world: black - with the north, white - with the west, red - with the south.
The territory of White Rus' extended far beyond the borders of present-day Belarus. Since the 13th century, foreigners-Latins called North-Eastern Rus' White Russia (Ruthenia Alba). Western European medieval geographers almost never visited it and had a vague idea of its boundaries. The term was also used in relation to the Western Russian principalities, for example, Polotsk. In the XVI – XVII centuries the concept of “White Rus'” was assigned to the Russian-speaking lands in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the northeastern lands, on the contrary, began to be opposed to White Rus'.
The annexation of Ukraine-Little Russia to Russia in 1654 (do not forget that, along with the Little Russian lands, part of the Belarusian ones were also annexed to Moscow) provided state ideologists with an excellent opportunity to put forward the concept of the brotherhood of three peoples - Great Russian, Little Russian and Belarusian.
Ethnography and potato pancakes
However, despite official ideology, Belarusians had no place in science for a long time. The study of their rituals and folk customs was just beginning, and the Belarusian literary language took the first steps. Stronger neighboring peoples who were experiencing a period of national revival, primarily the Poles and Russians, laid claim to White Rus' as their ancestral homeland. The main argument was that scientists did not perceive the Belarusian language as an independent language, calling it a dialect of either Russian or Polish.
Only in the 20th century was it possible to identify that the ethnogenesis of the Belarusians took place on the territory of the Upper Dnieper, Middle Podvinia and Upper Ponemania, that is, on the territory of modern Belarus. Gradually, ethnographers identified the original aspects of the Belarusian ethnic group and, in particular, Belarusian cuisine. Potatoes in Belarusian lands took root back in the 18th century (unlike the rest of Russia, which knew the potato reforms and riots of the 1840s) and by the end of the 19th century, Belarusian cuisine was replete with an assortment of potato dishes. Draniki, for example.
Belarusians in science
Interest in the history of Belarusians, the emergence of the first scientifically based concepts of the origin of the ethnic group is a matter of the beginning of the 20th century. One of the first to take on it was Vladimir Ivanovich Picheta, a student of the famous Russian historian Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky. Based on the settlement of the Slavs according to the Tale of Bygone Years, he suggested that the ancestors of the Belarusians were the Krivichi, as well as the neighboring tribes of the Radimichi and Dregovichi. As a result of their consolidation, the Belarusian people emerged. The time of its origin was determined by the separation of the Belarusian language from Old Russian in the 14th century.
The weak side of the hypothesis was that the chronicled tribes have been disappearing from the pages of the chronicles since the middle of the 12th century and it is difficult to explain the two-century silence of the sources. But the beginning of the Belarusian nation was laid, and not in last role due to the beginning of the systematic study of the Belarusian language. In 1918, a teacher at Petrograd University, Bronislav Tarashkevich, prepared his first grammar, normalizing spelling for the first time. This is how the so-called Tarashkevitsa arose - a language norm later adopted in the Belarusian emigration. Tarashkevitz was contrasted with the 1933 grammar of the Belarusian language, created as a result of the language reforms of the 1930s. There was a lot of Russian in it, but it gained a foothold and was used in Belarus until 2005, when it was partially unified with the Tarashkevitsa. As a noteworthy fact, it is worth noting that in the 1920s, on the official flag of the BSSR, the phrase “Workers of all countries unite!” was written in as many as four languages: Russian, Polish, Yiddish and Tarashkevich. Tarashkevitsa should not be confused with Tarasyanka. The latter is a mixture of Russian and Belarusian languages, found everywhere in Belarus even now, more often in cities.
Belarusians from Old Russian people
After the Great Patriotic War The national question in the USSR became greatly aggravated and on this basis, to prevent interethnic conflicts, the ideology of the Union began to widely use a new supranational concept - “Soviet people”. Shortly before this, in the 1940s, researchers of Ancient Rus' substantiated the theory of the “Old Russian nationality” - a single cradle of the Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian peoples. There were few similarities between these two concepts, but their active use by the USSR during this period is striking. Such features of the Old Russian people as “common territory, economy, law, military organization and, especially, a common struggle against external enemies with an awareness of their unity” can be safely attributed to Soviet society of the late 1940s - 1960s. Of course, ideology did not subordinate history, but the structures with which scientists-historians and political ideologists thought were very similar. The origin of Belarusians from the ancient Russian nationality removed weaknesses“tribal” concept of ethnogenesis and emphasized the gradual separation of the three peoples in the 12th – 14th centuries. However, some scientists extend the period of formation of the nationality until the end of the 16th century.
This theory is still accepted today. In 2011, at the celebration of the 1150th anniversary Old Russian state its provisions were confirmed by historians of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. During this time, it was supplemented by archeological data that showed active connections between the ancestors of Belarusians and the Balts and Finno-Ugric peoples (from which the versions of the Baltic and Finno-Ugric origins of the Belarusians were born), as well as a DNA study conducted in Belarus in 2005 - 2010, which proved the closeness of the three East Slavic peoples and large genetic differences between the Slavs and the Balts in the male line.
Another Rus'
In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which included in the XIII - 16th centuries almost the entire territory of modern Belarus, the Old Belarusian language (that is, Western Russian) was the first state language - all office work was carried out in it, records were written literary works and laws. Developing in a separate state, it was strongly influenced by Polish and Church Slavonic, but remained a book language. In contrast, spoken Belarusian, experiencing the same influences, developed primarily in rural areas and has survived to this day. The territory where the Belarusians were formed did not suffer so much from the Mongol-Tatars. The population constantly had to fight for their faith - Orthodoxy and against foreign culture. At the same time, much of Western European culture took root in Belarus faster and easier than in Russia. For example, book printing, started by Francis Skaryna almost 50 years earlier than in Muscovy. Finally, another important factor in the formation of the Belarusian people was the climate, milder and more fertile than in Middle lane Russia. That is why potatoes took root in Belarus 75–90 years earlier. The Belarusian national idea was formed later than that of other peoples and sought to resolve issues without conflicts. And this is her strength.
On March 25, 1918, representatives of national parties and movements announced the creation of an independent Belarusian People's Republic (BPR). After the departure of German troops, its territory was occupied by the Red Army. On January 1, 1919, the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus was proclaimed in Smolensk.
Since February 1919, the territory of Belarus became an arena Soviet-Polish war, during which Polish troops occupied Minsk in August 1919. The Red Army returned to Minsk in July 1920, and in 1921 a Soviet-Polish peace treaty was signed in Riga, under the terms of which the western part of modern Belarus went to Poland. In its eastern part, Soviet power was established and the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) was formed, which became part of the USSR on December 30, 1922.
In the 1920-1930s, a policy of industrialization and collectivization was carried out on the territory of Soviet Belarus, and new branches of industry and agriculture were formed. The language reform of 1933 strengthened the policy of Russification. During the years of Stalinist repression, tens of thousands of representatives of the intelligentsia, the cultural and creative elite, and peasants were shot or exiled to Siberia and Central Asia. Part of the intelligentsia emigrated.
Western Belarus, which went to Poland under the Treaty of Riga in 1921, was reunited with the BSSR in 1939, after the defeat of Poland.
Already at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, the territory of Belarus was occupied by German troops. In the occupied territories, partisan warfare was organized, and an underground existed. In 1943, an advisory body was created under the German occupation administration - the Belarusian Central Rada, which was entrusted with propaganda and some police functions. In the summer of 1944, Belarus was liberated by the Red Army.
According to data updated in 2001, every third resident of Belarus died during the war. In total, during the Great Patriotic War, German troops burned and destroyed 9,200 settlements. Of these, over 5,295 were destroyed along with all or part of the population during punitive operations. The victims of the three-year policy of genocide and “scorched earth” in Belarus were 2.230 million people.
The role of Belarus in the fight against invaders and the sacrifices made on the altar of victory over fascism gave it the right to take a place among the founding states of the UN.
In the second half of the 1940-1950s, the restoration of Belarus proceeded at a rapid pace. In the 1960-1980s, it developed as an integral part of the national economic complex of the USSR. Belarus was called one of the “assembly shops” of the Soviet economy.
After in 1795, after the third and final partition of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ceased to exist, and the territory of Belarus ceded to Russia, a policy of Russification began on these lands, aimed at eradicating local characteristics and close rapprochement with neighboring Russian regions . An administrative-territorial reform was carried out on these lands, which divided Belarus into five provinces: Mogilev, Minsk, Grodno, Vitebsk and Vilna. The provinces, in turn, were divided into districts, with a population of about 20-30 thousand in each. The provinces were part of two general governorates: Belarusian (Vitebsk and Mogilev provinces) and Lithuanian (Minsk, Grodno and Vilna provinces). The leaders of these administrative units- Governors General - had unquestioning power. The support of this power was a powerful administrative, political and military apparatus. One example of such unlimited power was the Belarusian Governor-General Z.G. Chernyshev, who even had his own throne, thereby emphasizing the fullness and greatness of his position for the General Government.
Within a month, after the publication of the order to annex these lands to the Russian Empire, the local population was sworn in. Those who refused to take the oath were ordered to leave the empire within three months, having first sold everything real estate. Fearing to ignore the important differences in the state and legal status of the people who inhabited these lands, the authorities left the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of 1588 as the main legislative document in the field of civil law. The local population could deal with issues of self-government, however main role in these processes was assigned to the royal proteges.
The Russian government's policies towards different social groups were different. Those representatives of the gentry who swore allegiance received all the rights and privileges of the nobility.
At the same time, magnates were deprived of the right to own their own armies and fortresses. To stabilize the situation, Russian land ownership was actively introduced. Estates with serfs, former estates of magnates who went abroad, former church estates - all this was given to Russian landowners. One of the largest owners in Belarus was Prince G.A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky (about 15 thousand peasants), Field Marshal P.A. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky (more than 11 thousand peasants), A.V. Suvorov (7 thousand). In total, during the reign of Catherine II and Paul I, about 200 thousand peasants were granted hereditary ownership 
.
Topics:provincesPaul IRzeczpospolitaRussian Empire
Republic of Belarus
The Republic of Belarus is a state in Eastern Europe. The population at the beginning of 2016 is 9,498,700 people, the territory is 207,600 km². It ranks ninety-third in terms of population and eighty-fourth in terms of territory in the world.
The capital and the most large city state - the city of Minsk. The official languages are Belarusian and Russian. Unitary state, presidential republic. On July 20, 1994, Alexander Lukashenko took over as president, who subsequently also won the elections of 2001, 2006, 2010 and 2015. Divided into 6 regions, the city of Minsk has the special status of a city of republican subordination.
Geographical location
The territory of Belarus is 207,600 km² (86th largest in area among the countries of the world). Located in Eastern Europe. Belarus is the largest by territory European state(of those entirely located in Europe), landlocked. Belarus borders (starting from the northeast, clockwise) Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia.
Climate
The climate of Belarus is temperate continental, transitional from maritime to continental, formed under the influence of Atlantic air masses. In winter, thaws are common. The average summer temperature ranges from +17° C in the north (July) to +18-19° C in the south. Precipitation falls evenly, increasing from south to north - from 500 mm in the south to 800 mm in the northwest. Maximum quantity precipitation usually falls in the autumn-winter period. In forested areas, the thickness of the snow cover can be 1-1.2 m.
Flora
Forests occupy about 2/5 of the country's territory. However, there are relatively few large forest areas on the territory of Belarus (the two largest are Belovezhskaya and Nalibokskaya Pushchas), but there are no treeless areas.
Fauna
The fauna combines representatives of deciduous forests, taiga and forest-steppe. Among the representatives of the fauna, the most common are wild boar, hare, elk, and beaver. The most popular and dangerous inhabitants of the forest are the wolf, bear, fox and lynx.
Stork, thrush, heron, crow, sparrow, tit, oriole, bullfinch - birds that reflect the flavor of Belarus.
There are many species of fish in the country as the country is rich water resources: rivers, lakes and reservoirs. The most common of them are: pike, roach, bream, crucian carp, perch.
The following are protected by the state: bison, marsh turtle, lynx, river beaver and pine marten. Insects are ubiquitous.
Bees, wasps, ladybugs, butterflies and earthworms are the insects that are most commonly found throughout the country.
Agriculture
Agriculture is a historically important sector of the local economy, contributing more than 7% of national GDP and employing more than 9% of the population. The main agricultural industry is farming and dairy farming. Main food crops: potatoes (6.9 million tons), sugar beets (4.8 million tons), wheat (2.5 million tons) In the past, the traditional forest industry for the republic plays a minor role in foreign trade- forest products and services were exported in 2013 for $144.8 million (0.39% of the country’s exports).
Transport, infrastructure, communications
Railways and road transport- the main types of transport communications in the country. Net railways is focused on the main highway passing through Orsha, Minsk and Brest, which connects Belarus with Moscow in the east and Warsaw in the west. The operational length of the tracks is 5512 km. In total, Belarus has more than 83,000 km of public roads and about 200,000 km of departmental roads (agricultural, industrial enterprises, forestry, etc.), including 10,000 km in cities and towns. At the same time, the density of country roads with hard surfaces is still quite low - 337 km per 1000 km² of territory. There are 261 cars per thousand inhabitants in Belarus. The river fleet carries out transportation along 1,500 km of navigable waterways (mainly in the Dnieper basin). Air transport is relatively poorly developed; The country's largest airport is located near Minsk. There are seven international airports in the country.
Declaration of independence of Belarus. Collapse of the USSR.
The events of August 19-21, 1991 in Moscow accelerated the process of collapse of the USSR. On August 25-26, 1991, an extraordinary session of the Supreme Council of the BSSR gave the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the BSSR the force of law, and also adopted a resolution on ensuring the political and economic independence of the Belarusian SSR. On September 19, 1991, the Supreme Council adopted the Law “On the Name of the Belarusian SSR”, according to which it became known as the “Republic of Belarus”, and in abbreviated form “Belarus”. State symbols The emblem “Pahonia” and a white-red-white flag were declared for the Republic of Belarus.
In August 1991, the Supreme Council of the BSSR temporarily suspended the activities of the CPB on the territory of the republic. Her property became the property of the state.
December 8, 1991 in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, in the government residence Viskuli (Pruzhansky district of the Brest region) the leaders of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine B. N. Yeltsin, S. S. Shushkevich, L. M.
Kravchuk, ignoring the will of their peoples expressed at the all-Union referendum on March 17, 1991, denounced the 1922 Treaty on the formation of the USSR and thereby finally destroyed a large and powerful state. Soviet Union ceased to exist. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was created on the ruins of the USSR. The documents signed at the meeting in Viskuli were approved by the Supreme Councils of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, the majority of whose deputies were former communists.
On December 21, 1991, at a meeting in Almaty, the leaders of 11 republics former USSR signed the Declaration on the Formation of the CIS. All former Soviet republics except Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia became members of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
In connection with the demise of the USSR, on December 25, 1991, USSR President M. S. Gorbachev resigned. The red flag of the USSR over the Kremlin was replaced by the tricolor Russian one. Perestroika, begun in order to improve socialism, ended in its destruction.
The name “Belaya Rus”, recorded in writing, was first found in documents in the second half of the 13th century. Until now, scientists have not come to a conclusion unanimous opinion regarding the interpretation of the term “White Rus'” - probably this name referred to the lands of Western Rus', independent of either the Mongol-Tatars or the Lithuanian feudal lords. Later, all Western Russian lands began to be called this way, but the name of the country and people (Balarus, Belarusians) was finally fixed only in late XIX century.
In the 9th-10th centuries, the Krivichi, Dregovichi and Radimichi who lived in this territory became part of Kievan Rus, but by the end of the 11th century the principalities of Polotsk (occupied half of the territory of modern Belarus), Turov, Pinsk, etc. stood out. Under Vseslav Bryachislavich (Sorcerer) - the great-grandson of Rogneda Vladimir Svyatoslavich - the Principality of Polotsk became one of the powerful states in Europe. Since the 13th century, Belarus was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The borders of the new power, which included the territories of modern Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine, and part of the western lands of Russia, extended from the Baltic to the Black Sea. In 1569, Lithuania and Poland united to form the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which, after existing for more than two centuries, fell as a result of divisions between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Prussia.
The Russian Empire inherited a vast territory, including Belarus. In 1917, Soviet power was proclaimed in the country, and two years later the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belarus, SSRB, was formed (it soon became known as the BSSR). Modern name— The Republic of Belarus — the country received in 1991, when its independence was proclaimed.
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How old is Belarus?
Belarus or the Republic of Belarus is a state located in Eastern Europe. This country with its modern system arose in 1991, on December 26th. If you think about how old Belarus is, it’s not that long - only 24 years (in 2015), if you count from the day it acquired independence from the USSR. This date is celebrated as the country's Independence Day, because on this day the main document was adopted - the Constitution of the Republic. The republic changed its name from the BSSR to the Republic of Belarus in 1991, namely on September 19.
If we count how many years Belarus has been since its founding as a republic within the Russian Empire (in 1918, March 25), then this country will soon celebrate its centenary. You can also count from the acquisition of the status of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic by Belarus, namely: from March 1924 and from December 1926 (the dates of the annexation of the Vitebsk, Gomel and Smolensk provinces).
For the curious, who are interested in the population of the republic, we advise you to read our article How many people are there in Belarus.
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BELARUS. STORY
In the 7th-6th centuries. BC e. Representatives of the Milograd culture (an ancient Slavic group) moved from the south to the territory of present-day Belarus. In the 1st century BC Representatives of another Slavic group appeared - the Zarubintsy culture. Slavic tribes The Dregovichi, Radimichi and Krivichi were eventually assimilated by the Baltic people who lived before them on this land. By the 9th century the lands of Polotsk, Turovo-Pinsk, Smolensk and other principalities became part of the Old Russian state.
Lithuanian period. After the Mongol-Tatar invasion of 1237-1240, the Belarusian lands were captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, concluding alliances with local feudal landowners against common enemies - the Mongol-Tatars in the east and the Teutonic knights in the west. From the 14th century in the Teutonic chronicles the term “White Rus'” appears, and local tribes gradually unite into a single nation. In 1386 Grand Duke The Lithuanian became the Polish king and thus the ruler of a huge state that included the Baltic and Slavic peoples. The Belarusian language was the official and diplomatic language of Lithuania until 1569, when Lithuania united with Poland into a single state - the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Polish period. The union of Poland and Lithuania entailed increased Polish influence in the Belarusian lands. Both church and secular public institutions have changed. Orthodox Church, which represented the main religion in Belarus, was transformed into a Uniate by the Union of Brest in 1596, retaining the Byzantine ritual church service, but accepted Roman Catholic dogmas and the authority of the pope. Polish influence also manifested itself in the socio-economic sphere, as communal land ownership of Belarusians was replaced by individual land ownership, and peasants were enslaved. The noble elite quickly adopted the Polish language, Polish culture and the Roman Catholic faith. The peasants and urban common people retained the Belarusian language and culture and loyalty to the Uniate Church. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth reached the peak of its power at the beginning of the 17th century, when its lands stretched from the Baltic to the Black Sea, and Muscovite Rus' accepted the Polish prince Vladislav to the royal throne. The next century and a half passed in this region under the sign of wars between Russia, Poland and Sweden. Particularly destructive were the Russian-Polish war for Ukrainian lands (1654-1667) and the Northern War (1700-1721) between Russia and Sweden for access to Baltic Sea. As a result of violence, hunger and disease in these wars, about half of the population of Belarus died.
Russian period. The partitions of Poland in 1772, 1793 and 1795 by Russia, Prussia and Austria led to the inclusion of Belarusian lands into the Russian Empire. The Uniate Church was liquidated in 1839. In 1840, the Russian judicial code was introduced, and the use of the term Belorussia (Belarus) was prohibited. Belarus became part of the “Northwestern Region” of the empire. The Belarusian nobility and some of the peasantry, under the leadership of Kastus Kalinowski, took part in the Polish-Lithuanian uprising of 1863. On the wave of liberalization public life In Russia in the 1860-1870s, publications began to appear in the Belarusian language. On March 24, 1918, the All-Belarusian Congress proclaimed the Belarusian People's Republic. After the German troops that occupied Belarus during the First World War left the country in December 1918, a united Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Republic. Following the Polish offensive in 1919 and a short war between Poland and Soviet Russia in 1920, Belarus was again divided. About 100 thousand sq. km of its territory went to Poland. In the remaining territory (107 thousand sq. km), where approx. 5 million Belarusians, the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) was proclaimed, which in 1922 became part of the USSR.
Soviet period. At the end of the 1920s, Stalin began to pursue a course of Sovietization of Belarus. Industrialization and collectivization in the 1930s uprooted hundreds of thousands of Belarusians from the land, moving to the rapidly growing cities of Belarus and the eastern USSR. In 1950, their number in the cities of Belarus exceeded the proportion of others ethnic groups(Russians, Poles and Jews). As a result of the Nazi German invasion and occupation during World War II, Belarus suffered enormous damage. When the republic was liberated in 1944 by the Soviet army and partisans, all its cities lay in ruins, all industrial enterprises were destroyed, and 2225 thousand people (every fourth resident of the republic) died. After the war, Belarus began to rebuild and by the 1970s had become a developed economic region of the USSR. With urbanization and industrial growth, the process of assimilation of Belarusians intensified. The state policy of enlightenment and education contributed to this process, because The circulation of Russian-language publications increased, and in the vast majority of schools, Russian became the main language of instruction. In the 1990 elections, the Communist Party managed to gain a majority of seats in the Supreme Council. However, the participation of other forces split the parliament into three blocs: the nomenklatura of the Communist Party; anti-communist BPF; moderate intellectuals and ordinary members of the Communist Party. The first of these blocs supported the putsch in Moscow in August 1991, and after its failure, the leader of the bloc, Nikolai Dementey, was forced to resign as chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Council of the republic. His place was taken by the leader of the moderates Stanislav Shushkevich.
Independent Belarus. On August 25, 1991, the Supreme Council proclaimed the independence of the BSSR; Within a few weeks, the name of the country was changed to the Republic of Belarus. In December 1991, Shushkevich, Russian President B.N. Yeltsin and Ukrainian President L.M. Kravchuk met in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, annulled the 1922 Federative Treaty, according to which the Soviet Union was created, and united their countries into a free association called the Commonwealth of Independent States states (CIS). After a long struggle with the left, Shushkevich was forced in January 1993 to resign as chairman of the Supreme Council. He was replaced by Mieczysław Grib, who sought integration with Russia. In March 1994, a new constitution was adopted, and the first presidential elections were held in July. A.G. Lukashenko, former director state farm and deputy of the Supreme Council, who created a reputation for himself as a fighter against corruption, received more than 80% of the votes in these elections. In November 1996, Lukashenko held a referendum on amendments to the 1994 constitution, which expanded his powers and extended his term as president. On November 19, 1998, parliament approved the draft Civil Code with amendments made by the president. These changes are aimed at establishing strict government control over the implementation of economic and social reforms during the transition period. On July 20, 1999, Lukashenko’s term as president, defined by the 1994 constitution, ended, but, according to the results of the 1996 referendum, Lukashenko remained in office and plans to hold it until 2001. Western countries, unlike Ukraine and the Russian Federation, dispute the legitimacy of President Lukashenko, although He is popular among the population of the republic. All three Slavic states condemned the NATO invasion of Yugoslavia, and after the end of the operation, Belarus took an active part in the Zapad 1999 maneuvers conducted by the Russian armed forces. The Interregional Association of Economic Cooperation "Central Russia" has established direct economic ties with the Vitebsk, Gomel, Minsk and Mogilev regions of Belarus. In December 1999, an agreement was concluded between Belarus and Russia on the creation of the Union State.
Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .
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