Personal pronouns. Pronoun: examples. The possessive pronoun is an example. Demonstrative pronouns - examples

Each element of language performs its own special functions, so doing without certain words would be extremely inconvenient, and sometimes simply impossible. For example, a pronoun is one that is in demand in almost every sentence. This is an absolutely irreplaceable element of the Russian language, with which a certain number of rules are associated. In addition, there are several ways to classify pronouns that are also worth knowing. It's not that difficult to figure all this out.

What is a pronoun?

First of all, you should understand the exact term. A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces nouns, adverbs, numerals and adjectives, allowing you to point to these words without naming them specifically. When parsing, categories are distinguished by meaning and person, as well as non-constant features, including case, gender and number. As a rule, in a sentence, a pronoun performs the same role as the parts of speech that it replaces. Its use allows you to avoid repetitions and shorten sentences, which is especially convenient in oral speech. When both interlocutors know what the conversation is about, they do not have to constantly name the subject in full; it is enough to use a pronoun.

Classification by meaning and characteristics

Russian pronouns can be divided into two types of categories. The first is classification by meaning, and the second by grammatical features. Moreover, in some variants there are additional groups, but when pronouns are taught in school, 6th grade doesn't approach the topic as deeply. Therefore, many such additions remain unknown. So, according to their meaning, pronouns can be both personal and reflexive, as well as possessive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, definitive, negative and indefinite. In the expanded version, mutual and generalization are also added. According to their grammatical characteristics, they can be called generalized-subject, generalized-quantitative and generalized-qualitative. This classification considers how a part of speech relates to others: nouns, numerals, adjectives, adverbs. Each group is worth considering in detail.

Personal pronouns

This part of speech refers to the specific object, person or thing being discussed. The personal pronoun answers the questions “who?” So what?" It can be the first person - “I” or “we”, the second - “you” and “you”, and the third, when there is an indication of those who are not participating in the conversation - “he”, “she”, “it” " and "they". Previously, the Russian language also had the pronoun “one”, which was used for feminine plural objects. In a sentence, this part of speech serves as an object or subject. Pronouns change according to persons, numbers, gender and cases.

Reflexive pronouns

In language they demonstrate that the action is directed towards the subject. - this is a part of speech that has no form in the nominative case, but is declined in all other cases. In addition, it does not change according to numbers, persons and genders. In a sentence, such a pronoun plays the role of a complement. Reflexive verbs are derived from the historical forms of ordinary infinitives and the word "sya", which is an obsolete version of "oneself", for example, "to sit down" essentially means "to sit oneself down". Such expressions also mean an action directed at the speaker.

Possessive pronouns

Such words indicate that some object belongs to some subject. U may be different number, gender, person and case. In some forms they do not bend. Possessive pronoun may be in three persons. The first is “mine”, “mine”, “mine”, “our”, “ours”, “ours”, “ours”. The second is “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”, “yours”. Finally, the third is “his”, “her” or “their”. Please note that in this person the pronouns are not inflected.

Interrogative pronouns

In speech, they indicate persons, objects, quantities or signs. Used in interrogative sentences. Such pronouns include “who?”, “what?”, “which?”, “what?”, “whose?”, “which?”, “how many?”, “where?”, “when?”, “ where?", "from where?", "why?". Some of them change by number, case and gender. This applies, for example, to the pronoun “which?” Others remain unchanged and have no form. So, the pronoun “where?” never changes by case or number.

Relative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns

These include those with the help of which a sign or property of an object is described. A demonstrative pronoun is a part of speech that varies by case, gender and number. This includes “so much”, “this”, “that”, “such”, “such”, “here”, “here”, “here”, “there”, “from there”, “from here”, “then”, “therefore”, “then”. In addition, there are outdated options. These are words such as “this” and “this”.

Determinative pronouns

The attribute of the object of speech is their theme. The pronoun points to it, declines according to cases, changes according to numbers and genders. Definitive words include such words as “all”, “every”, “himself”, “all”, “each”, “most”, “other”, “any”, “all sorts”, “different”, “everywhere” , “everywhere”, “always”. Some of them are easily confused with adjectives, while others with adverbs. That is why this classification should never be forgotten.

Negative pronouns

Their meaning is associated with the absence of the object of discussion or its signs. Negative forms include “nobody”, “nothing”, “nobody”, “nothing”, “none”, “nobody”, “nowhere” and the like. The simplest analysis of pronouns allows us to notice that they are a combination of interrogatives or relatives with prefixes Not- or neither-. The first is used in stressed positions, and the second in cases without stress.

Indefinite pronouns

They are designed to express in speech the uncertainty of the characteristics, quantity or very essence of some objects. They are formed from an interrogative or relative variant using prefixes Not- or some-. For example, “something”, “someone”, “someone”, “some”, “several”, “something”, “somehow”. Postfixes are also used - That, -or, -someday, forming “anyone”, “how many” and similar pronouns. They have gender and number, and are declined according to cases.

Reciprocal pronouns

This group is not used in every classification. An ordinary school lesson on “Pronouns as a Part of Speech” may well not mention it. However, they exist and are used to express a relationship to two or more objects. There are a lot of such pronouns in the Russian language, each of them has variable forms. For example, mutual can be called “each other”, “for each other”, “each other”, “one for the other”, “from end to beginning”, “time after time”, “each other” and the like. They are used as objects in sentences.

General pronouns

Finally, last group, selected by value. A general pronoun is a part of speech that serves to indicate objects that have a common feature that does not express their quality. For example, they can be used to combine objects into pairs - using the word “both” or the combination “both”. You can emphasize identity with the words “same” and plurality with the words “each”, “every”, “all”. One way or another, such a pronoun must unite objects into some group.

This group is distinguished by grammatical features, in contrast to all of the above, divided by meaning. Such pronouns have syntactic and morphological features in common with nouns. So, you can ask them questions “who?” or “what?”, they serve as the object or subject of a sentence. They distinguish the categories of number, person, gender and case. Not everyone knows that the word “who” is masculine, and “what” is the average. This group includes all personal and reflexive pronouns, as well as some interrogative, relative, negative and indefinite pronouns, namely: “he”, “nobody”, “something”, “someone”, “she”, “they” and things like that.

Pronouns-adjectives

This part of speech indicates the attribute of an object. These pronouns have gender and number and can be declined according to cases. But this is not always true - “what” and “such” never change and can exclusively serve as a predicate. All the rest can serve as both definitions and an integral part of the predicate. The unchangeable adjective pronouns are the possessives “his”, “her”, “their”. This group also includes some demonstrative, interrogative, relative, negative and indefinite, and more specifically - “my”, “your”, “our”, “your”, “which”, “whose”, “most” and the like. Sometimes pronouns and adverbs are not separated from them. They indicate a sign, while characterizing actions. Pronouns of this group do not have number and gender, they are not declined by case and agree with verbs as adverbs, playing the role of adverbs in sentences. These include “there”, “where”, “where”, “when”, “so”. Some linguists do not distinguish them into a separate group at all, while others do not even classify them as such a part of speech.

Numeral pronouns

They indicate the number of items without telling them exactly. This group includes pronouns such as “as much” and “how many”, as well as all their derivatives, for example, “several”, “somewhat” or “somewhat”. All of them can be declined according to cases, but do not change according to numbers and genders. Agreement is carried out according to the same principle as with nouns. The role in the sentence is also the same - they are used as definitions.

§1. General characteristics pronouns as parts of speech

A pronoun is an independent part of speech. The pronoun is not significant part speech.
Pronouns are a class of words heterogeneous in meaning and grammatical features.

For a pronoun, it is important what words it can replace: nouns, adjectives or numerals. The morphological features and syntactic role of pronouns indicating objects, characteristics or quantity are similar to nouns, adjectives and numerals. Therefore, they are sometimes called “noun pronouns,” “adjective pronouns,” and “numeral pronouns.”

1. Grammatical meaning- “indication”.

Pronouns are words that answer different questions. The fact is that a pronoun can replace any name: a noun, an adjective, and a numeral. Pronouns do not themselves express the meaning of different names, but only indicate them.

2. Morphological characteristics:

• constants - rank in meaning, other features are different, they depend on what part of speech the pronoun relates to: a noun, adjective or numeral,
• changeable - case (for most pronouns), then differently for pronouns associated with nouns, adjectives and numerals.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence, as with nouns, adjectives and numerals.

§2. Places by value

1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
   
2. Returnable : myself
3. Possessives : my, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, yours
   
4. Demonstratives: , and also obsolete: this kind of (that kind of), this, that one
   
5. Definitive: all, every, every, any, other, other, most, himself, and also obsolete: all kinds, all kinds
6. Interrogative :
   
7. Relative : who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many
8. Indefinite: pronouns formed from interrogative-relatives using the prefixes not, some and suffixes -to, -or, -something: someone, something, several, some, something, anyone, anything, some, some etc. under.
9. Negative: no one, no one, nothing, nothing, none, no one's

In school practice, the categories of pronouns learn by heart. Believe me, guys are the worst at it definitive pronouns: not remembered and that’s it! They are somehow different.

Our website user O.V. Lobankova sent a poem including attributive pronouns.

I teach my lessons ALL day long,
I can handle ANY question.
But EVERY time when to the board
My name is, I'm all sad.
I am THE smartest, but I am shy;
ANOTHER is bolder than me, to envy.
NO other teacher even knows
Which “tortures” me EVERY time!

(Olga Lobankova)

1) a question word in interrogative sentences;
2) a conjunction word connecting parts complex sentences in a complex sentence.

Others consider them to be different words with different functions, but the same in form, i.e. homonyms. Proponents of this interpretation distinguish not one category, but two:

Interrogative
- relative

§3. Morphological features of pronouns associated with different names

Language allows us to avoid many unnecessary repetitions of the same words. This is possible, in particular, because the role of other words can be taken on by pronouns. They are able to replace names in sentences: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Let's look at an example:

Yaroslavl - beautiful city. Yaroslavl stands on the banks of the Volga.

If in the second sentence we replace the word Yaroslavl on a pronoun He, we will avoid repetition: He stands on the banks of the Volga.

If a pronoun can replace a noun, then it correlates with the noun, if an adjective, then with the adjective, and if a numeral, then with the numeral.

1. Pronouns associated with nouns

This group includes:

• all personal pronouns
• return: self ,
• interrogative-relative: who, what ,
• indefinite: someone, something, someone, something, etc.,
• negative: nobody, nothing .

Morphological characteristics these pronouns are similar to morphological characteristics nouns They also have gender, number and case. And personal pronouns also have an unchangeable feature of person.

Pronouns, like nouns, do not change by gender. In some words, belonging to a gender is expressed by endings: he - she - it, other indicators have no genus. But often the gender can be determined from the context. Singular forms of the adjective help. or past tense verbs, for example: someone came, someone unfamiliar, something big. Thanks to syntactic connections, we know that the word Who- m.r., a What- average. Pronouns I And You- general kind, compare: I already an adult. I already an adult.

Number

Pronouns have a constant sign of number. I And We, You And You, He And They- This different words. The peculiarity of pronouns corresponding to nouns is that they do not change in number.

Case

Pronouns change by case, i.e. bow down.
But:

• at the reflexive pronoun myself, negative no one, nothing no I.P. form,
• someone there are only forms of I.p.,
• at an indefinite pronoun something there are forms I. and V.p.

Face

Personal pronouns have a person. Pronouns do not change according to persons.

Syntactic role in a sentence, like a noun. For example:

Nobody nothing won't know.

Nobody- subject, Nothing- addition.

Myself cannot be subject. The second feature is that myself can be included in the predicate along with the verb. The pronoun in this case does not add any other meaning other than reflexivity.

2. Pronouns associated with adjectives

This group includes:

• all possessive pronouns
• demonstrative: almost all pronouns of this category,
• all attributive pronouns,
• four interrogatives and relatives: which, which, which, whose,
• indefinite, formed from which, which, whose: any, some etc.
• negative: none, no one's

Like adjectives, the pronouns associated with them change in gender, number and case, consistent with the noun to which they refer.
The exception is possessive pronouns her, him, used in singular and pronoun their, used in plural. These are unchangeable words. Examples:

I.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
R.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
D.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
V.p. her, him, them sister, brother, society
etc. her, him, them sister, brother, society
P.p. (O) her, him, them sister, brother, society

I.p. her, his, their sisters, brothers, windows, etc.

Examples show that possessive pronouns her, him And their themselves do not change. Nouns help determine their grammatical form.

Pronouns what, such, formally coinciding with short adjectives, like them, they change according to gender and number.

What father, what is mother, what's it like state, what are laws, that's how it is son, that's how it is daughter, that's how it is society, these are customs.

Syntactic role in a sentence predominantly a definition, less often part of a predicate. For example:

Mine, yours- definitions.

Without hard work ability nothing.

Nothing- part of the predicate. (Zero connective to be)

3. Pronouns associated with numerals

This is a small group of pronouns, which include the words how many, so many and their derivatives: several, how many, etc.

Like numerals, these pronouns change by case. They have no gender or number characteristics. Like numerals, they, being in the form I. and V.p. control the form of a noun: they require a noun after themselves. in the form of R.p. plural, for example: several apples, so many kilograms. In other cases they agree with the nouns in the case, for example: several apples, so many kilograms, (about) so many kilograms.

Like numerals, in a sentence such pronouns serve the same role as the noun to which the pronoun refers. For example:

Several apples were on the table.

Several apples- subject.

He ate several apples.

Several apples- addition.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Can pronouns replace verbs?

2. Is it correct to believe that the syntactic role of a pronoun in a sentence can be the same as that of the nouns, adjectives or numerals that it replaces?

3. Which feature is characteristic of personal pronouns that other pronouns do not have?

   • Case
   • Numbers

4. Is the person of personal pronouns a constant (unchangeable feature)?

5. What case form does the reflexive pronoun not have? myself?

6. What part of speech do pronouns relate to? how much, how much?

   • With nouns
   • With adjectives
   • With numerals

7. Which case forms do pronouns not have? no one, nothing?

8. someone?

   • All except I.p.

9. What forms does the pronoun have? something?

   • I.p. and V.p.
   • Only I.p.
   • Only V.p.

10. What category do pronouns belong to: this, that, such, such, so much?

    • Definitive
    • Undefined
    • Index fingers

11. How many pronouns are there in the example: Treat every person the way you would like everyone to treat you.?

Correct answers:

1. With numerals
2. I.p. and V.p.
3. Index fingers

MEANING AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF PRONOUNS

Pronoun – a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them. An icy stream snaked along the ravine, behindhim lay the village of Dubrovitsy. The battle stopped after an hour.He sometimes it still flared up here and there, then completely died down. Same pronoun He V different offers points to an object, but does not name it. The lexical meaning of this pronoun is determined by the context. In the first sentence He- This stream, in the second – fight.

Some kind of a man, sitting on the ground two steps away from him, fired into the sky from a revolver. Pronoun some kind indicates a sign, but does not directly correlate with a specific word. It can be replaced with any adjective ( stranger, unknown, stranger, strange, young, old etc.).

Suddenly they jumped out of the forestsome man and began to frantically wave his arms. Pronoun some indicates the number of items, but does not name a specific number. It can be replaced by any numeral ( five, eight, ten, thirty, nine, eleven etc.).

Pronouns indicating objects ( I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they, yourself, who, what, someone, something, anyone, anything, anyone, anything, someone, something, someone, something, no one, nothing, no one, nothing), have some characteristics of nouns. Pronouns someone, anyone, anyone, someone, somebody, he indicate masculine nouns, she– female, it, that, something, anything, anything, something, something, nothing– neuter. Pronouns me, you indicate masculine or feminine persons ( I did, I did, you decided, you decided).

Pronouns me, you, you, we, who indicate animate objects, and What- to inanimate ones.

Some of these pronouns have singular and plural forms: he, it, she, they.

All these pronouns change by case. Their case forms retain traces of changes in pronouns in distant times, For example: you - about you; you - about you; she is about her etc. That is why almost every pronoun changes in its own way.

Pronouns that indicate a characteristic ( my, yours, ours, yours, yours, that, this, such, such, such, every, every, any, all, whole, different, other, himself, most, which, which, whose, which, some, some, any, someone's, anyone's, anyone's, some, some, some, no, none, nobody's), have grammatical features of adjectives. They change by case, number and gender, and agree with nouns: any book, any subject, any work, any news, about any work etc. Unlike adjectives, they do not have a short form.

There are very few pronouns indicating quantity: how much, as much, several, somewhat, not at all. They change only by case.

The initial form of pronouns is the nominative singular.

In a sentence, pronouns are used as subjects, modifiers, objects, and, less often, adverbials: If you knew... if you understood what a great thing we are doing! Something close to envy touched the mother’s heart. Someone’s strong hand squeezed the mother’s fingers, someone’s voice spoke excitedly: “Your son will be an example of courage for all of us.” She was searched several times, but always the day after the sheets appeared at the factory. you, we, something are the subjects (who? you, we, something); pronouns ( For) us, her,(after) that - additions ( example for whom? – for us, searched whom? – her, appeared after what? – After that); pronouns what (business), someone’s (hand), someone’s (voice), your (son), all (us), another (day) – agreed upon definitions, they all answer the question which?; pronoun several (times) – circumstance.

The pronoun can be used as a predicate, but much less often: Now he's mine! I am like that myself - and I don’t boast about it beyond that. I know who you were. In these sentences the pronouns mine is the one who - predicates, they answer the questions what? Who is he?

CLASSES OF PRONOUNS BY MEANING

According to their meaning and grammatical features, pronouns are divided into several categories:

• - personal: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
• - returnable: myself
• - interrogative:
• - relative: who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many
• - undefined: ne who, ne what, ne which, ne how much, some, someone, anyone, anyone, some, some, any, any, how much, how much
• - negative: no one, nothing, no, no one's, ne whom, ne what
• - possessive: my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs
• - index: that, this, such, such, so much
• - definitive: all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, other, other

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Personal pronouns I And You indicate the participants in the speech. All I have to do is touch on mathematics,I I’ll forget everything in the world again.You Do you remember, Alyosha, the roads of the Smolensk region? The author talks about himself ( I... I'll forget, as soon as you touch me) or addresses the interlocutor ( do you... remember?..).

Pronouns he, she, it, they indicate the subject that is being spoken about, has been said before or will be spoken about. They serve to connect independent sentences in the text: The doctor was young and so tiny that she seemed like just a girl. Serpilin and Sintsov standing next to him, and everyone who was around, looked ather with surprise and tenderness or simple sentences in complex ones: Serpilin, leaning on a stick, hobbled to the stands,They were already almost full. Pronoun (on) her correlates with a noun doctor in the previous independent sentence. Pronoun They - with a noun stands in the first part complex sentence.

Pronouns we, you do not mean “many I”, “many you”. They point to the speaker or his interlocutor along with other persons.

Pronoun You may refer to one person. Iyou loved. Love, perhaps, has not completely died out in my soul. Predicate verb and short form adjectives and participles are used in the plural: You they wrote to me, don’t deny it; Darling, meYou didn't like;You , maybe we should bless fate for the fact that I don’t want to take off the mask; For thisYou already punished by me.

If the predicate is expressed by an adjective full form, then it is used in the singular: “ You he’s a literate person,” Serpilin finally said, breaking the painful silence for Sintsov. "Indeed,You I’m hungry!” - Yolkin caught himself.

Pronouns You And You can denote not a specific person, but any person:

Have you seenYou how a saffron milk cap walks under a pine roof in morocco boots...?;

Are there many sunrises?You met in the forest? No more than two or three, when, disturbing the dew on the blades of grass, he wandered aimlessly until dawn.

When personal pronouns are declined in indirect cases, completely new words sometimes appear ( I - me, you - you, she - her, they - theirs), sometimes there is an alternation of sounds at the root ( me - me, you - you etc.), but all these are forms of one word.

Declension of personal pronouns

1. Prepositions before, with, to, about (both) etc., standing before the forms of indirect cases of the pronoun I, used with O:in front me,with me,co to me,necessary me,about to me.

2. 3rd person pronouns he, she, it, they after prepositions have at the beginning n: at him, near her, near them, to him, behind her, near him, on her, between them, in front of her, under him, in him, from him etc.

3. N It is not used after the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs: faster than her, further than them, closer to him, more trusting than her, higher than them.

After prepositions thanks to, out of, despite, as a result of, contrary to, towards, according to, like n not used: thanks to her, outside of him, like him, towards them, according to him.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNMYSELF

Reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person being spoken about. As long as I rememberedmyself Serpilin, after civil war he studied almost all the time.

Pronoun myself does not have a nominative case form, in all oblique cases it changes as a pronoun You.

Pronoun myself has no form of person, number, gender. It can be applied to any person singular or plural, any gender: I saw the sky... I took off into it, measured it, experienced the fall, but did not crash, but only grew stronger inmyself I believe. (I... in myself). INmyself will you look in? There is no trace of the past. (You... into yourself). Everyone even became scared when they realized what kind of loneliness he condemnedmyself . (He... himself). She couldn't forgiveto myself that she left her daughter. (She... to herself). innocent people feltmyself guilty and nervous at every long stop. (People... themselves).

Reflexive pronoun myself in a sentence it can be an addition, sometimes a circumstance. And he curled up into a ball on the stone, proud of himself. (proud by whom? yourself). Sintsov jumped up and, sleepily, began to fumble around himself, looking for his cap. (fumble Where? around you).

INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Words that are answered by nouns (who? what?), adjectives (which? whose? what?), numerals (how many?), form a group of interrogative pronouns. " What will I do for people? - Danko shouted louder than thunder. Suddenly he turned to his mother: “Avdotya Vasilievna, andHow many how old is Petrusha?”

The same pronouns without a question, as well as the pronoun which serve to connect simple sentences within complex ones. This - relative pronouns.

In sentences containing a question, pronouns what, how much - interrogative. Let the fascists knowWhat a Russian patriot and Bolshevik is capable. Look,How many flat-bottomed scows lie on my shore,How many fishing nets are dried on oars arranged in trestles. Conjunctive words in complex sentences which, what, how much- relative pronouns.

Interrogative pronouns Who And What have no gender or number. Predicate verbs associated with them are used in the singular: Who is there a knock at the gate?What it's noisy thereWhat there it rings from afar early before the dawn?
Words associated with pronoun Who, used in masculine: Who did he say that?What - in neuter gender: What did I dream about this?

Pronouns which, which, whose change according to cases, numbers and genders and are declined like adjectives. They agree with nouns in case, number and gender.

Declension of pronounswho, what, whose

Pronoun DeclensionHow many

When parsing the sentence members, the pronoun How many together with the noun it controls is considered as one whole: Sasha cried when the forest was cut down, and even now she feels sorry for him to the point of tears.How many there were curly ones herebirch trees ! (How many birches - subject ).

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Indefinite pronouns ( ne who, ne what, ne which, ne how many, some, someone, anyone, anyone, some, some, any, any, someone's, anyone's, anyone's etc.) indicate uncertain objects, signs, quantity: Someone played the violin... the girl sang in a soft contralto voice, laughter could be heard; He was ready to go to the ends of the earth to doanything ; And from the darkness of the branches it looked at the walkingsomething scary, dark, cold; It became scary, as if in this silence there was silently lying in wait for him.some kind danger;Some For a while he sat motionless, listening with one ear to the noises and rustles of the night.

Someone, something, something, some, some - These are indefinite pronouns.

Indefinite pronouns are formed by adding prefixes to interrogative and relative pronouns something (something, some etc. ) And not-(ne who, ne what, ne How many etc. ) , which is always under stress, as well as suffixes -that, -either, -any (someone, anyone, anyone etc. ) .

Indefinite pronouns vary according to the type of pronouns from which they are formed. Pronouns someone, something, anyone, anyone, some, whose etc. change like interrogative and relative pronouns, while the endings of pronouns with suffixes -this, -either, -something in indirect cases they appear inside the word before the suffix: someone, someone, someone, someone, about someone; some, some, some, some, about some; someone's, someone's, someone's, anyone's, about someone's.

In indefinite pronouns with a prefix some Prepositions in indirect cases come after this prefix: from someone, about something, with someone, for something etc.
Pronoun ne Who has only one form of the nominative case: Livedsomeone a rootless man... Pronoun ne What has two forms - nominative and accusative case: Happenedsomething unexpected. I sawsomething unexpected.

Pronoun ne cue is outdated in modern language used rarely and, as a rule, only in the nominative case: Some The rich man, Mr. Kovalevsky, decided at his own risk and fear to build a water supply system for the city.

Pronoun ne How many changes like a pronoun How many. In the nominative and accusative cases it requires the placement after itself of nouns in the form genitive case, plural: More has passedsome anxious days; The boy was surprised that a policeman andsome civilian man.

In a sentence, indefinite pronouns are subjects: Someone came to your house (came ( Who? ) – someone); additions: I wanted to tell you about this for a long time, but I don’t remember, I was somehow entertained (entertained ( how? ) – something); definitions: My soul here is somehow compressed with grief (grief ( what? ) – somehow).

NEGATIVE PRONOUNS

Negative pronouns ( nobody, nothing, ne whom, ne what, no, no one's, not at all etc.) serve to deny the presence of any object, feature, quantity or to strengthen the negative meaning of the entire sentence.
They are formed from interrogative (relative) pronouns using an unstressed prefix neither- (nobody, nothing, no, no one's) and shock attachment not-(ne whom, ne what).

Pronouns ne whom, ne what do not have a nominative case.

Negative pronouns change by case, number, and in the singular - by gender. Pronoun nobody does not change either by number or by gender.
Pronouns no one, no one, no one, ne whom, ne what can be used with a preposition that comes after the prefix: from no one, on nothing, under no one, behind no one, not from anyone, not because of anything etc. Sintsov couldn’t do it for a long timeno one has to find out when the train to Minsk with which he was supposed to depart would leave.No one ask when it is your fault.

If the predicate has a particle Not, then a negative pronoun with neither reinforces the negative meaning of the entire sentence: INot I want to make you sadnothing ; Reallynobody nothing I didn't know.

Prefixed pronouns not-(ne what, ne whom) most often used in impersonal sentences in which the predicate is expressed indeterminate form verb: Well, yes, now do itnothing ; He had already told me everything about himself, and I wasnothing tell.

Negative pronouns in a sentence are subjects, objects, modifiers: Imagine, I'm here alone, no one understands me(nobody - subject). There was no one in the hallway, all the people came running to look at Kirila Petrovich(no one - addition). I tried to appear cheerful and indifferent, so as not to give any suspicion and avoid annoying questions (no - definition ) .

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Possessive pronouns my, yours, ours, yours, yours indicate which person the item belongs to.

Pronoun my indicates that the object belongs to the speaker himself: My friend Samad Virgun left Baku and arrived in London. Your indicates that the object belongs to the person with whom we are talking: Far away, in the mountains of the Urals,your the boy is sleeping. Ours, yours indicate that an object belongs to many persons or objects: Blood of righteous scarletour friendship is sealed forever; Which ones are temporary? Get off! It's overyours time.

Pronoun mine denotes that an object belongs to the speaker, or his interlocutor, or a third party, who are the subjects of the sentence: What do I want? For what purpose will I open my soul to you?my ? (I... mine). Those who did not wait cannot understand how waiting among the firehis you saved me. (You... yours). The dawn rises in the cold darkness; in the fields the noise of work fell silent; Withhis a hungry wolf comes out onto the road. (He... with his).

Possessive pronouns my, yours, ours, yours, yours change like adjectives, according to cases ( ours – ours – to ours, ours – to ours – about ours), numbers ( yours - yours) and childbirth ( my, my, mine). … Your sad noiseyour I heard a calling noise in last time. Why are you bowing over the waters, willow, top of your head?my ? October has already arrived - the grove is already shaking off last sheets from nakedtheir branches.

All of these pronouns in a sentence are agreed upon adjectives.

To indicate ownership, personal pronouns of the 3rd person in the genitive case form can be used his, her, theirs. Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant, renews the path on the wood;his The horse, sensing the snow, trudges along at a trot. Possessive pronoun him (horse) indicates that horse belongs peasant (horse) whose? – him, the peasant), it does not agree with the word horse ( compare: his horse, his steed, his bulls). It happened to the nightingale at the noisetheir fly in. Possessive pronoun their remains unchanged if we replace the noun ( their noise, their quarrel, their screams).

Difference between personal pronounshis, her, theirs from possessive pronounshis, her, theirs

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

Demonstrative pronouns that, this, such, such, so much, this ( outdated ) serve to distinguish a certain object, feature, or quantity from others. I would strictly forbidthis gentlemen to approach the capitals for a shot. Mother Nature! Wheneversuch Sometimes you didn’t send people to the world, the field of life would die out. AllThis It would be funny if it weren't so sad. How many goalsso many minds You listen to the roar of thunder, and the voice of the storm and waves, and the cry of rural shepherds - and send an answer; you don't have any feedback...That's how and you, poet!

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns that, such, such, so much used to form complex sentences: Less than ten minutes had passed when he appeared at the end of the squareThat the one we've been waiting for. In this case, they are demonstrative words in the main clause; in the subordinate clause, as a rule, they correspond to relative pronouns, which are allied words in it: ANDthe one who walks through life with a song,That will never disappear anywhere; Yes, patheticthe one in whom conscience is not clear;That the heart will not learn to love,which tired of hating; For every sip of water people had to pay Mr. Kovalevskyas much as he wishes.

Demonstrative pronouns are also a means of connecting independent sentences in the text: A person who wants to become a scientist must develop the ability to work hard as soon as possible.To this I would add one more quality, especially important for a scientist, - absolute honesty.

Pronouns that, this, such, this change in the same way as full adjectives - by case, number and gender: You're right: out of the fireThat whoever manages to spend a day with you will come out unharmed, breathe the air alone and his sanity will remain intact; Let Molchalin have a lively mind, a brave genius, but is there in himthat passion?That feeling? ardorthat so that, except for you, the whole world seems like dust and vanity to him; Herethose who lived to see their gray hairs; Am I really fromthose for whom the goal of life is laughter.

Pronoun that's how it is changes as short adjective (such, such, such, such), that is, by numbers and genders: Whom do I love?that's how it is : Molchalin is ready to forget himself for others; What a masterthat's how it is and business; What is Ustinya like?that's how it is she also has boots.

Pronoun so many changes like a cardinal number only in cases, agrees in all cases, except nominative and accusative, with nouns. In the nominative and similar accusative case, the pronoun so many requires the noun to be placed in the genitive case.

Demonstrative pronouns can be different parts of a sentence: He who was nothing will become everything. That - subject. Subtle hints of what no one knows. Hints for what? for that- addition. This is a small book with many heavier volumes. Which book? this - definition. The peculiarity of the local climate is such that winter immediately turns into summer. This is acts as a predicate.

DEFINITORY PRONOUNS

Determinative pronouns – all, every, every, every ( outdated ), each, himself, most, any, different, different.

Pronouns everyone, any, most indicate one item from a number of similar ones: Every those who are young, give them in your arms - join our ranks, friends!; It was him, that onemost sailor!;Any the work is good.

Pronoun any indicates any one of many similar objects: Learn to control yourself; Notany will understand you, like me; inexperience leads to trouble;Any The master's work is praised.

Pronouns all, everyone define an object as something inseparable: We, the young, echo that songall globe.

Pronoun myself indicates a person or thing that performs an action: Climbing on theO a big dream, hits the branches with a club andmyself he sings a daring, boastful song to himself.

Pronoun most, in addition to the meaning mentioned above, can mean highest degree sign, serve for education superlatives adjectives: The most big victory will come only to those who know how to control themselvesthe most small, invisible victories to others.

Declension of attributive pronouns

The accusative case of masculine and neuter singular and plural pronouns coincides in form with the nominative case if the pronoun refers to inanimate nouns, and with the genitive case if the pronoun refers to animate nouns.
Accusative case of feminine pronoun herself has two forms: most And myself Form herself used in colloquial speech.

The pronoun is an independent part of speech. Its peculiarity is that it indicates an object, property, quantity, but does not name them. The word “pronoun” itself speaks of the substitutive function of this part of speech. The term is a calque from the Latin pronomen, and it is from the Greek antonymia, which literally translates “instead of a name.”

Pronouns are some of the most common words. They occupy third place in terms of frequency of use. Nouns come first, verbs come second. However, out of the 30 most frequent words, as many as 12 are pronouns. 5 of them are personal, the rest are distributed among different categories. Third person pronouns occupy an important niche in the Russian language. There are 3 of them among the most frequent words - he, she, they.

Pronoun grades

At school, the topic of pronouns begins to be studied in the 4th grade.

There are such groups of pronouns as personal, possessive, reflexive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, demonstrative, attributive.

Personal pronouns denote a person or thing: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they.

Possessives indicate belonging to someone and answer the question: “Whose?” It's mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs and faceless - mine.

Returnable ( yourself, yourself) - to turn towards oneself.

Interrogative ( who, what, when etc.) are used in interrogative sentences.

Relative (the same who, what etc., but in subordinate clauses) play the role of allied words.

Uncertain (to something, somebody, some etc.) are used when we do not know the quantity, object or attribute.

Negative ( nobody, nobody, nowhere etc.) indicate the absence of all of the above.

Demonstratives direct our attention to specific objects and signs, and attributives ( myself, all, other etc.) - help to clarify them.

Face category

The category of person shows the relation of the action to the speaker. It is possessed by verbs and some pronouns. As you know, there are 3 persons. The first person indicates the speaker(s) or affiliation with the speaker(s): me, we, my, our. Second person - on the interlocutor(s) or belonging to the interlocutor(s): you, you, your, your. Third - indicates the object, phenomenon or person being discussed or belonging to this person(s). What pronouns refer to the 3rd person? He, she, it, they, his, her, theirs.

Personal and possessive pronouns have a category of person. Personal pronouns can be associated with nouns. They perfectly replace them in sentences and have the same categories: gender, number and case. They indicate an object, phenomenon or person and play the role of the subject in a sentence. And possessives are similar to adjectives. They also have gender, number and case, but agree with nouns and indicate the attribute of an object - its belonging.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns play a huge role in language. Every child’s self-awareness begins with the word “I.” As soon as the baby begins to talk about himself in the first person, and not in the third, calling himself by name, a new period of development begins. This usually occurs at three years of age.

Without the words “you” and “you” it would be much more difficult for us to address our interlocutor. And third person pronouns - he, she, it, they- shorten speech and help avoid unnecessary repetitions and unnecessary searches for synonyms.

The first person pronouns are I and we. Second - you and you. The third ones are the most numerous due to the presence of the genus category. There are as many as 3 third person singular pronouns - he, she, it. And only one in the plural - They. Just like adjectives, it is genderless and universal for all genders, so there is only one.

How are personal pronouns of the third person declined by case?
You can notice an interesting pattern. In indirect cases, third person pronouns have adjective endings -his(cf.: blue). However, the pronoun she genitive and accusative form her is an exception. Adjectives in these cases will have endings - to her (blue) And - yuyu(blue).

Declension of pronouns without prepositions

Nominative (who, what?) - He, she, it, they.
Genitive (who? what?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Dative (to whom? what?) - him, her, him, them.
Accusative (who? What?) - his, her, his, theirs.
Creative (by whom? With what?) - to them, to her, to them, by them.
Prepositional (about whom? About what?) - about him, about her, about him, about them.

Why in the latter case there was no excuse? As is known from school course, the prepositional case is so called precisely because it is impossible to use nouns and pronouns without prepositions.

Prepositions

Let's look at how third person pronouns are inflected with prepositions.
In the nominative case, prepositions are not used.
Prepositions of the genitive case include: Without, at, with, from, to, from, about, near, beside, for ( him, her, them)

In this case, the pronoun answers a larger range of questions. To questions of the genitive case " whom?», « what?" prepositions are added: "B without whom? - without him. From what? - from it" In all oblique cases, a question with a spatial meaning appears: “Where? Where? From where?”

Prepositions of the dative case - to and on ( him, her, him) Questions "Where? Where?" - to her!
Prepositions of the accusative case - on, for, under, in, in, through, about ( him, her, them) Questions also "Where? Where?"
Prepositions of the instrumental case - above, for, under, before, with, with, between ( him, her, them)
Prepositions of the prepositional case - in, about, about, on, at ( him, her, them). They answer the question "About whom? About what? Where?"

Mysterious letter n

You can notice that when using all these prepositions, n- is added at the beginning of the pronouns: with him, by her, for him, between them. The exception is derivative prepositions: thanks to, according to, in spite of, towards. For example, towards him.

Where did the mysterious letter n come from? Several centuries ago the prepositions in, to and with had a different form - вън, кън, сн. They consisted of 3 sounds. The letter Ъ - er sounded like a muffled vowel. It turns out that pronouns with prepositions were written like this: in him, in her. Prepositions became simpler over time, but the consonant n took root in the language and began to be perceived as part of the pronouns themselves. Therefore, the use of this letter has spread to other prepositions to which it did not initially apply.

A little more history

You can notice another strange feature. The nominative case form of the pronouns does not seem to correspond in any way to the indirect ones. This is no accident. Indeed, once upon a time there were such demonstrative pronouns in the language: for the masculine gender - and, for the feminine - i, for the neuter - e. It was their forms that were the usual “his, him, her”... But these short pronouns were easily confused with the conjunction and, as well as the pronoun I.

There were other demonstrative pronouns: the familiar ones he, she, it. However, they were inclined differently:
Nominative - He.
Genitive - thereof.
Dative - onomu.
Creative - him.
Prepositional - about it.

The third person plural pronoun also existed - these or they.
For convenience, the nominative case of the first pronouns (i, i, e) was replaced nominative case second. But indirect forms remain. Indirect cases from the pronoun “he” have also not disappeared. They were used in the language and some of them are still alive. They are archaic or ironic in nature: in time, in the absence of it.

Third person possessive pronouns

First person possessive pronouns are my, our. Second - yours, yours. Third - him, her And their. Why is there one less of them? Where did the neuter pronoun go? The fact is that it coincides with the masculine pronoun - his.
But third-person possessive pronouns are not inflected by case. All of them correspond to the genitive or accusative case forms of personal pronouns: his, her, his, theirs. They do not change in sentences ( her hat - her hat) in contrast to the same first and second person pronouns: ( my hat - my hat, your hat - your hat).

Errors when using personal pronouns

One of possible errors- omission of the letter -n after prepositions. “Trees grew near him,” “he came to visit her”- sounds illiterate.

Using pronouns as placeholders can create ambiguities. Therefore, you cannot use a pronoun if there is no word to replace in the previous sentence. This situation is especially insidious if the sentence contains another word of the same number or gender. This can even create a comic effect.

Lensky went to the duel in trousers. They separated and a shot rang out.

Here, although one of the participants in the duel is named, the word is present in the plural. Therefore, “they” turns out to be related to the word “knickers”. Here's how to be careful with third-person pronouns! Examples reach the point of absurdity:

Gerasim was very devoted to the lady and drowned her himself.

The situation is similar, only the pronoun “her” and a noun similar in form ended up in the same sentence. The word “dog” or the name “Mumu” ​​got lost somewhere in the previous sentences, and “lady” found itself dangerously close to the pronoun.
If a sentence contains several nouns of the same gender or number, then it is also incorrect to use replacement pronouns in the next sentence or the second part of a complex sentence.

A parcel arrived in the mail from the USA. Soon she closed for lunch break(Mail or parcel?)

In colloquial speech, pronouns are used much more often and it is acceptable to use them even in the absence of substitute words. The fact is that in life the situation itself often suggests what is being said, and facial expressions and intonation can help the speaker. But in written speech or oral presentation, such mistakes must be avoided.

Errors when using possessive pronouns

Since third-person possessive pronouns coincide with the genitive and accusative case forms of personal pronouns, it is erroneous to form them on the model of other possessive pronouns and add the suffix -н and the ending -й/й, which are characteristic of adjectives. Everyone knows that the non-existent word “ikhniy” in a person’s speech characterizes his culture and literacy not with the best side. A talented writer can also capitalize on mistakes in speech. To reproduce the vernacular writing style of a peasant boy, A.P. Chekhov, among other words, also uses an erroneous form of the pronoun: “... And she took a herring and started poking me in the mug with her muzzle" But still, writers are masters of words because they are well aware of the norms of language and precisely because of this they can play with deviations from these norms.

Conclusions

Thus, third-person pronouns are, although short, very important words and in speech it is almost impossible to do without them. Therefore, it is important to know well the rules of their declension and use and to use these words correctly.

In Russian special meaning pronouns play a role, it is incredibly difficult to do without them in speech and more effort is required to construct any sentence without their participation. They allow you to avoid tautology and can replace a word, indicate the relationship between objects and phenomena and characterize many parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral and even an adverb!

According to their meaning, pronouns are divided into the following categories: personal, reflexive, possessive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, attributive, indefinite and negative. By grammatical features this part speech in the Russian language is divided into three groups: generalized-subject, generalized-qualitative and generalized-quantitative.

All personal pronouns

Their function is to indicate an object or person. This group includes the following words: I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they.

The first four personal pronouns characterize the persons participating in the dialogue.

• But I given to another; I I will be faithful to him forever. (A. Pushkin)
• You remember You remember everything, of course... (S. Yesenin)
• The more We we talk to each other, the less We we understand each other. (E. Remarque)
• At dawn You don't wake her... (A. Fet)

​It is interesting to note that in the Russian language there are also outdated personal forms of pronouns that have come out of our everyday life. For example, one , used to denote a group of persons that consists exclusively of objects related to feminine.

The last four words from the group characterize persons not participating in the dialogue.

• At dawn she sleeps so sweetly... (A. Fet)
• He was silent at random and sang along out of tune, He always talked about something else... (V. Vysotsky)

They play a role additions or subject. Pronouns change according to cases, numbers and persons. Pronouns referring to a third person can also change according to gender.

Refundable

Only one pronoun is reflexive - myself (and its other forms).

1. Genitive case - at home;
2. Dative case - to yourself;
3. Accusative case - into yourself;
4. Instrumental case - in front of you (yourself);
5. Prepositional case - with you.

It indicates an object, phenomenon or person who is the actor in the dialogue.

• I often think about to myself as important and smart person.
• Despite her modest behavior, she often admired yourself Spinning in front of the mirror for hours.

Reflexive pronouns play a role additions.

Possessives

Possessive modifiers are pronouns our, yours, yours, yours, mine. Their function is to indicate that an object belongs to a person.

• The teacher said that my the essay was the best!
• Everyone in the family needs to do their responsibilities around the house so that everything is in order.
• I'm scared because yours the dog growls at me.
• Yours The new dress suits you very well.
• It was our the first award received for excellent performance.

Changing possessive pronouns is similar to how adjectives change. That is, by gender, number and case. In a sentence they act as definitions, always consistent.

Invariable possessives are pronouns her, him, them . These are modified personal pronouns, used in the genitive case and third person.

• Her platinum hair attracted the admiring glances of passers-by.
• His the voice was firm and stern.
• Their the job was done great!

Relative

They answer questions Which? whose? Who? What? which? How many? what? They are often used to link several simple sentences as part of a complex one.

• It was noisy, so it was difficult for me to understand Who said these words.
• Look, How many cows grazing in the meadow!
• Lost, I didn't know the way home, but to return to dark forest, from which just came out, didn't intend to.
• Mom was released from the hospital and I was able to see my little brother. He wasn't like that at all what I imagined him.
• I didn’t want to eavesdrop, but curiosity got the better of me and I began to listen, about what these two say.

Interrogative

They are most often used in interrogative sentences in the Russian language. At pronouns who/what there is no gender, no number, no person. Pronouns which, whose, which, which vary by gender and number. All of them except the word what, change by case.

• Who came to us this morning? I heard a noise.
• What Is this the package lying on the table?
• Which Do you like the color better: orange or red?
• Whose the dog barked last night and kept everyone awake?
• Which hour?
• What is it on your face?

Index fingers

Pronouns this, this, that, such, then So , are demonstrative. They are designed to distinguish an object from a group of similar ones. For example:

• This I like the puppy more than the others.
• This the dress looks amazing!
• That the man seems suspicious to me.
• Such the look can drive anyone crazy.
• Then we were very happy and calm.

It is important not to confuse the pronoun This with a particle. “Is it your work that won the competition?” In this sentence, the word “this” is not a pronoun.

Definitive

Himself, most, all, every, everyone, any other, other are examples of attributive pronouns.

This rather large section is divided into several more. The first includes pronouns himself and the most. They have a distinguishing role and give individuality to the object in question.

• Myself The director of the company set about solving this problem.
• Most A great gift of life is a strong and loving family.

Word all covers the entire breadth of facial characteristics. For example:

• All the garden was trampled by goats.
• The sun was shining all room.
• All the meeting was in place.

Other, different have the opposite meaning to what was discussed earlier.

• We found other way out of the current situation.
• It turned out that it leads to his house other road.

Anyone, everyone, anyone indicate the possibility of choosing from the majority.

• Anyone can say that he is a good and sincere person.
• Everyone knows how rainy the weather can be here.
• Anyone can try their luck at this attraction.

Undefined

They are formed from interrogatives and relatives. For example, from the pronoun What an indefinite pronoun is formed something; from pronoun which an indeterminate is formed some.

• They say that someone broke into our neighbor's house and stole everything valuable that was in it.
• Something terrible and frightening happened last night.
• Some things are so secret that they cannot be discussed in public.
• Because of the stuffiness in the room, a certain lady fainted.
• Several dogs rushed to catch up with the unfortunate cat, barking.
• Some say that everything Oleg said that evening was a lie.
• A piece of paper hanging on the building of the unfinished church stated that the entire congregation was asking parishioners to donate at least some money to complete the renovation.

Negative

They either describe negative characteristics objects or persons, or indicate their complete absence.

• Nobody none of us expected such a turn of events.
• Nothing could not convince him.
• None We were unable to dissuade him from this reckless act.
• He repented, realizing that there was no one to blame for this act except himself.
• Lenochka decidedly nothing there was nothing to do and out of boredom she idly wandered from one end of the apartment to the other.