Detailed solution paragraphs §17 on social studies for 9th grade students, authors A.I. Kravchenko, E.A. Pevtsova 2015

Questions and tasks

1. In what meanings is the word “culture” used? What do you think are such phenomena as everyday culture and personal culture?

The word “culture” is used in the following meanings:

1. translated from Latin “culture” (cultura) means “cultivation”, “development”, “education”, “upbringing”, “veneration”. IN Ancient Rome Culture meant the cultivation of land.

2. culture as improvement human qualities(in the 18th century in Europe), a person who was well-read and refined in his behavior was called cultured. This understanding of “culture” survived until today and is associated with fine literature, art gallery, conservatory, opera house and good upbringing.

3. as a synonym for “culture” - “ cultured person", "behave culturally."

4. as a system of norms and values, expressed through appropriate language, songs, dances, customs, traditions and behaviors, with the help of which the life experience, human interaction is regulated.

Personality culture - in in this case The concept of culture captures the qualities of a person, her way of behavior, her relationship to other people, to her activities.

The culture of everyday life represents the peculiarities of the way of life and the conduct of activities in different periods of history.

2. What are the elements of culture? Do they include making fire, the custom of giving gifts, language, hairstyles, and mourning? Or are these cultural complexes?

Elements, or traits, of cultures are the starting points of culture, what culture has been created from over thousands of years. They are divided into material and intangible culture.

Making fire, the custom of giving gifts, language, hairstyles, mourning - all these are elements of culture. However, mourning and the art of hairstyles can be classified as cultural complexes, since they include several cultural elements. If we consider the custom of giving gifts in modern society, then it can also be classified as a cultural complex, since we use several elements (gift wrapping, a postcard and the gift itself, i.e. there are minimal conditions for this custom). If the making of fire is attributed to time primitive people, then this is an element of culture, because man used what nature gave him (wood, stone). Language can also be considered as a cultural complex. It served for the accumulation, storage and transmission of knowledge. Over time, graphic signs are invented for the sounds in the language. In this case, several separate elements of culture are used to record the language (what is written and what is written).

3. Explain cultural universals and their purpose.

Cultural universals are norms, values, rules, traditions, and properties inherent in all cultures, regardless of geographical location, historical time and social structure.

Cultural universals include sports, body jewelry, calendar, cooking, courtship, dancing, decorative arts, fortune telling, dream interpretation, education, ethics, etiquette, faith in miraculous healings, festivals, folklore, funeral rituals, games, gesturing, greeting, hospitality, housekeeping, hygiene, jokes, superstitions, magic, marriage, mealtimes (breakfast, lunch, dinner), medicine, decency in the exercise of natural necessities, music, mythology , personal name, postpartum care, treatment of pregnant women, religious rituals, doctrine of the soul, making tools, trade, visiting, observing the weather, etc.

The family exists among all nations, but in different shapes. A traditional family in our understanding is a husband, wife and children. In some nations, a man can have several wives, and in others, a woman can be married to several men.

Cultural universals arise because all people, regardless of where they live, are physically built the same, have the same biological needs and face common problems challenges that the environment poses to humanity. People are born and die, so all nations have customs associated with birth and death. Since he live life together, they have a division of labor, dancing, games, greetings, etc.

4. * Are such universals as gesturing, body jewelry, mythology, and cooking characteristic of the Russian people? What do they mean?

Yes, the Russian people are characterized by such universals as gesturing, body jewelry, mythology, and cooking. They are expressed as follows:

Gestures - for example, in order to answer in class, we raise our hand, thereby drawing attention to ourselves.

Body jewelry - e.g. wedding rings which newlyweds wear as a sign that they are married; a cross as a sign of belonging to the Orthodox faith.

Mythology - in modern times mythology can be attributed astrological forecasts, belief in human supernatural abilities (clairvoyance, telekinesis), use unconventional methods treatment, use of various amulets, etc.

Cooking - for example, we still use fermentation and pickling as ways to prepare food for the winter.

5. What is a cultural complex? Give examples from Everyday life. Can software piracy, science, and schooling be classified as a cultural complex?

A cultural complex is a set of cultural traits or elements that arose on the basis of the original element and are functionally related to it.

1. Education, which includes kindergarten, school, university, tables, chairs, blackboard, chalk, books, educator, teacher, student, etc.

2. Sports: stadium, fans, referee, sportswear, ball, penalty, forward, etc.

3. Cooking: cook, kitchen, dishes, stove, food, spices, cookbooks, etc.

Yes, computer piracy, science and schooling can be classified as a cultural complex, because these concepts include several cultural elements that are interconnected.

6. * What is cultural heritage? How do the state and ordinary citizens protect it? Give specific examples.

Cultural heritage is a part of material and spiritual culture created by past generations, which has stood the test of time and is passed on to subsequent generations as something valuable and revered.

The protection of cultural heritage is enshrined in the legal acts of different states. In the Russian Federation this is the Constitution Russian Federation, Art. 44, which states that “everyone has the right to participate in cultural life and use of cultural institutions, access to cultural values; everyone is obliged to take care of the preservation of historical and cultural heritage, to protect historical and cultural monuments.” There are also various Federal laws and acts that help in protecting the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation. For example, “Fundamentals of legislation on culture of the Russian Federation” (1992), “Federal Law “On objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation”” (2002), “Regulations and state historical and cultural expertise” (2009), “Regulations on protection zones of cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” (2008), etc.

Ordinary citizens can participate in the protection of cultural heritage in the following ways:

1. Involving people in creativity and cultural development, amateur arts (folk dancing, folk songs), crafts (pottery, blacksmithing).

2. Charity, patronage and sponsorship in the field of culture, i.e. purchasing paintings for museums, supporting artists, organizing theater tours.

Customs and cultural monuments are also passed down from generation to generation.

As examples of the participation of citizens in protecting the dissemination of the country’s cultural heritage, one can cite folk choirs that exist on the territory of the Russian Federation - the Kuban Cossack Choir, the Siberian folk choir, Russian folk choir, etc. As well as various Russian ensembles folk dances who are engaged in the dissemination and promotion of folklore.

7. What is the difference between material and intangible culture? What type are: theater, fountain pen, book, greeting, smile, gift exchange?

Material culture is something that was created by human hands (book, house, clothing, jewelry, car, etc.).

Intangible culture, or spiritual culture, is the result of the activity of the human mind. Intangible objects exist in our minds and are maintained human communication(norms, rules, samples, standards, models and norms of behavior, laws, values, ceremonies, rituals, symbols, myths, knowledge, ideas, customs, traditions, language).

Theater as a building relates to material culture, and theater as a form of art - to intangible culture.

Greeting, smiling, exchanging gifts are elements of intangible culture.

8. Tell us about the etiquette standards that you have to observe in everyday life.

In the morning we say “good morning” to our family, greet neighbors, teachers, and friends. When eating, we use a plate, fork, spoon, knife, and do not eat with our hands. We all remember how our parents told us not to slurp or put our elbows on the table. We keep our rooms and the apartment in general tidy. At school during lessons, we should not make noise or shout from our seats, but raise our hand to answer, not talk, treat classmates and teachers with respect, and not damage school property. And we must come to school prepared for lessons and in school uniform.

When we make a request to someone, we say “please”, and after fulfilling our request we say “thank you”.

9. * Do you consider etiquette to be important in life? Give reasons for your point of view.

Yes, I think maintaining etiquette is important in life. Rules of good behavior help people feel more confident in any situation. Good manners help win people over. Polite and friendly people are the most popular. Good manners help you enjoy communicating with relatives, friends and just strangers.

Problem. Cultural heritage contributes further development society or, on the contrary, slows it down?

Cultural heritage contributes to the development of society. Humanity has vast experience in various fields, such as construction, cooking, art, raising children, etc. Modern people add something new to existing knowledge, thereby improving and developing. For example, building houses. Already accumulated knowledge is used, but something new is also introduced, which helps improve the qualities of modern houses compared to houses of previous eras. It's the same with raising children. People use what they inherited from previous generations, adjusting their education methods based on modern realities.

Workshop

1. Scientists often define culture as the form and result of adaptation to environment. Does such simplicity in handling concepts cause you confusion? What is common, we ask scientists, between folk epic, Prokofiev’s sonatas and Raphael’s Sistine Madonna, on the one hand, and the harsh, but very mundane need to get food, stay warm, build housing, dig in the ground? Give a reasoned answer.

In the modern understanding, the environment is not only natural conditions, in which a person lives, but also the environment of human activity, which includes interaction with other people or groups of people. And if initially the word “culture” was associated only with the cultivation of the land, then over time it acquires other meanings. Initially, people had a goal to survive. But over time, society developed, and in addition to building housing, people began to decorate it; clothing began to perform a different function - it no longer only warmed a person, but also decorated him, and fashion appeared accordingly. And this is also a unique way of adapting to the environment, a way to fit into society, to adapt to new conditions. The same goes for painting. Cave drawings were of a ritual nature and were supposed to contribute to a successful hunt. Over time, people domesticated animals, learned to breed them, and mastered the cultivation of crops. And over time, painting acquires an aesthetic character, but at the same time does not depart from its basics (painting of temples biblical stories). The same applies to music. Initially it is used in rituals (religious, during weddings, funerals, lullabies for children) and over time it also acquires an aesthetic character.

Thus, what these examples have in common is that they are all cultural phenomena, but phenomena of different periods of history that developed throughout the history of mankind.

2. Determine whether material or spiritual culture includes: duel, medal, carriage, theory, glass, magic, amulet, dispute, revolver, hospitality, baptism, globe, wedding, law, jeans, telegraph, Christmastide, carnival, school, bag , doll, wheel, fire.

Material culture includes: medal, carriage, glass, amulet, revolver, globe, jeans, telegraph, school, bag, doll, wheel, fire.

Intangible culture includes: duel, theory, magic, debate, hospitality, baptism, wedding, law, Christmas time, carnival.

What does it mean to me to be a cultural worker?

A house that gives creativity

Today the understanding of cultural leisure is changing. And modern clubs are forced to look for new forms of communication with the audience, rethink the accumulated experience, use new mechanisms and operating principles to attract spectators, organize amateur creativity, and create a comfortable cultural space.
For me, the cultural center is the place where I worked for more than 38 years. Throughout them I try to capture interesting points certain events, holidays, events to reflect in memory the feelings of people when they reveal their talents, demonstrating joy, sadness and other emotions, for example, in song, dance….
Frankly, for many years I myself have realized the dream of my youth - singing in a folk song ensemble.
The House of Culture, I believe, is a place where you can relax your soul, chat, meet friends, be an artist or watch your children’s work on stage. And some people just come to take a break from everyday life.
Nowadays, when life is filled with endless difficulties, problems and worries, we want something special - bright and kind.
On the eve of the professional holiday of cultural workers, I would like to wish my colleagues to keep up with the times, good health, creative success in all endeavors, inspiration and happiness.

Lyubov Kaygorodova, leading methodologist for socio-cultural activities of MBUK KRDKiD.

We give people joy

For me, a cultural worker is a real calling, difficult, but exciting, creative and all-consuming. The main purpose of our profession is to give people joy.
The profession is difficult, but wonderful, to which I devoted more than 20 years. Anyone who works in culture knows what hard work it is. Be in everyone's sight every day, communicate and find contact with people of all ages, views and beliefs. Evenings, weekends and holidays being at work, even at home on vacation, visiting, just when you walk down the street, coming up with something new and interesting.
With our creativity and love for our profession, we light up hearts, give people joy and good mood, create a holiday, opening cherished doors to the world of beauty. And our love for the audience echoes in the hearts of listeners.
They don't give us songs and sonnets,
They do not compose odes in our honor.
Maybe the poets haven't heard
What kind of cultural worker is there in the world?
Artists don’t stand up for cross-country exercises,
To sing about great things
A humble cultural worker,
Glorious village worker!
However, not for the line in the verse
And not in gratitude on behalf of.
We do the work, we are responsible
For human souls and hearts.

Tatyana Kulakova, head
methodological department of MBUK KRDKiD.

Let the eyes of the audience shine

As practice shows, organizational skills and the ability to establish and maintain contacts with people are very important for a club worker. A club worker must have a “psychological sense”: quickly and correctly understand people, find an individual approach to them, be tactful and show pedagogical resourcefulness.
My pedagogical and psychological education, as well as many years of management experience, helps me in all this. Nowadays, it is not easy to organize the work of three cultural centers and make people want to go to clubs. Our specialist trainees help me with this: Nikolai Vasilievich Cheremnykh and Tatyana Ivanovna Baranova. I really appreciate the positivity and desire to work of our young girls, who are just beginning to take their first steps in our field, and only selfless and dedicated people work in it, while others simply cannot stand it. But temporary difficulties are nothing compared to the feeling of satisfaction that you experience after a successfully held event and the shining eyes of your fellow villagers.
On this professional holiday, I wish all my colleagues optimism, patience, creative ideas and a room full of grateful spectators.

Nina Norova, director of Rozhdestvensky
central house of culture.

This is what you should live for

Well-known French writer and the poet Antoine de Saint-Exupéry believes that culture is the inner content of a person, which is revealed to him through hard work, beliefs, customs and knowledge accumulated over centuries. And I share his point of view.
For me, culture is an internal, spiritual component in which a person lives in harmony with the world around him and himself, and realizes his importance. To be happy, such a person only needs to do what he loves.
If a person does something from the bottom of his heart, with inspiration, then it cannot leave anyone indifferent, it is fascinating.
This is precisely the principle that underlies my work - to serve culture with complete dedication. This is something to live for.

Galina Pendyur, head of department
on cultural and leisure
activities of MBUK KRDKiD.

Burn yourself - ignite others

Being a cultural worker is a real calling, a profession that is not easy: try to ignite others with optimism, kindness, love and hope every day!
My profession is exciting, creative and stellar. A cultural worker in a village is the most public person. If he goes to the polls, the residents will definitely elect him, and he will be a deputy. This is a very universal person because he will find an approach to everyone. This is a very sensitive person who can reach everyone, and everyone knows him. And if a true professional heads a cultural institution, then such an institution is guaranteed success. In 2014, the Year of Culture, we received a Diploma from the best cultural institution of the Russian Federation, located on the territory of a rural settlement, and entered the top 100 cultural institutions of the Russian Federation.
For me, the work of the director of a cultural institution is a constant creative search; this year I celebrate 30 years of work experience in the industry.
Happy holiday to my colleagues - bright stars. And I wish you to burn yourself - to ignite others!

Marina Ivanova, director of MBU
"Cultural and sports complex"
Mendeleevsky rural settlement.

Live by work, breathe by creativity

To be a cultural worker means to successfully do something you love and understand. Live by work, breathe creativity, relax with ideas!
This means being at the center of the most interesting, exciting activities and exciting events! To communicate with people of different ages: to keep up with active and creative youth, to gain wisdom and experience from people of the older generation, to light up little stars of talent in children and to help the bright flame of creativity flare up in front of an inquisitive and discerning viewer.
To be a cultural worker means to rely in your work on a close-knit circle of like-minded people and for almost 30 years to be the leader of a choral group, where each singing participant is specially dear to you and irreplaceable!
To be a cultural worker means to captivate and lead everyone towards the intended goal, regardless of fatigue or household chores. This means that your whole family lives with the club’s problems and needs. This means that your own children are in the thick of cultural life from a very young age and are always nearby on stage! This means that all the festive events of the cultural center are, in fact, your family holidays!
To be a cultural worker means to always try to find something new, unusual, so that Once again give people a storm positive emotions, impressions, surprise and delight everyone around you!
This means, for so many years, being a colleague of the most active and positive people who know and know how to make the life of an ordinary person diverse and unforgettable!
My dear strawberry colleagues! With all my heart I sincerely congratulate you on Culture Day! I wish you health, prosperity, family warmth and comfort! May every day bring you smiles, joy and love!

When talking about modern folk culture, one inevitably switches to questioning intonations: does it exist today? if it exists, what is it? and what is the people today - one nation or just a scattered population? Reassuring answers to such questions are not always and not so quickly found.

Admittedly, "we are currently experiencing Time of Troubles“When meaningful ideological guidelines are lost, when despair from an ever-increasing existential vacuum intensifies, when longing for Truth fills the human soul” (25, 195). The reasons for this crisis are deep and ambiguous; we will name only the main ones, which many publicists and writers point to: the people’s fatigue from wars and social cataclysms of the twentieth century, the collapse of some ideals and the imposition of others that contradict traditional aesthetic and moral values people. In addition, as a result of persecution and prohibitions, many years of “organized simplification of culture”, cardinal changes took place in its very structure: many rituals and customs, genres of folklore were debunked and died, forms of clothing and household items, applied art became archaic, the almighty simplifier of everything came – standard.

IN in a broad sense culture is “everything created by the hand and spirit of man,” however, “only a job well done can be called culture” (4.36). That is, created in a creative impulse, in inspiration, with a willingness to conform to one’s image in every possible way

life embodied values. The golden age of Russian literature, which largely formed our spiritual composition and our moral ideals, rose on the shoulders of Russian folk culture. Each of us remembers Pushkin’s “what a delight these fairy tales are!”, Gogol’s delight in the Russian word - daring and apt, Gorky’s hymns to folklore. It is no coincidence that it was during the heyday of Russian classics that Russian folk classics were intensively collected, studied and published: proverbs and sayings, songs, epics, fairy tales. The highest manifestation this process can be called “Proverbs of the Russian People” and “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. Dahl, “Russians folk tales" And

“Poetic views of the Slavs on A.N. Afanasyev, our outstanding fellow countryman.

nature"

Can we talk about some kind of spiritual, creative impulse of the people today? From everywhere one can literally hear songs of departure, dirges, not only for literature (especially poetry), not only for folklore, but also for the Russian people themselves: they say that they have exhausted themselves, are exhausted and must completely leave the historical stage. “Have the Russian people died?”, “Has Russia exhausted its mission?” and so on. Questions often and loudly fly onto the pages of newspapers and magazines (and book pages too). Of course, they are not left without comforting answers, but their very appearance speaks of a limiting phase spiritual crisis, which did not overtake us even during the years of military defeats. “Today the homeland is in trouble,” writes the famous philosopher A. Gulga... “The people are in poverty, the country is dismembered and suppressed by foreigners and imaginary Russians.<...>We live. Like under occupation. What the fascists did not achieve by force of arms was imposed on us by the force of money and anti-national policies. People are embittered and corrupted" (4, 439-440). However, one hundred and fifty years

ago, the great “sorrower of the people’s grief” Nekrasov asked the same questions.

Cordial! endless?

Where there are people, there is a groan... Eh, what does your groan mean?

Will you wake up, full of strength, Or, obeying the law of fate,
You have already done everything you could, - Created a song like a groan,

And spiritually rested forever?.. (10-a; I,

304).
But then this prophetic alarm was probably

exaggerated: it seemed to many that it was enough to free the people from the chains of serfdom, and they would show the world the golden reserves of the soul and all their creative energy. Nowadays the chains are different, often invisible, but it is even more difficult to throw them off. Where is the way out? Salvation is seen only in national unity and faith, in self-awareness as a people, a nation worthy of others.

Some hints of optimism can be heard in the interpretation of the very type of Russian culture - paradoxical, contradictory, explosive. A. Andreev and A. Selivanov define it as “Dionysian”: “Culture, organized Dionysically, on a pulsating spirit, has an intermittent character. This is a culture of constant emergence, eternal birth and death, developing as a sequence of outbreaks of creation, new birth, according to the type of constant resurrection” (1, 206). In such a culture, which is eschatological in nature, “epochs of spiritual upsurge and creative takeoff are replaced by periods of apathy and fatigue, which can be long and painful, but are again and again replaced by upsurges and explosions” (1, 207). We

now at the lowest point of this amplitude, where it is not the “kingdom of the spirit” that has established itself, but the “kingdom of Caesar” - the vanity of arranging earthly life, the loss of the meaning of existence, the loss of a common idea, the extinction of creative impulses. “The real history of all Russian culture,” confirms M. Maslin, “is in many ways a history of losses and subsequent attempts to regain what was lost” (17.4). However, are ups equal to downs? Can everything lost be returned or at least preserved in memory? This can only be said by another takeoff, which we must hope for.

Based on the dynamics of the global artistic development, as well as from the “Dionysian” nature of Russian culture (and all World culture unlikely to develop continuously upward), we can speak of an ascending and descending culture. The first has established itself as a generally recognized traditional folk culture, the second - as an intermediate, situational, mass culture, causing quite contradictory assessments. Traditional culture developed as an aesthetic, ethical and verbal self-expression of the people, as a spiritual and artistic self-service of the working people. At the stage of universal literacy, an expanded network of cultural institutions, and information saturation, these functions of folk culture disappeared; it began to stratify and fragment, acquiring a predominantly demonstrative, souvenir-exhibition character, as if in a museum. Prominent folklorists admit that folklore has one effective function left - aesthetic.

Traditional folk culture was formed on the basis of high moral values ​​and ideas about goodness and social justice; its inspiring theme has always been the folk ideal, realizing in itself

all dreams and expectations. “Culture,” believes G. Fedotov, “has nothing to do with a person’s happiness, but with his dignity or calling. Culture is created not in satisfying needs, but in creativity, in knowledge, in serving the highest” (17, 403). Mass culture profanes high values ​​and ideas, neutralizes them with parodic play and excessive exaggerations that smack of vulgarity. And the crowd does not rebel, because it has already managed to renounce these values ​​for the sake of benefits and pleasures. It was during the crisis era (the First World War and the Revolution that the lowest, elementary verses of culture expressed themselves with extraordinary power) (17, 403), even the most refined minds “thirved for rudeness and simplicity.” With the loss of faith in God and his viceroy on earth - the king begins the inevitable secularization and rationalization national consciousness, it increasingly depends on the topic of the day, despite the deep connection with eternity, with the cosmos. G. Fedotov observes this “drying out” of man from afar with bitterness: “The powerful process of rationalization mercilessly kills everything subconscious and spontaneous, fills up all the deep wells, makes the Russian person superficial and transparent” (17, 395). The current mass sobering up from past legends and utopias, sometimes reaching the point of cynicism, unprincipledness and venality, discourages all poetic views on nature and society, all creative selfless impulses, and without this culture in its former meaning is impossible. Is a tired, confused, spiritually disarmed person able to resist consumer goods and vulgarity, everything base and falsely beautiful, everything that mass culture carries? Although it, perhaps, remains the last refuge from all the fallen away post-Soviet individuals.

Industry, conveyor production of things and household items today have absorbed crafts, applied arts, those types of labor that were the nutritional basis of folk culture, its stimulus and implementation, and the media have literally drowned out folk speech slang and cliches. Life is clearly divided into production and leisure, work and entertainment; Previously, this was not so noticeable, one thing turned into another: a man did a job and sang a song, made something and at the same time created beauty. Moreover, there has been an unprecedented depreciation of the value of work itself, the love for it has been lost - everything has shifted towards idleness and the pursuit of pleasure. Gone is the admiration of what has been done, the process of work itself (remember the mower Koltsov or the baker Gorky). They often laugh at everything that goes beyond the average; they hate excellent students and masters of their craft, although they secretly envy them.

School, print, books, television, computers - this is where everyone now receives information from, not from living human lips. But what is recorded (whether on film, on paper or on a disk) is not mine, but someone else’s; it is not necessary to take it to heart, or remember it, or pass it on to someone else. And even more so follow it as wise advice and a life lesson. It was different when what was performed orally was perceived by the listeners as true and undeniable, and numerous taboos inspired that violation of covenants and rules would lead to disaster and punishment. What has not been personally experienced and has not touched all the strings of the soul is quickly formalized and flies out of memory; quantity does not turn into quality, that is, it does not add cultural accumulations.

The collapse of the collective, the crisis of the swarm, the cathedral principle, the emergence on stage from the cell of anonymity, the overcoming of the commandments of power, traditions - all this meant

completion of the stage of cultural self-service of the people and the advent of classical and mass culture to replace it. The latter is based primarily not on the creation of artistic values, but on their adaptation and performance, trying to appropriate for itself what does not belong to it. Mass culture constantly goes beyond what is permitted, ignores what is due by tradition and playfully destroys the high and serious spirit of popular culture. There is a sharp re-emphasis from spiritual values ​​to physical and material values ​​(sometimes even crude animals), culture is narrowed to external manifestations

Akatkin V.M. (VSU)

Sergei Chernyakhovsky

Culture is not some sphere of exquisite pleasures. Culture is a system of prohibitions. What distinguishes a cultured person from a savage is not detachment from life and immersion in the world of aesthetic pleasure - but the knowledge of what not to do. Possession and mastery of the “taboo system”. It would seem that the presence of “taboo” is an element of the world of primitive civilizations. This is partly true - in the sense that it is with the awareness of the existence of prohibitions that civilization begins.

That is, a civilized and cultured person is not a person who asserts his right to live without restrictions, but a person who knows that there are things that cannot be done and are not accepted: that is, he accepts the power of certain prohibitions over himself.

Hence, cultural policy, especially the cultural policy of the state, is not some sphere of service to the world of those who declare themselves creators of art. Although supporting those who really create culture and art is a natural task of the state. At its core, it is promoting the spread of culture - and education, creating for every person the opportunity to access the world of culture - and immerse itself in it - that is, knowledge and immersion in the system of prohibitions.

From a systemic point of view political theory- culture is not some kind of “organization of leisure and entertainment”, culture is the production of what is called latent patterns - that is, the preservation and establishment of the norms and customs of one’s country - along with familiarity with the norms and customs of other countries. And state policy in this area is the organization of such production. But organization is not in the sense of management - but in the sense of encouraging the production of those patterns of behavior and value norms that solve the problems facing the country, strengthen the country and reproduce its values ​​and principles of self-identification.

This does not mean that the state only protects customs - if it begins to limit itself to this, the established and disseminated culture may be unable to withstand value competition with other, external cultures, and will be unable to ensure adaptation to a changing world.

But the problem is that it must ensure this adaptation within the framework of its developmental goals, while maintaining its significance, memory and identification.

In this regard, the task of state policy in the field of culture is education, bringing “to the masses” what forms a person familiar with the achievements of world culture - but first of all recognizing the importance of his own culture. And the world culture is able to consider from the point of view of its own advantages - at the same time incorporating new models into its own - as developing and strengthening its own. The point of view according to which the task of state policy in this area is not to interfere and not to interfere with the emergence and development of what arises on its own is incorrect simply because “by itself” nothing arises or develops at all - all this happens under influence of certain distributed samples.

And these samples may, on the one hand, reflect a certain practice of “easing taboos” to which there is always a certain attraction - simply because doing what is easier to do is simpler and more convenient.

But the spread of the practice of such “relief”, the expansion of the zone of what is permitted, is precisely what destroys the significance and strength of the established national culture. Not washing your hands before eating is always easier than washing them. Not brushing your teeth is easier than brushing them. Throwing hysterics is easier than controlling yourself. And splashing paint on a canvas, inviting viewers to admire the patterns, is much easier than learning classical painting.

On the other hand, if we consider culture and art from the point of view of the pleasure they provide, they are simpler and correspond to a more “primitive level”.

A striptease is easier to understand than a classical ballet, a pulp novel than a novel by Balzac or Dostoevsky. And Pelevin is perceived more easily than Eugene Onegin.

And the third aspect - in the conditions of what is commonly called “ Open Society“and freedom of dissemination of information - other entities and other states can distribute in your country those “latent samples” that are beneficial to them - either to instill in your country their system of values, or to weaken the system of your motivations, your readiness to defend your country and appreciate your culture.

That is, the country’s cultural sphere is not a sphere of entertainment and deepening comfort. And the Ministry of Culture of any country - especially in the current conditions - Russia - is the department for the protection of spiritual and intellectual national sovereignty.

That is, it is a political department. The department - which is fighting for the country and for its sovereignty - is perhaps in the most difficult area.

And at the same time – a production department. Because, by ensuring the production of latent patterns of behavior and life, it produces and reproduces the country. And his task is not “not to interfere with artists.” Its task is to promote the production and adoption of those models and those prohibitions in the field of intellectual life - which strengthen the country and its citizens - and to prevent the creation of those that can weaken it.

That is, ultimately, the Ministry of Culture of any country is still to a greater extent Ministry of Security than the FSB.

In the conditions of Russia, the value life and semantic foundations of which were subjected to severe aggression in the late 1980s. - this is the Ministry of Restoration of the country - and the preservation of both its memory and its historical self-identification.

Only his work is more difficult than the KGB or FSB. Because those who destroy the country in terms of values ​​and carry out intellectual and semantic aggression against it, formally in most cases do not legally violate anything. And formally, from a legal point of view, they are not subject to jurisdiction.

Although it may be worth thinking about whether this state of affairs is correct.

Do you know the traditions of your people?

Sociological research on the traditions of the people was supposed to be made somewhat broader and dedicated to large-scale programs(in particular, the “Year of National Fairy Tales”). However, for now we decided to limit ourselves to a pilot study, soil reconnaissance, so to speak.

This topic is very interesting in any way and from any angle. Especially for multi-ethnic North Caucasus, where hundreds of different peoples have lived for centuries and where more than one cultural branch is intertwined. In a region in which hundreds of large and small nations live nearby, each has its own traditions passed on from parents to children. Finding out what culture the readers of a children's library belong to and how to organize acquisitions in accordance with requests is an equally important task.

The questionnaire was developed in several blocks and key positions: knowledge of the traditions and customs of your culture; attitude towards the culture and traditions of another people; interests in relation to one's own and other cultures. There were a total of 26 questions in the questionnaire, not counting questions about age and gender (“passport”).

A total of 31 people were interviewed. Of these, 23 are girls and 8 are boys. Average age respondents – 13 years old.

The majority of library readers surveyed are Russian by nationality, two called themselves Slavs, one – Armenian, one – Ossetian. This somewhat narrowed the scope of this study and allowed us to talk, for the most part, only about Russian traditions and culture. Although they are so diverse that they include a rich amalgam of customs.

P By the word “tradition” respondents understand the following:

· “tradition” combines all of the above – 11 people

· something that passes or has passed from one generation to another – 10 people

· certain norms of behavior, values, ideas, customs, rituals, etc. – 5 people

· a custom, an ingrained order in something (in behavior, everyday life, etc.) – 3 people

· a certain way of life coming from ancient times – 3 people

Thus, a third of respondents believe that tradition contains all the diversity of concepts, a third - that it is something passed on from generation to generation. Some votes were given to other answers.

Library readers believe that the tradition of a particular people is:

· national holidays, rituals and customs – 14 people

· together– 14 people

· national cuisine, language – 2 people

· national costumes, dances, songs, fairy tales – 1 person

Thus, some respondents are inclined to consider holidays, rituals and customs to be a tradition of the people, while others are inclined to consider everything taken together. Several people chose other answer options.

Respondents believe that studying traditions and customs leads to:

· knowledge and understanding of the culture of their people – 21 people

· love for your homeland – 6 people

· cultural development – 7 people

· leads nowhere – 0 people

The majority of respondents believe that familiarity with the traditions and customs of a people can lead to an understanding of the culture of their people. Some believe that in this way love for the Motherland is formed and the boundaries of cultural development person.

What are the traditions of the people - a museum rarity or a dormant reality that can again become relevant, visible, and effective? Folk wisdom says: “The people who do not remember and do not honor their customs and traditions are bad and ignorant.” Traditions are a kind of bridge between our past and future. And today it is important to preserve those centers of cultural life that are still alive among the people.

One of the key questions of the questionnaire: do respondents know the traditions of their people:

· yes, I know well– 8 people

· know a little– 18 people

· Don't know– 5 people

Most of the respondents are familiar with the traditions of their people, but not well enough to be a guru. 5 people are not at all familiar with their culture. Only eight people know the traditions of their culture well. This may indicate insufficient knowledge received and assimilated by children in the family, school, library - the most important social institutions designed to introduce the younger generation to the culture of the country.

The children recalled the following from the traditions of their people:

· Maslenitsa (pancakes, burning of effigy) – 6 people

· Easter– 5 people

· Christmas– 4 people

· New Year – 3 people

· songs– 3 people

· carols– 3 people

· kitchen, recipes– 3 people

· different holidays – 3 people

· dances, dances, round dances – 3 people

· ritual "bread and salt" – 2 people

· fairy tales– 2 people

· Ivana Kupala– 1 person

· cook borscht– 1 person

· Christian holidays – 1 person

· Religious holidays – 1 person

· educational holidays – 1 person

· trade fairs– 1 person

· hospitality– 1 person

· Saints– 1 person

· costumes– 1 person

· rituals– 1 person

· hang a horseshoe over the door – 1 person

· didn't answer– 10 people

Thus, several children named Maslenitsa, Easter, Christmas and New Year - the most famous holidays among the Russian people, preserved in one form or another from ancient times. However, the traditions of the people include not only holidays, and the children also remembered songs, costumes, customs, cults, fairs, and hospitality. Traditional modern holidays were also mentioned - March 8 and February 23 - although they cannot be fully attributed to the culture of our people. But the holiday Ivan Kupala, the “bread and salt” ritual, such a dish national cuisine like borscht they are directly related to our culture and it’s nice that the younger generation does not forget about it.

Of course, I would like the children to know their traditions better. But, unfortunately, this is an all-Russian tradition, confirmed by other studies: out of two dozen Russian traditions, the younger generation is able to remember and name at most two or three(in particular, Maslenitsa, carols, Ivan Kupala) . And yet, unfortunately: traditions remain mainly in literature, in books, without them traditions and rituals are poorly reproduced among the people.

It is worth telling a little about the mentioned ritual hanging a horseshoe over the door. It was customary to consider a horseshoe a symbol of happiness back in Ancient Egypt. Moreover, the explanation for this was very simple: all the horses harnessed to the Pharaoh’s chariot had golden horseshoes on their hooves. When the pharaoh's carriage moved through the streets, horseshoes were sometimes lost, and the people who found them became, if not happy, then certainly rich. Since then, the tradition of keeping a horseshoe at home has passed on to many peoples. Most often it was believed that it needed to be nailed at the entrance to the home: either above the door, or to the threshold.

Respondents considered the following traditions to be especially revered:

· family traditions (hospitality, hospitality, respect for elders, etc.) – 14 people

· religious traditions (Christmas, Easter, Ramadan, Kurban Bayram, Eid al-Adha, Passover, etc.) – 16 people

· cultural traditions (folk songs, holidays, proverbs, recipes, fairy tales, carols, round dances, fairs, etc.) – 11 people

· educational (lifestyle, crafts, professions, etc.) – 5 people

· educational (respect for ancestors, moral ideals - patriotism, collectivism, honesty, kindness) – 8 people

There is an approximately equal distribution of answers, with a slight bias in favor of religious holidays, which can be considered the most stable in the traditions of a particular people.

Answers to the question about what holidays the respondents took part in showed:

· Maslenitsa – 10 people.

· Easter – 5 people

· Christmas – 4 people

· New Year – 3 people.

· Kolyada – 1 person.

· at a wedding – 2 people.

· in many – 2 people.

· at a birthday party – 1 person.

· on religious holidays – 1 person.

· in none – 1 person.

· didn't answer– 10 people

A third of respondents answered that they participated in Maslenitsa, while others celebrated Christmas and Easter. Several people remembered the New Year's celebration. Other answers are not as popular. A third of respondents did not answer.

The national language is the most important part of the culture of the people. The processes occurring with it affect the entire spectrum folk traditions, their sustainability and development.

According to the respondents, the language of the people they represent (and this is most often Russian):

· developing – 15 people.

· degrades – 15 people.

· he is no longer there – 1 person.

Thus, opinions about the fate of the language are divided - half believe that it is developing, half that it is degrading. Only one person stood out from the crowd and said that this is not what the debate is about - the language has been dead for a long time.

Respondents noted that They especially like in their national culture:

· fairy tales– 19 people

· proverbs, sayings, riddles – 12 people

· games– 5 people

· other (fairy tales, hospitality) – 2 people

Pride in the traditions of your people is a good quality. When you have someone to be proud of, it strengthens national identity, allows us to talk about the power of traditions. To the question “Are you proud of the traditions of your people?” respondents responded as follows:

· very proud– 16 people

· I treat you with respect, but no more – 13 people

Those who are not proud of their traditions have not been identified; there are those who treat them with varying degrees of love and respect. It’s probably not worth going to the extent of fanaticism here either.

The traditions of the people are reflected not only in songs, tales, beliefs and customs. Culture in its various manifestations enters our home and our lives from our mother’s cradle, from our grandmother’s fairy tales. Traditions are firmly established in national literature, which should be widely represented in libraries. Respondents, answering the question about the books they had read about their people, noted that they had read:

· fairy tales – 9 people.

· epics – 4 people.

· about the war - 2 people.

· My grandmother told me everything - 2 people.

· “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” – 1 person.

· "David of Sassoun" – 1 person.

· "Story ancient Rus'" – 1 person.

· “Culture and customs in Rus'” – 1 person.

· “Ancient Russia” – 1 person.

· folklore – 1 person

· stories – 1 person.

· history textbook – 1 person.

· none – 1 person

Most have read fairy tales, as well as epics, in which, probably, the traditions of the people are most clearly and accessiblely shown. Others noted both general stories and specific books - e.g. "Culture and customs in Rus'", "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", "David of Sassoun". The last book is a medieval Armenian epic telling about the struggle of heroes from Sasuna(area in historical Armenia, now in Turkey) against the Arab invaders.

At the same time, few named the books that they would like to read:

· Don't know– 3 people

· many– 2 people

· ancient traditions – 2 people

· history of Russia – 2 people.

· fairy tales – 1 person

· how our people developed - 1 person.

· any (I'm interested in history) – 1 person.

· “Great Russian commanders” – 1 person.

· about fidelity, love, respect – 1 person.

· books about Old Russian tribes – 1 person.

· all that exist – 1 person.

Thus, there is visible interest in historical literature, which readers would like to familiarize themselves with. For example, the guys would like to learn more about Russian tribes and great commanders. However, the younger generation also needs other literature: about love, fidelity, respect, fairy tales.

When asked whether your family maintains an interest in the historical past of your people, respondents answered as follows:

· yes, we preserve our traditions to the best of our ability– 18 people

· in our family this is often forgotten– 5 people

· We have long lost touch with the past– 1 person

· I find it difficult to answer– 7 people

The answers indicate that, to the best of their ability, traditions are preserved in the families of the respondents; some of the respondents said that in their families they sometimes forget about this; some found it difficult to answer.

Correlating with this question is the next one, about Is it possible to forget your traditions? Respondents believe that:

· yes, sometimes that happens – 17 people

· strong traditions they'll survive anyway Hard times – 11 people

· I find it difficult to answer – 3 people

The respondents believe that sometimes traditions can only remain in the past, consigned to oblivion. However, a fairly significant portion of our readers think differently, noting that strong traditions, despite all the cataclysms, ideology and public opinion, will survive centuries and remain in the culture of the people.

When asked whether it is worth knowing and following the traditions of one’s people, respondents answered:

· yes, this will help my people survive and survive the centuries – 19 people

· no, this is not necessary at all – 6 people

· I find it difficult to answer – 6 people

According to the majority of respondents, people should preserve the traditions of their people, since this will help preserve the culture over time and strengthen the roots of the people. At the same time, some of the respondents expressed the opinion that it is not at all necessary to preserve traditions, while others found it difficult to answer.

Next question: “Do you think the old, established traditions of your people may conflict with your modern views on life?”

· Yes– 18 people

· No– 5 people

· I find it difficult to answer – 8 people

The majority of respondents believe that traditions that owe their origin to the past may well contradict their views on life modern people. And there are many examples of this (just remember wearing it in Europe, etc.). Significantly fewer respondents think otherwise.

To the question about whether people can develop new traditions, respondents answered as follows:

· Yes– 24 people

· No– 4 people

· I find it difficult to answer – 4 people

Thus, the overwhelming majority of respondents believe that over time, new traditions may appear among a particular people.

On the question of Can it be considered a tradition? inherent in the people quality, respondents spoke as follows:

· yes, you can say so – 14 people

· no, that's not entirely true – 11 people

· I find it difficult to answer – 6 people

In general, opinions on this matter can be divided into positive and negative, but there are slightly more of those who attribute the qualities inherent to the people to traditions: laziness, hospitality, hospitality, pedantry, etc.

In the next question, there was an opportunity to agree or argue with the opinion of the writer Evgeny Kulkin that “If tradition dies, the people will die.” Those surveyed said this:

· yes – 18 people

· no – 8 people

· I find it difficult to answer – 4 people.

Thus, the majority of respondents supported the writer’s position about the people’s reliance on their traditions. Less than a third disagreed with this opinion.

At the end of the questionnaire, we asked respondents to express their opinion regarding the culture and traditions of other peoples - carefully, balancedly, so as not to offend or offend anyone.

One of the questions is about familiarizing library readers with the traditions of other peoples, including Caucasian ones. The respondents responded as follows:

· yes, I know a little - 16 people.

· no, but I want to know – 10 people.

· I would like to sort out my traditions... – 5 people.

There are many countries, cultures, traditions in the world. It’s interesting what children’s library readers know about this variety. This is what they replied:

· bride price– 2 people

· Muslim traditions – 2 people

· Ramadan– 2 people

· Eid al-Adha– 1 person

· Thanksgiving Day – 1 person

· eating pancakes on Maslenitsa – 1 person

· changing of the guard in London – 1 person

· brazilian carnivals – 1 person

· dance with a basket at an Armenian wedding – 1 person

Thus, among the traditions of other nations, the most famous are Muslim traditions and customs. Among other traditions, respondents remembered Thanksgiving Day is a public holiday in and marks the beginning of Lent, as well as Armenian wedding, where several women with beautifully decorated white wedding baskets begin to dance right in the courtyard and form a dance round dance, during which each wedding basket is exchanged for a beautiful gift.

Also noted was the beautiful ceremony changing of the guard in London(this tradition begins in 1660 year). This beautiful theatrical performance can be observed not only at Buckingham Palace (although this ceremony is most often shown on TV), but also in several other places in London. You don’t need to pay money to see an ancient ritual, like for many other things in London. The main thing is to arrive early and get the best seats. The essence of the ceremony is to replace the old guard with a new one. How long does the ceremony last? 45 minutes and passes to the sounds of the orchestra.

When asked whether you would like to get acquainted with the culture and traditions of other peoples, respondents answered as follows:

· Yes– 24 people

· No– 7 people

That is, most of the respondents want to become more familiar with the culture and traditions of other peoples and learn about the customs of other countries.

When asked which culture you would like to get acquainted with, the respondents responded as follows:

· Russian culture – 5 people

· culture and traditions of the peoples of the Caucasus – 7 people

· European culture – 19 people

· another– 3 people

Most would like to get to know the culture European countries, because, apparently, he considers her close to Russian. Significantly fewer library readers would like to get acquainted with Russian culture and traditions of the peoples of the Caucasus. Other options include Egyptian, American and Chinese culture.

The next question is: can the traditions of one people conflict with the traditions of another people? The respondents' answers showed the following:

· Yes– 22 people

· No– 6 people

· I find it difficult to answer – 3 people

The majority of respondents believe that some traditions may contradict others when it comes to different cultures. And there are also many such examples, since there are a great many cultural traditions, customs that may be understood and perceived differently.

Last question: how do you feel about the customs of the peoples living near you? Distribution of answers:

· it’s good if they do not contradict the traditions of my people – 14 people

· I respect you, but I'm indifferent – 15 people

· do not accept– 2 people

Opinions on this matter are divided, but only two of the respondents do not accept the traditions of another people, the rest are either good or indifferent to other traditions.

In general, the study showed that the main ethnic group of children's library readers are Russian-speaking citizens who consider themselves to be part of Russian culture and are to one degree or another familiar with Russian traditions. However, there are representatives of other cultures, including the peoples of the Caucasus.

Readers know the basic Russian traditions quite well (at least, the main ones - those that are known, advertised, and supported in families). At the same time, the children have a certain lack of knowledge about their culture, and therefore readers would like to become more familiar with books on the history and culture of Russia and other countries. The culture of other countries, especially European ones, attracts the attention of readers.

The library should pay attention to such trends, organize relevant exhibitions, and make purchases interesting books on this topic in order to satisfy the interest of the younger generation in studying traditions various peoples peace and help children learn better about the people living with us in our common House- On the Earth.

In order for the concepts of “Motherland” and “Russia” not to become abstract for a small child, the main emphasis should be on introducing children to the historical and cultural past small homeland. This should happen in the process of introducing children to all types of folk art, including the folklore that existed in the territory of their native land.