Global significance and national identity of Russian literature of the 19th century century. Your opinion about the works known to you on this issue. When studying which school topics Can you use a methodology to solve the above problem?
In Russia in the 19th century there is an unprecedented rise in literature and is included on equal terms in cultural process. This era is usually characterized as the “golden age”, the time of the heyday of creativity and the emergence of philosophical thought, the formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin. Literary centrism is an important feature. From the works of writers of that time, we learn humanity, patriotism, and study our history. More than one generation of people - Humans - has grown up on this “classic”. Romanticism takes over artistic method, although at the end of the 30s of the XIX century leading place Realism will take over in literature.
Russian literature is distinguished by its humanity, purposefulness and humanity, striving to express its opinion. In Russia, philosophy is individual. One of the main problems is the problem of morality; each author has his own solutions to this problem. Moral issues became the main thing and almost all Russians pissed and converged on the formation of high ideals. What is high in Russia is overcoming selfishness and individualism. And the high, active, heroic attitude is the most demanding for Russian writers. In Russia it has never been possible to live a separate destiny. Russian society is always collective. The Russian liter is characterized by moral choices for oneself and for the whole world. Russ the author showed life in community with the whole world. The epic nature of thinking is connected with this: Russian heroes always communicate with the nation; Gogol Tolstoy’s heroes. This soil was very good. favorable for the development of novels. Russ's novels had a great influence on the West. The heroes were colossal; they were not familiar to the reader; the Russians knew how to address the question of existence. But the essence is also the opposite moment when the authors penetrated into the national. In order to consider this issue in more detail, you can turn to Kasyanova’s work “Russian national character” in the book she tells what is characteristic of a Russian person value setting for example, the ability to achieve a goal. In Russia and the West various purposes in life. The idea of education high feelings and ideals are high and high is selfishness.
The global significance of literature is closely related to national identity: romantics turn to national events, since the 19th century is the century of epoch-making events on a global scale (the War of 1812), these are changes in public consciousness, a pronounced spirit of patriotism. The reforms of 1861 lead to the polarization of social consciousness and the sense of personality finds its expression in the images of literature. For example, the era of Decembrism gives rise to the ideal of a free personality, thus the theme of a free personality becomes central. The activities of writers were not limited to their subjective spiritual world: they actively showed interest in public life, folklore works and interacted with foreign writers. Therefore, the literature of the 19th century has a global scope of the entire socio-political life of that time and reflects the worldview of its era. National identity is reflected in the typology of portraits of people, generalization of their vices and pronounced personality traits: 1) In the center is a liter. 19 in the problem of growing a sense of personality: image young man does not satisfy the modern way of life 2). A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol outlined the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This artistic type“superfluous person”, an example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin, and the so-called type “ little man", which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story “The Overcoat”, as well as A.S. Pushkin in the story “The Station Agent”.
- 3).National atmosphere in literature, development of Russian national character
- 4).Condemnation by writers of the isolation of the intelligentsia from the people, as isolation from their roots. 5).ideal of personality - the relationship of one person with the existence of the entire people (lack of egocentrism, self-will)
- 6) the writer’s attention to psychological and social analysis. You can also refer to Belinsky’s work on the Russian liter. At school this question can be used either introductory lessons Russian l 19th century. For example, maybe such a topic as thin liters as an art form
Why is Russian literature still of great importance all over the world!? Because writers and poets touch upon very important social and spiritual issues in their works. They analyze a person’s soul, penetrating it deeply, and at the same time show all the qualities that we are endowed with. The works are endowed with high morality, aestheticism, deep psychologism, complexity and beauty of language. And in all this, great philosophers are born, giving brilliant ideas. Russian literature is capable of educating a person as an individual. And this is its great value. That's why it's different from everyone else foreign literature. And it resonates with people of other nations, making them feel, admire, be touched and much more. Russian literature has made a huge contribution to World literature namely deep psychologism and detail in the analysis of the human soul. Foreign readers first learned the power and greatness of Russian literature in 1879, when Tolstoy's War and Peace was translated into French. After this, Russian literature began to play an important role in the world literary process, Russian writers such as Turgenev, Dostoevsky and Chekhov influenced the spiritual life of many foreign countries. And we have something to be proud of! And we must know our culture since literature reflects it directly.
Reviews
What is in the text - Yes.
But by looks.
In my heart of hearts, I want the literature of other countries to be revealed in a strong way.
Yes, and Russia has original, to put it mildly, strong, very strong, overly strong authors in literature.
It seems to me that they do not need a particularly thorough introduction because they are very large and well-known. Everyone knows how to handle everything. It’s simply not interesting to see “Ready Progressive Souls”
I think that all great writers take too much admiration for themselves))
Therefore, it’s not cool for me, for example, to see some review of a beginning poet: “Read Chekhov!”
Damn it, it’s simply impossible to grow your uniqueness through imitation.
Regarding the fact that “great authors” take a lot of the audience’s attention, yes, and maybe what I wrote is that Russian literature is distinguished by individuality, it’s more a surge of patriotism and admiration for certain works and authors, since the literature itself is not very different, the themes are some kind of moral and the same thing, the point is just how it is expressed. And I wrote this text more for a school literature lesson (to be completely honest)
Let's also “walk” from the heart. This will certainly be much more successful.
A goal without energy is stupidity. The same underdevelopment, the same limitations.
The same victory of the bad over the good, lack of sensitivity, attentiveness, observation.
There is as little miracle in your answers as there is a lot of it in the poems themselves
How amazing the poems are, how absolutely predictable, typical and standard the answers are. And you do it, and you love it!
You, like many teenagers, don’t care about brightness in yourself and you value earthiness and lowliness
Stay with what you love!
There is no line about inaction, there is also no energy, there is no pain between good and evil, especially the victory of good over bad and everything is predictable
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Lesson on the topic "Stages of development of world literature (repetition and generalization of what was studied in grade 9). The universal significance of Russian literature, its originality and national identity."
Publication date: 20.11.2015
Brief description:
material preview
Subject. Stages of development of world literature (repetition and generalization
studied in 9th grade). The universal significance of Russian literature,
its identity and national identity.
summarize and systematize students’ knowledge about the stages of development of world literature, about the historical and literary process;
show the features of Russian literature: its universal significance, originality and national character;
introduce the concept of historiosophy;
develop logical thinking students: the ability to highlight the main thing, summarize the studied material, and compose theses;
improve skills in working in small groups;
Equipment: portraits of A.S. Pushkin, W. Shakespeare, Dante, Sappho,
J.-B. Moliere, V.A. Zhukovsky, N.M. Karamzin;
handout - article “Global significance
and features of Russian literature."
PROGRESS OF THE LESSON
Introductory conversation.
So you have turned another page in the book of your life. What's on it? It's up to you guys. Something difficult is coming for you and at the same time very interesting time: selection time life path. You will need willpower, the ability to concentrate all your strength to achieve your goal, the ability to determine personal priorities and at the same time take into account those around you. The task is not an easy one. But I think that literature can help you solve it. Magic power art will become your good assistant.
Let's remember why literature is called one of the art forms.
Define artistic image. Name its two sides.
What is the power of an artistic image?
A distinctive feature of literature as one of the art forms is imagery. An artistic image is a picture of the world created by the artist and imbued with his thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Two components of an artistic image: what the author wanted to say, and how the reader (viewer, listener) understands what was said. The power of an artistic image lies in the limitless possibilities of its perception.
Stages of development of world literature. Drawing up a table.
Portraits of writers are shown: N.M. Karamzin, V.A. Zhukovsky, Sappho, J-B. Moliere, A.S. Pushkin, W. Shakespeare, Dante.
Here are portraits of famous writers whose work you are already familiar with.
Name their names and the works of these authors known to you .
What literary eras are they associated with?
Arrange the names of these periods in literary history in chronological order.
Give a definition of the concept of “literary process”.
Fill out the table.
As students answer, the following entry is made on the board and in their notebooks:
N.M. Karamzin - sentimentalism
V.A. Zhukovsky - romanticism
Sappho - antiquity
J-B. Moliere - classicism
A.S. Pushkin - romanticism, realism
W. Shakespeare - Renaissance
Dante - Middle Ages.
The literary process is a historically and nationally determined change literary trends, trends, styles and genres of artistic works.
Lit. era
Lifetime
Representatives
Antiquity
VIII century BC -
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Sappho, Anacreon, Homer
Middle Ages
V - XIII centuries
Dante, Metropolitan Hilarion
Renaissance
XIV - XVII centuries
F. Petrarch, W. Shakespeare,
M.de Cervantes
Education
Classicism
Sentimentalism
Enlightenment realism
XVII - XVIII centuries
J-B. Moliere, M.V. Lomonosov
J.-J. Russo, N.M. Karamzin
Voltaire, D.I. Fonvizin
Romanticism
XVIII - XIX centuries.
J. Byron, V.A. Zhukovsky,
A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov
A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, I.S. Turgenev, N.V. Gogol, L.N. Tolstoy
Work in small groups ( 6 groups - according to the number of letters. eras ) .
Exercise: Name the most memorable episode from any work belonging to the literary era that your group will work on, and say:
what exactly made the greatest impression on you;
what you liked and what you didn’t;
what features of the corresponding literary era are present in this work.
Responses from group representatives.
Analysis and synthesis of answers.
What has changed in literature during its existence, and what has remained unchanged?
Why do you think works written many centuries ago are interesting to modern readers?
Over time, the era depicted in literary works changes, new types of heroes, new themes and problems, new genres appear, the styles of works and their language change. But at the same time, humanity is still concerned about the so-called “ eternal themes": love, the meaning of life, relationships between generations, etc. - all of them remain the subject of comprehension in literature, and it is precisely such works that are always relevant.
3. Introduction to the concept of historiosophy. Teacher's word with elements of conversation.
When reading a work of fiction, we involuntarily “try on” those life situations, into which his heroes find themselves, and internally agree or disagree with their choice. Some of us accept what is described in books as the pure truth, others claim that everything in them is fiction, a lie.
As we have already said, in a literary work we see artistic image- a picture of the world - as its author imagines. It is he who puts into his creation his own idea of a person, about relationships between people, about problems and ways to solve them. The reader is free to accept or reject author's point of view. At the same time, cognition deep meaning work of art- not only an exciting activity. The most important thing in this process is understanding the world around you and yourself in it.
The writer's system of views on the world, on historical process, to the place of a person in it, to the relationships between people is called historiosophy.
IV . Artistic achievements Russian literature. Her national characteristics . Group work.
Note. Material about the peculiarities of Russian literature can be presented in different ways: in electronic form (in a classroom equipped with a sufficient number of computers), in the form of a textbook article (however, textbooks on new program in the first days of September, I very much doubt it), in the form of handouts - the text of the article.
Exercise: read the article, compose its abstract.
Article version
Russian literature is one of the most important components of the world literary process. Special role in this process belongs to Russian literature of the 19th century, namely literature critical realism.
The exceptional development of Russian realism in
XIX century lies the growth of the liberation movement, the center of which is end of the 19th century century moves from the West to Russia and leads to revolutions at the beginning of the 20th century. In the second half of the 19th century, Russian realism began to have a powerful impact on world literature.
The creative scope of Russian realism was also manifested in a variety of genres, especially novels. This is a philosophical and historical novel by L.N. Tolstoy, a socio-political novel by I.S. Turgenev, a psychological novel by F.M. Dostoevsky and N.V. Gogol, an everyday novel by I.A. Goncharov, and a satirical novel by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin.
Western literature showed the tragedy of the individualistic personality under the bourgeois system; Russian literature put the tragedy of the people in the first place and made the tragedy of man dependent on it. This is its historicism. The Russian writer makes his hero responsible for the entire course of history, and therefore guilty of its unsuccessful course.
Another distinctive feature of Russian literature is its nationality. Just remember the works of N.A. Nekrasov. They contain folk life, popular perception life, the soul of the people.
But the most amazing, fascinating thing in Russian literature is its psychological analysis. In this regard, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky had a huge influence on all world literature.
Russian literature of the 19th century plays a vital role in the world literary process.
From the second half of the 19th century century, Russian realism has influenced the development of world literature.
The variety of novel genres is one of the manifestations of the creative scope of Russian literature of the 19th century.
The historicism of Russian literature lies in the depiction of the fate of an individual hero as part of the fate of the people, the responsibility of an individual for the course of history.
A distinctive feature of Russian literature is nationality, understood as a reflection of the people's soul.
The psychologism of the works of Tolstoy and Dostoevsky had a huge influence on world literature.
Compilation of sentences on the topic “Literature”.
Reflection. Work in groups.
Note.
Note. SENKANT is one of the forms of student work in the methodology of critical thinking. It represents a kind of prose poem, each subsequent line of which, with the exception of the last, is one word longer than the previous one. Allows you to summarize the studied material in a concise form.
SENKANT SCHEME
1. Word (topic).
2. 2 words (adjectives).
3. 3 words (actions)
4. A four-word phrase.
5. Word (synonym for topic).
EXAMPLE OF SENKANT
1. Literature
2. Folk, realistic.
3. Criticizes, explores, influences.
4. Russian literature is distinguished by its historicism.
5. Picture of the world.
Development and defense of cover projects for a literature textbook for grade 10.
Over the summer, you read some of the works you studied in 10th grade, and you have formed a definite opinion about this period in the history of literature. Discuss these opinions in groups and propose an option for the cover of a literature textbook for grade 10. Prepare to defend your project.
Writing an article “Tips for ninth-graders when studying literature.”
Exercise: your younger comrades, ninth graders, are now standing at the beginning of the path that you have already traveled over the past year. Share your experience with them - write an article for the school wall newspaper “Advice for ninth-graders when studying literature.”
3.1. Students of the first group, who have the skills to create such works, write them independently.
The teacher works with students of the second group who find it difficult to write such an article on their own.
Stages of work.
Literature as a school of life.
Thoughtful reading of the text is the basis for understanding the author's intention.
The influence of the ideas of the era on the depiction of the world and man in a literary work.
The ability to see the universal human meaning of the images created by the writer.
Studying the basics of literary theory is a necessary condition for a deep understanding of a literary work.
Knowledge of literature is one of distinctive features cultured, educated person.
Determining the range of ideas for the future article: individually, then collective discussion;
systematization of ideas;
step-by-step writing of an article according to a rough plan:
3.3. Students of the third group, who are at the initial level of learning to write such works, (not to be confused with the initial level of knowledge!) receive a “framework” for a future article.
Dear friends!
You have already seen in the lesson schedule a subject that is well known to you - literature. For some, studying it is... (boring duty), for others, communication with literary works, their... (by the authors) And … (heroes) it's been a long time... (an integral part of life). Using the right of a senior comrade, I want to say: “Literature is not a part of our life, it is... (life itself) and in books you can find... (answers to questions that concern you)» . What is needed for this?
First of all -… (read the text carefully). Any attempts to quickly read “through the line”, with difficulty catching only the general flow of the plot, are an absolutely useless exercise that gives nothing to either the mind or the heart. It's best if you read... (with pencil in hand), noting those thoughts that... (you found it interesting). Then reading will not become a boring necessity for you, but... (fascinating observation of the movement of the author's thoughts and feelings).
Reading just the lines, you will find confirmation... (thoughts that have been bothering you for a long time), when reading others - ... (fundamentally disagree with the author). This is how it should be: any writer is a person... (of its era), and you are separated by centuries. And yet...
And yet the heroes of Aeschylus, W. Shakespeare, J. Moliere, A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, A. Griboyedov are still alive! We admire their strength... (spirit, feelings), their bright... (individuality), we grieve, we rejoice, we laugh with them. Look at each of them as... (person, personality), try... (understand it)- it will enrich your... (personal life experience).
And let me give myself one more piece of advice. Let the questions of literary theory not seem to you... (something completely unnecessary)- They … ( key to understanding the author's intention).
By following these tips, you will learn... (think critically, express your point of view competently and convincingly). Reading literary works enrich... (your spiritual world ). And all this will become a guarantee... (your success in life).
Discussion of students' work.
Whole class:
compose abstracts for the article “Stages of development of world literature”;
House. exercise.
Individual tasks - messages
"Main Features of the Renaissance"
"The Life and Work of Dante."
If the material does not suit you, use the search
Russian lliterature
Russian literature has become an integral part of world culture and has received recognition from major artists.
Literature Championship in cultural life of the Russian people is explained by its origin and the significance that it has acquired since its inception. Writing and literature in Rus' were introduced from outside along with Christianity. The book appeared in Rus' in the form of a sacred text, which decisively influenced the place and role of literature in the history of Russian culture.
For centuries, church literature remained the main and only mental and moral food for Russian scribes and for the entire people. Thus, she greatly contributed to the formation folk character. Thus, Russian literature immediately and forever marked its connection with national and state life.
The most significant works of the Kyiv period include the teachings of Metropolitan Hilarion (XI century), "The Tale of Bygone Years" (XI - early XII centuries), "The Teachings of Prince Vladimir Monomakh" (XI - early XII centuries), the works of Bishop Kirill Turovsky (XII century), "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (XII century), "The Walking of Daniel the Sharper" (XII century). It was a busy time literary activity, who created the samples literary forms and genres for subsequent centuries.
Russian literature of the late Middle Ages is characterized by a feeling of being chosen (the theory of Moscow - the third Rome). Internal upheavals of the 16th-17th centuries. gave literature the character of religious and political journalism. In some cases, these works rise to a high artistic level. Such are the “much noisy” messages of Ivan the Terrible and “The Life of Archpriest Avvakum.” At the same time, oral speech achieved great power, beauty and expressiveness. folk poetry, but ancient Russian writers almost did not use this source. But from the end of the 16th century. The secular everyday story is rapidly developing, as a rule, reworking the wandering plots of Western and Eastern literature.
From the end of the 17th century. Russian culture is experiencing a rapid invasion of Western European values. The ideological revolution, which coincided with the reform of language and spelling, led to the cultural crisis of the 18th century. Writers of that time wavered between unconditional imitation of French models and the search for their own themes, language and style. The desire to give literature a national identity can be traced throughout the entire period: V.K. Trediakovsky and M.V. Lomonosov create a theory of correct Russian versification; A.V. Sumarokov writes songs in folk style; DI. Fonvizin creates comedies with Russian everyday content and lively spoken language; Derzhavin anticipates the “sacred heat” of later Russian poetry.
Final design Russian literary language found in the works of N.M. Karamzina, V.A. Zhukovsky and A.S. Pushkin.
Alexander's time was a period of great creative tension, when Russian writers experienced the first joy of independent creativity, completely national in spirit and style. Poetry has become an indisputable spiritual feat and calling, and has acquired the meaning of a “sacred act.” IN literary creativity one can feel some special force of life, the highest expression of which was the work of A.S. Pushkin.
Since the 1840s moral and metaphysical anxiety is growing in literature, which has found theoretical reflection in romanticism. The theme of “an extra person” arises.
The era of "great reforms" of the 1860-1870s. awakened the attention of literature to social issues. Two creative highways of Russian literature are identified. Supporters" pure art"(A. Grigoriev, A.V. Druzhinin, A.A. Fet) resolutely rebel against the moral and utilitarian function of literature, while L.N. Tolstoy aims at the “destruction of aesthetics” for the sake of the moral transformation of people through art. Religious understanding of the Russian experience of the 19th century found expression in the works of F.M. Dostoevsky. philosophical issues determines the flourishing of the Russian novel. However philosophical motives sound clearly in the lyrics (F.I. Tyutchev).
In the pre-revolutionary years, a new cultural upsurge took place in literature, called " silver age".
Since the 1890s a new flowering of Russian poetry begins. Symbolism became not only a literary movement, but also a new spiritual experience. Poetry and literature again receive special vital significance, as a path to faith and eternity through art. Artists strive to become “beyond good and evil”, to overcome ethics with aesthetics. Mysticism V.S. Solovyov finds a brilliant poetic commentary in the work of A.A. Blok. Acmeism becomes a reaction to the religious excitement of symbolism, to the understanding of the poet as a medium of higher, irrational forces (N.S. Gumilyov). At the same time, A.P. Chekhov and I.A. Bunin continue the classical line of Russian literature, enriching it with the latest achievements in the field of form.
The revolution of 1917 caused an artificial separation of Russian literature into domestic and emigrant literature, with the most prominent writers ending up abroad. However, in general, literature has retained its unity, based on involvement in the traditions of classical Russian culture, which are present to one degree or another in the works of I.A. Bunina, V.V. Nabokova, I.I. Shmeleva, G.I. Gazdanova, G.V. Ivanova, V.F. Khodasevich and O.E. Mandelstam, M.A. Bulgakova, B.L. Pasternak, M. Gorky, M. Sholokhov. It was this line of Russian literature that earned it in the 20th century. global recognition.
The last great examples of Russian prose were given by A.I. Solzhenitsyn, who managed to give a second wind to the classic Russian novel. In the field of poetry, the work of I. Brodsky has received worldwide recognition.
The path traveled by Russian literature in the 20th century testifies to its enduring global significance and inexhaustible creative possibilities.
Lesson plan on literature on the topic: Introduction. Historical and literary process and periodization of Russian literature. The originality of literature.
Organization: State educational institution Republic of Khakassia secondary vocational education "Montenegrin Mining and Construction College"
Goals:
Reveal the originality of Russian classical literature 19th century.
Help the student to be constantly involved in the process of thinking.
Complicating the semantic function of students’ speech.
Teach students to summarize and systematize the material.
Task: Ensuring students’ emotional involvement in their own activities and the activities of others.
Lesson type: Communicating knowledge and skills.
Plan:
Periodization of Russian literature.
The originality of literature.
“Only the young can call old age a time of peace.”
(S. Lukyanenko)
Lesson progress:
“I am incredibly proud not only of the abundance of talents born in Russia in the 19th century, but also of their amazing diversity” (M. Gorky).
Organizational moment.
Updating basic knowledge and skills: questions about the school curriculum.
How do you understand these words?
What talented poets and writers is M. Gorky talking about? (Of course about such famous writers and poets like A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, who entered the “golden age” of Russian literature; I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, etc.).
Introduction. Dictionary:
New topic. Teacher's word.
Questions for students:
What does the word intelligentsia mean?
What does the word ideal mean?
What does the word raznochinets mean?
What does the word revolutionary mean?
What does the word liberal mean?
Intelligentsia – people of mental work with education and special knowledge in various fields of science, technology, and culture.
Ideal – The perfect embodiment of something (in other words, this is the best that exists).
Revolutionary - a person who makes a revolution, opens up new paths in some area of life, in science, in production.
Raznochinets - V pre-revolutionary Russia: comes from a petty bureaucracy, engaged in mental work. Various ranks: teachers, doctors, engineers, etc.
Historical and literary process.
In Russia, literature has always been in alliance with the liberation movement. The powerless situation of one part of the population (peasants) against the backdrop of the easy life of the noble class helped to attract attention to the problem of serfdom on the part of enlightened and humane representatives of the educated class, and inspired their sympathy and compassion.First of all, this applied to writers.
Inevitable clashes and ideological conflicts were hidden in the very essence of Russian life, and a writer who penetrated into this essence could not help but notice them. Many Russian writers did not share revolutionary beliefs. Everyone, however, agreed that fundamental changes were needed in Russia. The West has already gone through a series of revolutionary upheavals, but Russia has not yet experienced them. The revolutions that died down in the West brought people more disappointments than joys.The best hopes turned out to be unjustified.
The greatest innovation of Russian literature lies in the interweaving of its destinies with the destinies of the Russian revolution. By the end of the 19th century, Russia had accumulated such an amount of energy that humanity had never had at any time. And this was attested to by Russian literature.
Pushkin gave Russian literature both a national and universal character. Pushkin is a like-minded person of the first generation of Russian revolutionaries.
The main provisions of the features of the literary process of the second half of the 19th century:
1) Russia is faced with a choice of future development paths; the main questions are: “Who is to blame?” and “What should I do?” Decisive democratization fiction. Civic pathos of literature.
2) Specialization of literature: Goncharov, Tolstoy - epics, Levitov, Uspensky - essayists, Ostrovsky - playwright, etc.
3) The plots of the novels are simple, local, family-based, but through the plots the artists of the word rise to universal human problems: the relationship of the hero with the world, the interpenetration of the elements of life, renunciation of personal good, shame for one’s own well-being, epic maximalism, reluctance to participate in the imperfections of the world.
4) The new hero reflects the state of the individual in an era of social transformation; he, like the whole country, is on the path to self-awareness, the awakening of the personal principle. Heroes different works(Turgenev, Goncharov, Chernyshevsky, Dostoevsky) are polemical in relation to each other, but this feature unites them.
5) Increased demands on a person's personality. Self-sacrifice - national trait. The good of others is supreme moral value. Personality, according to Tolstoy, is represented in the form of a fraction:
Self-esteem
6) Both Tolstoy and Chernyshevsky see the source of Russian strength and Russian wisdom in popular feeling. The fate of man in unity with the fate of the people did not result in the humiliation of the personal principle. On the contrary, at the highest stage of spiritual development, the hero comes to the people (the epic novel “War and Peace”).
3.3. Periodization of Russian literature.
1st period: 1825-1861 – noble;
2nd period: 1861-1895 – raznochinsky;
3rd period: 1895-… proletarian.
Peasant unrest swept across the country. The issue of liberating the peasants has become very urgent. The rise of peasant unrest caused a rise in public opinion.Since 1859 stand out 2 historical forces: revolutionary democrats, liberals.
The originality of literature.
The second half of the 19th century is a “golden” time, but unlike the first half, the second half has its own characteristics associated with social conditions. In the literature of the first half of the 19th century, the hero was a nobleman - an “extra” person who approached great things, but was spoiled by his upbringing. By the beginning of the second half of the 19th century, the nobility had exhausted its progressive capabilities and began to revive:Pechorin and Onegin gradually turned into Oblomov.
The nobility leaves the stage political struggle. They are being replaced by commoners. The emergence of commoners on the stage of political struggle did not occur without the merit of Russian literature.Russian literature is the literature of social thought.
And also, numerous “whys” related to social life and human relationships constantly arose before thinking people.Literature has taken the path of a comprehensive study of life.
In the literature of the 19th century, styles and views are closely intertwined, artistic media And artistic ideas. As a result of the interaction of all these trends, realism begins to take shape in Russia as a completely new stage in literature’s understanding of man and his life.The founder of this direction is considered to be A.S. Pushkin. Its basis is the principle of life’s truth, which guides the artist in his work, striving to give a complete and true reflection of life. Critical realism was based on positive ideals - patriotism, sympathy for the oppressed masses, the search for positive hero in life, faith in the bright future of Russia.
Consolidation.
Questions to consolidate:
What are the main provisions of the features of the literary process of the second half of the 19th century?
What are the periods of the Russian liberation movement?
What is the uniqueness of Russian literature?
Homework:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Estimates, conclusions.